Influence Of Temperature Research Articles

Mathematical modeling of water sorption isotherms in specialty coffee beans processed by wet and semidry postharvest methods

This study investigates the experimental assessment and mathematical modeling of the water sorption isotherms in dried specialty coffee beans processed by wet and semidry postharvest methods. The wet and semidry sorption isotherms were experimentally obtained over a range of water activities between 0.1 and 0.85 at temperatures of 25, 35, and 45 °C using the dynamic dew point method (DDI). Mathematical modeling was conducted to describe the influence of water activity, temperature, and postharvest method on the equilibrium moisture content. Twelve conventional sorption equations and four machine learning techniques were employed for modeling, using 75% of the experimental data for training and 25% for validation. The selection of the best model was carried out via multifactor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Experimental results showed that wet and semidry coffee beans exhibited a type II S-shaped isotherm (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller classification) and a significant (p < 0.05) influence of temperature on sorption curves. Additionally, the mucilaginous coating found in semidry coffee beans provided a protective role against water sorption. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) model provided the best fit for describing the sorption isotherms (mean relative error, MRE < 1% and adjusted coefficient of determination, R2adj > 99%), demonstrating its robustness in predicting the equilibrium moisture content as a function of water activity, temperature, and postharvest processing method. This mathematical model could serve as a virtual representation of the storage process, facilitating real-time decision-making to enhance coffee quality management during storage.

Effect of composition, temperature, and grain size on mechanical behavior and deformation mechanism of lightweight magnesium alloy.

To address the severe fuel crisis and environmental pollution, the use of lightweight metal materials, such as AZ alloy, represents an optimal solution. This study investigates the mechanical behavior and deformation mechanism of AZ alloys under uniaxial compressive using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The influence of various compositions, grain sizes (GSs), and temperatures on the compressive stress, the ultimate compressive strength (UCS), compressive yield stress (CYS), Young's modulus (E), shear strain, phase transformation, dislocation distribution, and total deformation length is thoroughly examined. The results show that although AZ91 has the highest Al content, it exhibits the lowest UCS, CYS, and fraction atoms with shear strain larger than 0.2 (FSS0.2) compared to AZ31 and AZ61. At the same time, the total dislocation length of AZ31 is the largest. The effect of GS and temperature on the mechanical response and deformation mechanism of AZ31 alloy indicates that a GS of 7.6nm is the critical value to determine the mechanical properties and deformation intensity of AZ31 alloy. Moreover, the E, UCS, and CYS values decrease gradually as temperature increases. The compressive stress, E, UCS, CYS, and FSS0.2 of single crystalline AZ31 are higher than those of polycrystalline AZ31 with all GSs. The MD simulation results show that the sample experiences the formation of stacking faults at both single crystalline and polycrystalline AZ31 while forming the shear band at the single crystalline, leading to strong oscillations in compressive stress. In contrast, polycrystalline AZ31, across all GSs, exhibits high shear strain zones, causing oscillations in compressive stress. The ATOMSK program is used to create the polycrystalline AZ structures. The MD method is employed to investigate the influence of various compositions, GSs, and temperatures on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of AZ alloys. All the simulations are performed by LAMMPS software. The visualization tool (OVITO) is used to inspect, analyze, and illustrate the simulation results. The EAM potential is applied to the interactions between Al-Zn, Al-Mg, and Zn-Mg.

