Influence Travel Behavior Research Articles

RISK PERCEPTION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN DLSU-D AND THEIR WILLINGNESS TO TRAVEL TO MINDANAO

Since the 9/11 terrorist attack, risk perception has been one of the points of study in the context of tourism. The infamous day or occurrence, which led to a significant decline in travel demand, demonstrated the critical relevance of risk research in tourism. Previous research indicates that risk perception considerably influences travel behavior, particularly when considering terror-infested areas. However, the relationship between tourist risk perceptions and willingness to travel remains fragmented due to the variable nature of their association, as indicated by a few studies, which simultaneously revealed multiple dimensions of risk perception. The present study focuses on the five dimensions of perceived risks, namely Physical Risk, Financial Risk, Socio-Psychological Risk, Performance Risk, and Time Risk, and their relationship with the tourists’ willingness to travel. The purpose of this study is to determine whether risk perception affects undergraduate students at De La Salle University-Dasmariñas' willingness to travel to Mindanao. This quantitative study utilized a purposive sampling method to gather respondents. Their risk perceptions were measured using a questionnaire that experts validated. The results were analyzed using Spearman's Correlation, which indicated that all perceived risk dimensions, apart from time risk, had a negative and significant relationship to the willingness to travel to Mindanao of undergraduate students at De La Salle University-Dasmariñas.

Using Landscape Qualities to Enhance Walkability in Two Types of Egyptian Urban Communities

Cities are becoming automobile-oriented, driving is chosen for mobility over walking, and planning walkable cities is now a necessity, not a luxury, for people's health and the environment. Considerable research supports that natural settings and quality urban landscapes can promote more walking and encourage physical activity in general. The main objective of the presented study is to determine urban landscape qualities and features that can enhance the walking experience in two different types of urban communities in Greater Cairo Region, the inner-city areas and the new urban communities (suburbs). For this purpose, the paper starts with defining walkability, walkable communities, and their characteristics and benefits, and then discusses the factors that influence travel behaviour in Cairo, focusing on those related to urban landscape qualities. Then the study follows a quantitative approach using a public survey to investigate factors that can encourage or discourage walking in inner-city areas and suburbs and the landscape qualities and features that can influence these factors. Survey results showed that urban landscape qualities that can provide a good walking environment could be categorized under three main categories: safety, comfort, and level of interest. Exploratory factor analysis results showed that these factors can be also categorized as basic and enhancement factors. Safety is mainly influenced by separation from traffic and adequate night lighting. While thermal comfort is the most influential factor in achieving pedestrian comfort, the richness of landscape elements and using special themes and local plants and materials strongly influence people's interest and their choice of specific routes over others. The study points out that the areas that achieve proximity of residential units to daily needed services have a higher potential for interventions to promote walking for all trip purposes. While in areas like suburbs where there are vast areas between uses, landscape qualities can only promote walking for leisure or physical activity but not a choice as an everyday travel behaviour.

EXPLORING IMPACTS OF URBAN DENSITY ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IN KHULNA CITY, BANGLADESH USING SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Urban density not only represents the intensity of travel demand, but also serves as a useful tool for quantifying the elements that influence travel behavior and demand. In this study, Khulna City of Bangladesh has been selected as a case study to explore the impacts of urban density on travel behavior in a city of a developing country. The average characteristics of urban density, as well as their impacts on travel behavior and demand, have been studied using geospatial analysis techniques. Urban densities have been categorized into Single Density (Population Density, Employment Density, and Building Density) and Composite Density (Household to Work trip Density, Household to School trip Density and Household to Shop trip Density) based on characteristics of travel behavior and demand. Descriptive statistics have been used to explore the impacts of urban densities on the various trip characteristics such as trip production, trip distance, trip cost, trip time, and trip mode. Diversity of trips and overall trip attraction areas have been identified using the Shannon diversity index and other spatial analyses. Trip production, trip distance, trip time, trip cost, and mode choice all show a positive linear relationship with urban single-density, according to this study. The everyday activities of residents are closely related to urban composite densities, and trip production increase in tandem with composite densities. It has been concluded that different urban densities have significant impacts on travel demand and travel behavior.

