Influence Of Technological Parameters Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ СОЛЯНОКИСЛОТНОГО РАЗЛОЖЕНИЯ НЕФЕЛИНА НА ФИЛЬТРУЕМОСТЬ КРЕМНЕЗЕМНЫХ ОСТАТКОВ

The results of studies on the influence of technological parameters (temperature, HCl concentration, etc.) on the separation rate of the liquid and solid phases of the reaction pulp from the hydrochloric acid decomposition of nepheline are presented. Based on the data obtained, optimal decomposition conditions were selected, under which the highest filtration rate was achieved: acid concentration 25–30 %; process temperature 85–95 °C; duration of loading nepheline into acid 3.03.5 hours with an additional exposure of 0.51 hour and the consumption of "seed" 1015 % of the mass of nepheline.

Effect of the technological parameters of plasma-arc spraying of flux-cored wire on the structure and properties of intermetallide coatings based on Fe3Al

Existing techniques for applying intermetallide layers are characterized by low productivity, difficulties associated with the maintenance and operation of technological equipment, as well as significant costs for the purchase of materials for spraying. Therefore, modern science shows considerable interest in the development of new, highly effective technologies to form intermetallide coatings on the surface of articles. Such promising techniques include the technology of plasma-arc spraying (PAS) of flux-cored wires. This technique has a number of significant advantages, namely high performance, relative simplicity, as well as the affordability of equipment and materials for coating. This paper reports a study into the structure and properties of coatings obtained by flux-cored wire PAS, in which the steel sheath and aluminum powder filler interact when heated with the exothermic effect of Fe3Al synthesis. The influence of technological parameters of PAS process on the structure and properties of Fe-Al coatings was investigated by means of mathematical planning of the experiment. It was found that in all samples the main phase is an intermetallide of the Fe3Al type. Tests for gas-abrasive wear resistance at room temperature showed that the wear resistance of coatings exceeds the stability of steel S235 by an average of 2 times. As a result of studying the electrochemical properties in a 3-% aqueous solution of NaCl and in a 0.5-% solution of H2SO4, the score of corrosion resistance for these media was determined, which was, respectively, 4 and 5 (coatings belong to the group of "resistant"). In this regard, the practical use of coatings based on the Fe3Al intermetallide is recommended for protection against oxidation, corrosion, and gas-abrasive wear of components and assemblies in the heat power industry (heat exchanger pipes, catalytic converters, steam turbine blades, shut-off valves, etc.)

Influence of Technological Parameters on the Size of Benzocaine Particles in Ointments Formulated on Selected Bases

Compounding formulations, including semi-solid medication forms, must meet criteria related to specific stability and quality, during a period of their use. In suspension-type ointments, one of the criteria for assessment of their correct manufacturing is particle size, which in the compounding preparation cannot exceed 90 µm. An appropriate level of particle disintegration can be achieved via a selection of technological parameters and qualitatively compatible excipients. In this study, benzocaine ointments were prepared using a levigation process. The time of its application on the particle size of API in suspension ointments was evaluated. In parallel, the effect of mixing parameters and the co-solvent used on the precipitation of active substance crystals in emulsion ointments during the storage of these formulations for 28 days was investigated. Forty suspension and emulsion ointments were prepared using selected ointment bases: Pentravan®, Lekobaza, Lekobaza LUX, Eucerin Ointment I, Nourivan™ Antiox, Fitalite™, containing 2% benzocaine. Based on the results of the stability test, four formulations were selected to study the release kinetics of benzocaine in vitro. These formulations were characterized by the rate of release consistent with the Higuchi model, and the fastest rate of release occurred from the Eucerin-based emulsion ointment.

Biotechnological Aspects of Iodine Enrichment of Bakery Products

In case of potential radiological contamination of territories, preventive intake of iodine-containing products before the arrival of iodine radionuclides is effective. The paper presents the results of the influence of changes in the recipe composition of the bakery product, namely the use of the additive iodocasein on the physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of bread. The use of iodocasein for bread enrichment is justified. The influence of technological parameters on the preservation of the iodine trace element in bread is investigated. Doses of iodine-containing additives are calculated in the technological process. It is proved that the iodine in bread is preserved in the product for 90 hours. The nutritional value of the developed bread recommended for preventive nutrition is evaluated.

Research of the process of obtaining potassium dihydrophosphate using diethylamine

The article studies the physico-chemical analysis of the conversion process of local raw materials of potassium chloride and extraction phosphoric acid obtained on the basis of phosphorites of Central Kyzylkums, in the presence of diethylamine. As a product, potassium dihydrogen phosphate was obtained, which is used as a complex fertilizer in many branches of the chemical industry and in agriculture. The influence of technological parameters on the conversion process is investigated.

CO2 lazerio parametrų įtaka beržinei fanerai skirtai reklamos produktų kūrimui

Wood is a material that is easy to recycle and quickly decomposes in nature, so replacing plastics with wooden products in advertising could contribute to sustainable development and ecology. Infrared CO2 lasers (beam wavelength 10.6 µm) are widely used for producing and processing wood and advertising products. Laser engraving of the material involves the destruction of the surface of the wood structure and the carbonisation process, during which a certain depth and colour of the engraved design are obtained. Changes in colour and depth are influenced by the type of wood and its thickness, laser power, energy flow density, and movement speed. In this research, the image prepared by the Adobe Illustrator program was imported into the RDWorks V8 computer program, connected to the Bodor BCL-MU CO2 laser used for engraving. After creating the test samples, the influence of technological parameters (speed and power) of CO2 laser exposure on the colour and surface morphology of birch plywood was analysed, and the correlation between ΔE and Ra parameters was determined using a spectrophotometric comparative analysis of surface colour tones and a three-dimensional (3D) morphology measurement method. The obtained results were discussed, visual material was demonstrated, and the most optimal work parameters were determined.