Influence of pyrolysis temperature on speciation, leaching and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in biochar and bio-oil from pyrolysis of wet sewage sludge

Influence of pyrolysis temperature on speciation, leaching and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in biochar and bio-oil from pyrolysis of wet sewage sludge

The influence of season on the elemental status and productive qual-ities of bulls

In order to study the influence of ambient temperature on the productive qualities and elemental[1] status of Black Spotted bulls in the conditions of the Krasnogorsky collective farm of the Orenburg region, a scientific and economic experiment was conducted. For this purpose, 2 groups were formed: I (n=20) – the spring season of birth (March), II (n=20) summer (June). The duration of the experiment was 90 days. The ambient temperature for group I averaged +13.1°C during the daytime, +6.3°C at night, +28.3°C during the daytime and +22.1°C at night for group II. An assessment of the impact of the season on productive qualities showed that bulls of group II were inferior to their peers from group I in terms of live weight at the age of 1 month – by 2.7%, 2 months – 5.3 %, 3 months – 6.0%, average daily gains, at the age of 0-1 months – by 7.5%, 1-2 months – 12.4%, 2-3 months – 8.5%. Assessment of the activity of the antioxidant system protection showed a decrease in catalase levels by 17.6% in summer, SOD by 11.0%, and an increase in malondialdehyde by 115.4% compared to spring. High temperatures in the summer affected the elemental status of the bulls. Thus, the concentrations of Hg, V, Cr, Pb, As in the hair of group II gobies were higher and Mg, P, K, Ca, Sr, Na, B, Mn, I were lower compared to I. Thus, the ambient temperature affects both the productive qualities and the elemental status an animal estimated by the concentration of chemical elements in the hair. The data obtained should be taken into account when compiling feeding rations for young animals in the summer period of the year.

Influence of temperature and layer height on the structural and mechanical properties of continuous biocomposites by in–nozzle impregnation additive manufacturing

Purpose This study aims to assess the relationships between limit parametric settings of in-nozzle impregnation additive manufacturing, namely, nozzle temperature and layer height, on the micromorphology and induced mechanical properties of continuous flax yarns-reinforced biocomposites. Design/methodology/approach The additively manufactured biocomposites with different printing parameters were characterized by X-ray microcomputed tomography and tensile testing to link the process–structure–properties relationships regarding the internal morphologies of yarns, matrix and porosities and tensile properties. Findings Several types of morphology were defined regarding fiber, void, raster and interfaces. The results showed a competition between porosity development, coating effect and variation in fiber volume fraction on the biocomposite quality and mechanical performance when simultaneously varying the layer height and the temperature due to rheology-related phenomena and process-induced defects. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous study has been carried out on the relation between the internal micromorphologies in three directions of continuous biocomposites manufactured by in-nozzle impregnation additive manufacturing and the limit printing parameters. The findings are thought to help manufacturers master this technology for high-end applications.

Thermomechanical Treatment of SRF for Enhanced Fuel Properties

Solid recovered fuel (SRF) is highly suited for thermal treatment, but its low bulk density and other physical properties limit the number of compatible energy systems that can effectively process it. This study presents the findings on SRF energy utilisation, focusing on mechanical treatment and a novel approach to its small-scale co-combustion with certified softwood (SW) pellets and catalytic flue gas control. In this study, the processes of certified SRF feedstock characterisation and mechanical treatment were thoroughly examined. Unique SRF pellets of proper mechanical properties were experimentally prepared for real-scale experiments. Mechanical and chemical properties, such as mechanical resilience, toughness, moisture and heating value, were examined and compared with standard SW A1 class pellets. The prepared SRF pellets possessed an energy density of 30.5 MJ∙kg–1, meeting the strict requirements from multiple perspectives. The influence of pelletisation temperature on pellet quality was investigated. It was found that increased resilience and a water content of 1.59% were achieved at a process temperature equal to 75 °C. Moreover, the moisture resilience was found to be significantly better (0.5 vs. 14.23%) compared with commercial SW pellets, while the hardness and durability values were reasonably similar: 40.7 vs. 45.2 kg and 98.74 vs. 98.99%, respectively. This study demonstrates that SRF pellets, with their improved mechanical and energy properties, are a viable alternative fuel, from a technical standpoint, which can be fully utilised in existing combustion units.