How Travel Vlogs on YouTube Influence Consumer Behavior: A Use and Gratification Perspective and Customer Engagement

YouTube is one of the emerging technologies that impact consumer behavior. In the tourism sector, travel video blogs (travel vlogs) have become increasingly popular since they are highly influential in influencing travel behavior. Similarly, YouTube travel vlogs are highly engaging and provide consumers with destination experiences. This study determines how consumer behavior expressed through emerging technologies, such as travel vlogs on YouTube, can influence travel intention and electronic-Word of Mouth (e-WOM) behavior. By incorporating the use and gratification (U&G) perspective, this study examines the role of information seeking and entertainment as motivational factors for watching travel vlogs as a source of satisfaction. It will, in turn, lead to a greater degree of engagement. The current study investigated the emotional and presence aspects of travel videos to determine engagement. To evaluate the research hypothesis, we collected data from 300 respondents who had traveled to a destination after watching a travel vlog. We tested the hypothesis by utilizing structural equation modeling, a feature of the Smart-PLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that consumer motivations for watching travel vlogs, including the desire for information and entertainment, significantly impact customer engagement, both emotion and presence. Customers who are emotionally engaged and perceive travel vlogs as having a high presence will significantly affect their travel intention behavior and influence them to share e-WOM. In addition, the current study provides insight into tourism managers and academics on how travel vlogs as emerging technologies influence consumer behavior.

Land-use patterns, location choice, and travel behavior: Evidence from São Paulo

Global South cities are vastly underrepresented in the literature that analyzes the relationships between location choice, land-use patterns and travel behavior. This paper aims to reduce that underrepresentation by bringing new evidence from a metropolitan region in the Global South. We estimate a Structural Equation Model to study the relationships between land-use patterns, location choice, car ownership and travel behavior, while controlling for self-selection, in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. The model structure is adapted from previous applications to include variables related with specific aspects of the studied region, with the inclusion of informal work and people working two jobs, while simultaneously controlling for cohort effects associated with being a millennial. The results support the claim that land-use patterns influence travel behavior, even in a metropolitan area showing strong income-based spatial segregation levels. More specifically, commuting distance and car ownership act as important mediators in the relationships between the total amount of travel by mode and land-use patterns. In contrast to previous applications of this model framework, income plays a stronger role, an indication of relevant income-based residential sorting. Cohort effects are also visible, as millennials prefer to live in central, accessible, and mixed areas, own fewer cars, travel less by car, and use public transit and non-motorized modes more frequently.

Adopting Mobility-as-a-Service: An empirical analysis of end-users’ experiences

Despite widespread interest, empirical research on how end-users perceive and use Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is scarce. To address this knowledge gap, this article analyzes the end-user process of adopting a MaaS service entitled EC2B, which was launched in Gothenburg, Sweden, in the spring of 2019. The contribution to the MaaS literature is three-fold. Firstly, the article provides insight into potential end-users by describing the characteristics and motives of the studied group of adopters. Secondly, it improves the understanding of the potential effects of MaaS by outlining how the EC2B service was used and how it influenced travel behavior. Thirdly, the article informs strategies for facilitating MaaS adoption by outlining what types of drivers and barriers the end-users faced during different stages of the adoption process. The reported findings underscore previous assertions that MaaS is much more than just an app and a subscription plan and highlight a mutually reinforcing relationship between the introduction of MaaS and the implementation of policies aimed at reducing car use.

Place Attachment and Travel Among Western Professional Expatriates

AbstractThis paper investigates the role that different degrees of place attachment play in the pleasure travel patterns of Western professional expatriates, via a qualitative study with in‐depth interviews as the main data collection approach. Four discrete groups of migrants were identified. “Push” factors that influenced home return travel varied across the groups, influencing the frequency of such activity. Likewise, the push and pull factors for travel within the Asia–Pacific region varied significantly across the groups, again influencing destination choice. The paper added new nuances to the existing knowledge on how place attachment influences travel behavior.