Optimizing CH₃NH₃SnCl₃ solar cell performance: influence of absorber thickness, electron affinity, doping, defects and temperature

Optimizing CH₃NH₃SnCl₃ solar cell performance: influence of absorber thickness, electron affinity, doping, defects and temperature

Satellite Observations of Atmospheric Ammonia Inequalities Associated with Industrialized Swine Facilities in Eastern North Carolina.

Industrialized swine facilities adversely affect the health and well-being of Eastern North Carolina residents in the U.S. and are an issue of environmental racism. Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) emit various harmful and noxious air pollutants, including ammonia (NH3). There are limited measurements of CAFO-related air quality, contributing to disputes around its severity. We use NH3 vertical column densities from the space-based Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) to report systematic, distributive inequalities in NH3 column enhancements (ΔNH3 columns), equal to NH3 columns less an observationally determined tropospheric background. Population-weighted block group-scale ΔNH3 columns are higher by 27 ± 3% for Black and African Americans, 35 ± 3% for Hispanics and Latinos, and 49 ± 3% for American Indians compared to non-Hispanic/Latino whites in Eastern North Carolina (April-August 2016-2021). Surface winds and air temperature influence block group-scale NH3 distributions, with higher absolute NH3 inequalities for all groups on calm days and for Black and African Americans and Hispanics and Latinos on hot days, consistent with effects from NH3 volatization downfield of facilities from, e.g., manure-covered fields, particles, and other surfaces. ΔNH3 columns correspond spatially with permitted swine facilities, with residents living multiple kilometers from swine CAFOs chronically exposed to elevated NH3. Trends in NH3 columns over 2008-2023 are driven by regional-scale atmospheric processes rather than localized NH3 changes in CAFO emissions. Results are discussed in local decision-making contexts that have broad relevance for air quality issues without protective federal regulatory standards.

The Influence of Temperature on Courtship and Mate Choice in a Wolf Spider: Implications for Mating Success in Variable Environments.

Selection on animal signal form often changes significantly with the environment, yet signal form may itself be environment dependent. Little is known about how variation in individual responses to changing environments affects the relationship between selection and the subsequent evolution of signal traits. To address this question, we assess the effects of variation in temperature on individual signaling and mating behavior responses across temperatures in the wolf spider Schizocosa floridana. By running repeated-measures trials, we find that temperature has predictable effects on signal form, but that the performance of individual courters is not consistent across temperatures. Traits associated with courtship rate generally increase at higher temperatures but inter-individual consistency in response to temperature change is low, despite consistent female preferences for increased courtship rate at all temperatures. Interestingly, production of the likely most recently evolved signal component, the chirp, is consistent within signalers and predicts male performance across temperatures. Despite this, female preferences for chirp duration appear only at higher temperatures. Taken together, our results suggest that individual courter responses to changing temperatures have the potential to dampen or eliminate patterns of selection that are evident across temperatures. We discuss these results in the light of current research on mating behavior and sexual selection.

Nano-Interaction Mechanism Between Crumb Rubber and Asphalt Components: A Molecular Dynamic Study

Asphalt modified with treated waste tires has good environmental protection and application value. However, the nano-interaction mechanism of crumb rubber (CR) and asphalt (especially its components) is unclear. In this study, molecular models of asphalt, asphalt components, CR, and CR-modified asphalt (CRMA) were constructed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The validity of the model construction and parameter setting was verified by multiple indexes. The influence mechanism of CRMA density, asphalt-CR compatibility, mechanical indexes, and binding energy under the influence of temperature, CR dosage, and other factors was systematically analyzed. Results showed that the optimum temperature for preparing and storing to prevent segregation did not coincide. The solubility parameters (SP) prediction model of the asphalt’s four components was obtained based on the multiple linear regression method. CR could enhance the mechanical properties of asphalt, but the improvement was limited to small dosages. Increasing the dosage can enhance the mechanical properties of asphalt; the mechanical properties can be significantly improved in medium- and high-temperature conditions. Bulk modulus and shear modulus were recommended for preferential analysis of the mechanical properties of CRMA. It is recommended that the optimal dosage be 20%.