Associations between the streetscape built environment and walking to school among primary schoolchildren in Beijing, China

Active travel to school is considered one of the channels for improving schoolchildren's daily physical activity level. The built environment is increasingly recognized as a factor likely to influence travel behavior. However, previous studies have primarily captured the macro-level built environment, usually assumed to be linearly associated with active travel to school. Using travel data from Beijing (China) enriched with street view imagery, this study employs generalized additive mixed models to examine non-linear associations between the odds of children's walking to school and streetscape built environmental attributes. Results show that schoolchildren, especially from higher-income families, are more likely to walk to school when they live in neighborhoods with lower street walkability, while higher street enclosure was associated with higher odds of walking for all respondents. A non-linear but overall negative relationship was observed between the odds of walking and street safety facilities. Stratified analyses showed that schoolchildren's household car ownership, educational attainment of parent(s), and household annual income modify the built environment-walking to school association. These findings contribute to a growing evidence base for child-friendly cities promoting active travel.

A comparison of young and older adults’ attitudes and preferences towards different travel modes and residential characteristics: A study in Hamilton, Ontario

Using Hamilton, Ontario as a case study, this study explores the difference between young (18–34 years) and older (65 + years) adults’ automobility behaviour (whether their most common mode of transportation was auto or not), by comparing their attitudes and preferences towards different travel modes. The study also investigates the differences in these two cohorts' attitudes and preferences towards residential characteristics since they can potentially impact travel behaviour. Exploratory analysis suggests that the difference between these two groups is marginal in terms of their attitudes towards driving. In general, young and older auto users both show similar attitudes towards different transportation modes. A similar trend has been seen for non‐auto users of young and older adults. The findings indicate young adults’ intention to shift towards an auto‐oriented culture, especially when they have a job. They also showed a preference for suburban living in the future. Older adults are mainly auto‐oriented; a small portion also seems pro‐transit. Transportation policies should consider these changing dynamics of travel behaviour among different generations. As attitudes and preferences influence travel behaviour to a greater extent, future studies should explore how attitudes and preferences can be modified to promote sustainable travel options.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Travelers’ Travel Behavior

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of a global pandemic, Coronavirus (COVID-19), on travel behavior by integrating crisis management with other behavior variables. Online surveys via the Amazon Mechanical Turk website were used for data collection. A total of 1978 responses were collected from 19 countries (September, 2020); 1607 valid cases were undertaken for the data analysis. The results suggest that crisis management intervention was the most influential factor impacting travel behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-pharmaceutical interventions followed as the second most influencing predictor. . Personal traits were the only variable that recorded a negative relationship with travel behavior. This study has significant practical and theoretical implications since it adopted the extended model of goal-directed behavior while including crisis management intervention, which is a unique approach.  Although attitudes generally strongly influence travel behavior, in a pandemic situation, such relationships weaken. In terms of practical implications, it has become apparent that firms and governments should implement integrated risk management and crisis management strategies. Travelers need to be reassured that these tourist destinations have become safe again. This will likely decrease the risk factor, therefore influencing them to travel to this region. This study contributes to understanding how a global pandemic influences travel behavior It will be invaluable in predicting the early reflections of travelers as the pandemic ends.

Who travels where: Behavior of pedestrians and micromobility users on transportation infrastructure

Cities are investing in active transportation networks, yet little is known about travel behavior of different non-vehicle modes in the presence of multiple types of transportation infrastructure. At two sites in Austin, Texas, USA, with a cycle track, sidewalk, and street in parallel, we determined where different modes traveled and the likelihood of crossing from one infrastructure to another and of using “recommended” infrastructure—defined as sidewalk for walkers, dog walkers, and runners and bike lane with traffic for cyclists, e-scooter riders, and other wheeled micromobility users. We created the Mobility Behavior Tool to conduct observations of travelers on 50-m-long, straight segments of the parallel infrastructure at sites for one-hour sampling periods (n = 16 periods) in April–May 2021. In our sample (n = 2245 individuals), we observed that 20% of travelers crossed into other infrastructure and 35.8% used not recommended infrastructure. Using binomial logistic regression, we found statistically significant odds ratios for dog walkers (3.17), cyclists (0.56), e-scooter riders (1.85), and other micromobility users (3.06) crossing into other infrastructure compared to walkers (p < 0.001), and no significant differences between runners (0.50) and walkers (p > 0.05). A second model predicted statistically significant odds ratios for dog walkers (1.74), runners (3.88), e-scooter riders (1.38), and other micromobility users (2.74) using not recommended infrastructure compared to walkers (p < 0.001), and no significant differences between cyclists (0.86) and walkers (p > 0.05). Potential reasons for differences in travel behavior by mode include levels of understanding of local regulations and situational awareness, infrastructure preferences, frequency of passing, and propensity for weaving, swerving, and subversive behavior. Municipalities should consider how infrastructure design influences travel behavior and the travel efficiency, comfort, and safety of all modes.

The Influence of Education Level on Urban Travel Decision-making

Personal choices can be changed by educating citizens. Education and learning are decisive factors in shaping the society and its spatial forms, where higher education level is an important proxy to assess the awareness level of people about current issues, such as sustainable transportation. Linking education and travel behaviour can inspire future urban policies to provide modal shift towards sustainable modes. The paper aimed to evaluate the influence of education level on mode choices for 45 cities from 29 countries. In general, education level was controlled by population density and GDP per capita, which are the parameters significantly influencing travel behavior. The main result has demonstrated that an increase in the higher education level is connected with dropping the modal share of driving in cities more than any change in other studied factors, while an increase in population density reduces driving more than an increase in GDP per capita. The results have been assessed and it was showed that higher education level considerably affects travel mode choice in cities. Thus, educating citizens is an important path to reduce car dependency.

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on bike-sharing demand and hire time: Evidence from Santander Cycles in London.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been influencing travel behaviour in many urban areas around the world since the beginning of 2020. As a consequence, bike-sharing schemes have been affected—partly due to the change in travel demand and behaviour as well as a shift from public transit. This study estimates the varying effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the London bike-sharing system (Santander Cycles) over the period March–December 2020. We employed a Bayesian second-order random walk time-series model to account for temporal correlation in the data. We compared the observed number of cycle hires and hire time with their respective counterfactuals (what would have been if the pandemic had not happened) to estimate the magnitude of the change caused by the pandemic. The results indicated that following a reduction in cycle hires in March and April 2020, the demand rebounded from May 2020, remaining in the expected range of what would have been if the pandemic had not occurred. This could indicate the resiliency of Santander Cycles. With respect to hire time, an important increase occurred in April, May, and June 2020, indicating that bikes were hired for longer trips, perhaps partly due to a shift from public transit.

Whom you are with will make your travel greener

• Family relationship center has a strong impact on family members travel model preference. • The scarcity of family resources and the distribution mechanism can influence travel behavior. • There is obvious reciprocity in group travel (strong-tie network). • Community's low-carbon atmosphere has a greater impact on people with local account. Accurate identification of the determinants affecting public low-carbon travel is crucial to the design and evaluation of environmental policies . Current studies mainly focus on individual attributes, missing the effect of social relations on travel behavior decisions, especially in the context of Chinese culture. Our study based on a large-scale transportation survey (642 communities, 43,768 households and 282,933 travel records), using logit regression to provide an empirical assessment of strong and weak ties on travel behavior. The results indicate that (1) the impact of household head on family members mainly focuses on cultural awareness and resource level; (2) There is obvious reciprocity in group travel (strong-tie network). (3) In the weak ties represented by neighborhood relations, the stronger the community's low-carbon atmosphere is, the greater the probability of members' low-carbon travel behavior. Our research provides a new perspective to improve the likelihood of low-carbon travel behavior for residents under Chinese society.