Study of Seepage Laws of Deep Rock Mass Under Different Water Temperatures Based on Porous Media

Deep coal mining is faced with high temperature, high seepage pressure, and high ground stress, and there is a complex nonlinear coupling relationship between the temperature of water in deep rock mass and its seepage. Based on the background of deep mining in Zhaolou Coal Mine in Shandong Province, China, the hydraulic conductivity of artificial rock samples with similar materials was tested indoors under different water temperatures of 30~80 °C. On the basis of deep rock samples collected in the field, the hydraulic conductivity has a nonlinear positive correlation with the rise of water temperature. The difference in hydraulic conductivity at the highest and lowest temperatures is two to three times. By means of multi-physics coupling finite element software (COMSOL Multiphysics, COMSOL Inc., Stockholm, Sweden), combined with the actual geological background, the regularity was found to be consistent with the laboratory experiment and further proves that the inlet pressure has no effect on the hydraulic conductivity. Subsequent analyses revealed that the influence of temperature on the seepage field is mainly reflected in the change of fluid kinematic viscosity with temperature, which causes the change in the hydraulic conductivity. According to the formula, the hydraulic conductivity of the rock at 80 °C is 2.31 times higher than its hydraulic conductivity at 30 °C, which is matched by the indoor test results. The engineering performance is that as the temperature of the deep rock body increases, the ability of water to penetrate rocks increases, and the water inflow of the working face increases. The results can be applied to the prevention of water hazard threats in deep coal mining.

Isovalent substitution-induced pseudodoping in ZrxTi1-xSe2 transition metal dichalcogenides.

The crystal and electronic structure of ZrxTi1-xSe2 (0 < x < 1) compounds and their electrical resistivity have been studied in detail for the first time. A combination of soft x-ray spectroscopic methods (XPS, XAS, and ResPES) was used to investigate the electronic structure. The lattice parameters as a function of the metal concentration x obey Vegard's law. It was shown that the substitution of Ti by Zr results in an increase in the Fermi energy, attributed to the lower binding energy of Zr 4d compared to Ti 3d in the ZrxTi1-xSe2 valence band. Given that the oxidation states of both Ti and Zr are +4, and the concentration of free charge carriers remains unchanged upon substitution, the observed effect is explained by a reduced density of electronic states near the Fermi level. The influence of temperature on the Ti 2p-3d and Zr 3p-4d ResPES spectra is interpreted in terms of pseudodoping occurring with the substitution of Ti by Zr.

Electrochemical and surface morphology characterizations of zinc electroplated coatings

Acid baths containing sulfate still lack industrial purposes, although they are classified as low toxicity and represent smaller risks to the environment and operators when compared to the traditional alkaline baths. So, the influence of zinc concentration (Zn2+), current density ( i), temperature ( T), and pH levels were examined during the Zn electroplating process in sulfate baths over process efficiency, coating morphology, and corrosion resistance. The current efficiency decreased as decreasing i (from 30.5 mA/cm2 to 7.5 mA/cm2). Increasing both Zn2+ and T promoted a reduction in the average grain size with nodules structures spread over the coating surface as shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Increasing the bath acidity resulted in a higher roughness profile and a more fragile coating, while the substrate was not completely covered at low i as shown by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. As expected, two capacitive arcs were observed in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test. Therefore, among the completely covered samples, the conditions Zn2+ = 50 g/L, 30.5 mA/cm2, 50 °C, and pH = 2.5 presented greater deposit homogeneity, grain refinement and increased impedance modulus (2850.26 Ω.cm2 at 30 mHz).