The Influence of Socio-Economics on Travel Behavior of Public Transportation in Malaysia

This paper explores the influence of socioeconomics on travel behavior among public transport commuters to increase modal share. A face-to-face survey was carried out, and 904 usable questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS. The findings showed that level of education strongly influences travel behavior while there is not much difference in gender, age, income, and occupation. However, the categories in the groups provide good information relating to travel behavior. Suggestions and recommendations are provided to help the public transport service provider setting more strategic plans to encourage more individual riders to switch to public transport and sustain existing users. Keywords: Socio-economics, travel behavior, public transport eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &amp; Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i17.2833

Investigating the Impact of Public Transport Service Disruptions upon Passenger Travel Behaviour—Results from Krakow City

Public transport (PT) service disruptions are common and unexpected events which often result in major impediment to passengers’ typical travel routines. However, attitudes and behavioural responses to unexpected PT disruptions are still not fully understood in state-of-the-art research. The objective of this study is to examine how PT users adapt their travel choices and what travel information sources they utilize once they encounter sudden PT service disruptions. To this end, we conduct a passenger survey among PT users in the city of Kraków (Poland), consisting of a series of stated- and revealed-preference questions. Results show that passengers’ reported choices during past PT disruptions mostly involve adjusting the current PT travel routine, exposing a certain bias with their stated choices (which tend to overestimate the probability of modal shifts). Factors influencing travel behaviour shifts include frequency and recency of PT disruption experience, as well as propensity to arrive on-time. With regards to travel information sources, staff announcement and personal experience play an important role in recognizing the emerging disruption, but real-time information (RTI) sources are the most useful in planning the onward journey afterwards. Based on these, we highlight the implications for future RTI policy during PT service disruptions; in particular, the provision of a reliable time estimate until normal service conditions are resumed. Such RTI content could foster passengers’ tendency to use PT services in uncertain conditions, especially as their stated wait time tolerance often matches the actual duration of PT disruptions.

Mobility change in Delhi due to COVID and its’ immediate and long term impact on demand with intervened non motorized transport friendly infrastructural policies

The COVID pandemic severely impacted mobility during lockdown as well as the period after that observing different phases of unlocking process. Lockdown has resulted in drastic mobility reduction and subsequent unlocking process brought back mobility gradually to a certain level, substantially lower than the Pre-COVID periods. However, this is expected to be back gradually to same level of Pre-COVID after certain period of time. While this change is planned to be gradual, it creates an opportunity to improve mobility towards non-motorized transport (NMT) which can influence travel behavior for present as well for the future covering Pre and Post-COVID periods. Apart from studying the influencing travel behavior during Pre and Post-COVID conditions, change in quantum of commuting population is required to be studied for various estimations related to transport planning. This quantum of commuting population is largely affected by the adopted locking/unlocking strategies by Government of India. Commuting population and travel behavior got influenced by the large migration from metro cities to smaller towns, adopted work from home (WFH) styles, reduced commute of elderly and children and other restrictions on gatherings, etc. Considering the range of allowed activities, influenced by the phases of locking/unlocking strategies, twelve different scenarios have been developed for various estimations. The developed scenarios have been named with alpha numeric style ranging from A0 to E5. A0 presenting the Pre-COVID scenario. Alphabet “A” represent Pre-COVID scenario, “B”, “C”, “D” and “E” Scenarios represent the unlocking phases, while number 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 represents the different policy aspects related to the change on capacity of transport services (i.e. public transport capacity and change due to infrastructural improvement for NMT). Scenario A0 represents the Pre-COVID situation, while other ranges (viz., B1, B2, B3, C2, C3, C4, D2, D3, D5) represents various locking/unlocking levels. The Scenario E5 represents the situation without any movement restrictions, where public transport systems are assumed to be functioning with full capacity and infrastructure has been improved for NMT trips. Estimations for all the 12 scenarios include commuting population, their modal split, vehicle kilometers travelled by these vehicles and corresponding vehicular emission. Estimated modal split also includes the influence of improved NMT friendly infrastructure and reduced capacity of public transport systems. The results of developed scenarios provide a handy information for the policy makers to choose right policy to promote sustainable transportation with adequate emphasis on NMT. It is evident that as compared to the Pre-COVID scenario (A0), Post-COVID scenario with improved NMT infrastructure (E5) has VKT reduction of 19% in MTWs, 5% in Cars and 49% in Buses. Increase in bicycle trips have been estimated to be 5.88 million for Post-COVID scenario as compared to 1.1 million trips estimated for the Pre-COVID Scenario. Similar trend has also been observed for fuel consumption (reduction of 4.7%–11.8%) and corresponding vehicular emission (reduction of 14%). This study estimated the potential benefits of providing NMT friendly infrastructure considering the gradual shift influenced by locking/unlocking phases of COVID pandemic.