Material extrusion of TPU: thermal characterization and effects of infill and extrusion temperature on voids, tensile strength and compressive properties

Purpose This study aims to investigate the tensile strength and compressive behaviour of two thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filaments produced via material extrusion (ME): TPU 95A and Reciflex (recycled). Design/methodology/approach Tensile strength and compressive behaviour are assessed. The influence of extrusion temperature and infill pattern on these properties is examined, supported by thermal characterization, surface morphology analyses and a comprehensive comparison with existing literature. An analytical method is presented for estimating the solid ratio of ME parts, using an ellipse model to describe the material bead geometry. Findings Reciflex is generally stiffer than TPU 95A in both tensile and compressive tests. Specimens loaded orthogonally in compression tests exhibited stiffer behaviour than those loaded parallelly, and higher tensile properties were typically observed when material beads were deposited parallel to the load direction. Unlike TPU 95A, Reciflex is sensitive to extrusion temperature variations. Social implications By comparing recycled and virgin TPU filaments, this research addresses waste management concerns and advocates for environmentally sustainable production practices in the broadly used filament/based ME technique. Originality/value This study provides an extensive comparison of computed values with existing literature, offering insights into how different materials may behave under similar processing conditions. Given ongoing challenges in controlling melt flow during extrusion, these results may offer insights for optimizing the production of ME parts made with thermoplastic elastomers.

Temperature and pump modulation investigation of an Er:Yb co-doped fiber laser with optimized SWaP

This paper presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the influence of temperature and pump modulation on an erbium:ytterbium co-doped fiber laser in context for an optimized size, weight, and power (SWaP) integration. The fiber laser setup including the active fiber and pump diode lasers are heated up or cooled down for ranging temperatures from 0°C till 60°C and in parallel the output power is measured. Experimental results show that the slope efficiency of the fiber laser is constant over the measured temperature range. A slight decrease of the electro-optical conversion efficiency with increasing temperature is observed. Furthermore, the erbium:ytterbium co-doped fiber laser is pump modulated and the rise time as well as the frequency response is measured. The experimental results of the pump modulated fiber laser are compared with a time resolved simulation. The investigation shows that a minimum rise time of 36.6 µs and a maximum modulation depth of 9.4 dB can be reached. Moreover, the modulated laser amplitude is measured. The laser amplitude experiences a 3 dB attenuation at a modulation frequency of 20 kHz that agrees with the simulation results taking partly coupled ytterbium ions into account.

Reproductive characteristics of Japanese quail hatched from eggs incubated at different temperatures.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different incubation temperatures (ITs) on the posthatch reproductive characteristics of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). A total of 1332 fertile eggs were incubated at different temperatures: 36.0, 37.5 and 39.0°C. After hatching, the birds were transferred to rearing cages until 35 days of age and, later, to production cages in groups of nine females and three males. The experimental design was a randomized block with three treatments and six replications. IT did not influence (P>0.05) birth weight or hatch window; however, higher hatchability was observed (P<0.05) in eggs incubated at 37.5°C. There was no effect (P>0.05) of IT on the relative weight of organs at 35 and 60 days of age or on the male growth curve. In females, body weight at growth maturity was higher (P<0.01) when the IT was 39.0°C. The characteristics of the semen were not influenced (P>0.05) by IT, except for sperm viability, which was higher (P<0.05) when temperatures of 37.5 and 39.0°C were used. There was no effect (P<0.05) of IT on egg fertility or on the morphological characteristics of female reproductive organs. However, a lower age at first egg were observed (P<0.05) when the IT was 39.0°C. There was no effect (P>0.05) of IT on egg quality, except for yolk height, which was higher (P<0.01) at 36.0 and 39.0°C. It is concluded that a temperature of 37.5°C should be used during the incubation of Japanese quail eggs.

Investigation on the temperature dependence and mechanism of conductive behavior of conductive natural rubber composite with negative temperature coefficient

AbstractConductive polymer composites (CPCs) often face complex service‐temperature problems. To systematically investigate the influence of temperature on the electrical conductivity and sensing behavior of CPCs, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/natural rubber (NR) composites were studied herein. The research results showed that within the temperature range of −20°C to 60°C, the MWCNT/NR composites had a negative temperature coefficient. Their conductive behavior strengthened with increasing temperature; thus, the composites showed good temperature cycling stability. Increasing temperature was beneficial for the improvement of the monotonicity and symmetry of the resistance–strain response of the composites and the shoulder peak phenomenon. Between 0°C and 60°C, their resistance was less affected by temperature changes and the internal‐charge conduction mechanism was ohmic conduction. Compared with applied voltage and generated strain, temperature more notably influenced charge transport in the composites. Through analytical testing and coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulation, the systematic mechanism underlying the influence of temperature on the electrical conductivity and sensing behavior of the MWCNT/NR composites was revealed. Further, the influence of thermal expansion and thermal fluctuations on the electrical conductivity of the MWCNT/NR composites was discussed, indicating that thermal fluctuation plays a dominant role. Overall, this research lays a solid foundation for eliminating temperature interference in the sensing response of MWCNT/NR composites and optimizing their sensing response accuracy.Highlights Exploring the relationship between temperature and sensing behavior of MWCNT/NR. Revealing the influence mechanism of temperature on the sensing of MWCNT/NR. MWCNT/NR exhibits cyclic, stable sensing behavior with negative coefficient. Stable sensing response significant for temperature compensation.

Influence of sintering temperature on microstructure and electrical properties of titanium porous-transport layers for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer applications

Influence of sintering temperature on microstructure and electrical properties of titanium porous-transport layers for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer applications

Oxidative hydrothermal treatment of bovine bones: A lower CO2 emission process to obtain high specific surface area hydroxyapatite.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is known to be the main component of the mineral part of bones. Due to its properties HA is studied for various applications such as bone graft, drug carrier, heterogeneous catalyst or sorbent for waste water treatment. HA can be synthesized or valorized from bone wastes, as the food industry produce billions of kilograms of animal bones. The oxidative hydrothermal treatment presented in this work offers an alternative to the conventional calcination in order to remove the organic matter contained in bones. The impact of adding dioxygen into the hydrothermal system on the degradation of organic matter was studied by varying the partial O2 pressure from 0 to 30bar. In addition, the influence of temperature (220, 250, and 280°C) and dwelling time (0 and 2h) at these temperatures was investigated. The degradation of the organic matter was proved by TGA-DSC and FTIR. The presence of organic compounds dissolved in water was assessed by TOC measurements and the production of CO2 was followed by Raman spectroscopy. A hydroxyapatite powder with an organic content <1wt% has been successfully recovered at a lower temperature, for a shorter duration and with a lower production of CO2 compared to calcination. In addition, the recovered HA has a much higher specific surface area (up to 164m2/g) compared to calcined bones (up to 83.1m2/g), which is favorable for biomedical and sorbent applications.

A phylogenetic epidemiology approach to predicting the establishment of multi-host plant pests

Forecasting emergent pest spread is paramount to mitigating their impacts. For host-specialized pests, epidemiological models of spread through a single host population are well developed. However, most pests attack multiple host species; the challenge is predicting which communities are most vulnerable to infestation. Here, we develop a phylogenetically-informed approach to predict establishment of emergent multi-host pests across heterogeneous landscapes. We model a beetle-pathogen symbiotic complex on trees, introduced from Southeast Asia to California. The phyloEpi model for likelihood of establishment was predicted from the phylogenetic composition of woody species in the invaded community and the influence of temperature on beetle reproduction. Plant communities dominated by close relatives of known epidemiologically critical hosts were four times more likely to become infested than communities with more distantly related species. Where microclimate favored beetle reproduction, pest establishment was greater than expected based only on species composition. We applied this phyloEpi model to predict infestation risk in California using weather data and complete tree inventories from 9262 1-km2 grids in 170 cities. Regions in the state predicted with low likelihood of infestation were confirmed by independent monitoring. Analysts can adapt these phylogenetic ecology tools to predict spread of any multi-host pest in novel habitats.