Do frequent satisfying trips by public transport impact its intended use in later life?

Previous studies have indicated that factors such as the built environment, attitudes and past behaviour can influence travel behaviour. However, the possible effect of travel satisfaction on travel mode choice remains underexplored, despite many studies focusing on travel satisfaction over the past years. It is likely that individuals experiencing satisfying trips with a certain travel mode will use this mode (more) frequently for future trips. In this study—using data from 984 students from Laval University, Canada—we analyse how satisfaction with public transport and the frequency of public transport use affect the intention to use public transport in later life stages. Our results indicate that public transport frequency, public transport satisfaction and the interaction between these two factors (i.e., the frequency of (dis)satisfying public transport trips) significantly affect people’s intentions to use public transport in later life, although variations in effect sizes exist between different life stages. Making public transport more pleasant and increasing ridership of children and young adults (e.g., by giving them free public transport passes) may consequently result in a higher public transport frequency in later life stages. We argue that travel satisfaction can play an important role in the formation of habitual mode use, and that satisfying trips (if undertaken frequently) are likely to be repeated in the future.

Exploring the causal impact of transit fare exemptions on older adults’ travel behavior: Evidence from the Seoul metropolitan area

This study examines how a transportation policy enabling free subway travel for older adults affects their travel behavior. It improves upon previous research by identifying the causal effects of a fare-free transit policy for older adults on a wider range of travel behavior. Using a regression discontinuity research design, this study investigates how eligibility for fare-free subway rides (the age-65 threshold) influences travel behavior among older adults in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. The results show that the fare-free subway policy for older adults increases the number of subway trips, which partly replaces trips by other transportation modes. Specifically, a discrete jump in the number of subway trips at age 65 replaces some auto trips and contributes to a significant reduction in household vehicle ownership. However, eligibility for the subway fare exemption has no statistically significant effects on outcomes related to social/leisure trips, although it does have varying impact on active travel by the level of household income. In addition to offering valuable lessons for cities with a similar policy, the findings of this study inform current debates on the fare-free subway policy in South Korea.

Disentangling the impacts of the built environment and residential self-selection on travel behavior: An empirical study in the context of diversified housing types

Due to spatial heterogeneity worldwide, results from studies examining the effect of residential self-selection on travel behavior vary substantially. As a result of housing reform, the unique housing allocation system in China is a prime example of a context where the self-selection effect may conflict with international knowledge. Using a sample of 3836 residents, whom are living in Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and non-TOD neighborhoods in Shanghai, this study untangles the effects that the built environment and residential self-selection have on travel behavior, in the context of diversified housing types in urban China. Specifically, this paper employs propensity score matching (PSM) to quantitate the relative importance of the built environment itself, verses residential self-selection, in influencing travel behavior for each of the housing types. The results show that the residential self-selection effect in the four types of housing (work-unit, commodity, public, and replacement) accounts for 15.2%, 30.7%, 18.5%, and 5.9% of the total impact on vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT), respectively. These findings expand the international database of point estimates in the relative contribution of self-selection toward the impact on travel behavior across global contexts, providing a comprehensive framework for similar studies on self-selection in other parts of the world.