Blocking ultraviolet and anti-staining for cotton fabric 100% using nano titan dioxide

Nowadays, customers have an increased demand for casual clothes and clothes with additional functions such as anti-staining, anti-ultraviolet (UV), and flame-retardant without losing comfort when wearing them. Some rays from the sun, especially UV rays (i.e., UVA and UVB) are harmful to human health. At high intensity, UV rays can cause sunburn, increasing the possibility of getting cancer. UV radiation damages the skin and destroys skin cells. Fabrics that not only have the ability to block UV rays but also have anti-staining ability are being studied more and have high competitive advantages over fabric items when people pay more and more attention to beauty and health. Using nano TiO2 to complete UV protection is a suitable method due to its stability, non-toxicity, and wide application technology. Therefore, this research is performed to finish blocking UV, anti-staining treatment on 100% cotton fabric with nano TiO2 using the popular method in textile finishing of pad-dry-cure aim to attach bonding chemicals to the fabric under the influence of technological parameters as follows: concentration of nano TiO2, pick-up level, processing temperature, and processing time are different. From there, we can choose the most optimal treatment method for the bifunctional finishing cotton fabric to provide to the textile market.

Evaluation of optimal grain hardening modes to increase fatigue resistance of parts made of high-strength steels

Recommendations on the choice of optimal modes of shot blasting hardening of steel 30HGSN2A (30XГCH2A) according to the criterion of cyclic durability are given. On the basis of experimental studies of the influence of technological parameters and properties of the surface layer, a generalized technological parameter was proposed, including the values of the diameter of the shot and its velocity at 98% coverage of the surface of the part with 4-6 times fraction prints.

Evaluation of the machinability of CW614N brass alloy

Brass alloys are widely used materials for general and industrial applications. However, the lead content in them forces manufacturers to develop new ecological types, the properties of which must be gradually specified in order for the product to be produced and processed more efficiently. The article deals with the evaluation of the machinability of CW614 brass by investigating the influence of technological parameters on the surface roughness of the machined surface and the intensity of vibrations during machining. The measured data were statistically processed; with the help of regression analysis, mathematical formulations of the influence of input parameters on monitored variables were defined and based on them, functional dependencies were plotted in the MATLAB software application. The results showed that at the CW614N brass alloy machining, the feed rate has the greatest influence on the surface roughness Ra, but the depth of cut has the greatest influence on the vibration intensity.

Investigation of the Fermentation Process of Liquid Rye Sourdough and Determination of Technological Parameters for the Discrete Mode of Production of National Types of Bread

Introduction. The implementation of the traditional technology of liquid rye sourdough requires new approaches in the conditions of instability of the production of national types of bread. They should be based on modeling the fermentation process of liquid rye sourdough, taking into account the peculiarities of the technological process of its preparation. Information about some of the features and methods of preparing liquid rye sourdough is found in literary sources. The known methods do not take into account the features of the discrete mode. Individual schemes of preparation of liquid rye sourdough are used at bakeries of the Republic of Belarus. These schemes are subjective and change daily. There is no information about the influence of the complex of technological parameters on the biotechnological properties of liquid rye sourdough in various production conditions. Purpose. The aim of the investigation is to study the influence of technological parameters of the fermentation process of liquid rye sourdough on its biotechnological properties; to establish the dependence of the total number of cultivated microorganisms, their activity, acidity and lifting force of liquid rye sourdough on the content of the semi-finished product of previous preparation, duration and temperature of fermentation; to determine the optimal ranges of technological parameters adapted for the discrete mode of production of national types of bread. Materials and Methods . The objects of research are liquid rye sourdough obtained at a bakery enterprise. The fermentation temperature ranges from 25 oC to 35 oC, the duration of the process is from 60 minutes to 480 minutes. The mass fraction of moisture in the samples of liquid rye sourdough is 74–76 %. Liquid rye sourdough was studied according to organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. Results. The influence of technological parameters on these indicators of liquid rye sourdough is shown in the article. Dependences have been obtained that make it possible to predict at the stage of fermentation the indicators of fermented brew based on saccharified and thermophilic sourdough brew in a discrete mode for the production of custard bread varieties and to scientifically control the technological parameters of the preparation of this semi-finished product. Recommendations for expanding the ranges of technological parameters for the preparation of liquid rye sourdough at the fermentation stage in the discrete mode of production of national types of bread have been developed. Conclusion. The results of the research will allow us to develop an automated quantitative accounting of liquid rye sourdough, promptly distribute the semi-finished product with the necessary indicators across production capacities, eliminate the influence of subjective factors on the production cycle of the preparation of liquid rye sourdough.

Electron mobility in GaN layers and HEMT structure optimized by MOVPE technological parameters

Although a lot of attention was devoted to different aspects of GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structure such as buffer layer architecture, AlGaN barrier, surface passivation and dielectric choice, not much attention was paid to optimize the technology of GaN channel. We show in this work that by optimizing the channel technology the electron mobility can be significantly improved. We have studied the influence of technological parameters on transport properties on the series of GaN layers resembling a HEMT channel. We pay most attention to the layer growth using TEG precursor. The examined parameters were type of reactor atmosphere, growth temperature, growth rate influenced by precursor concentration and reactor pressure. Using optimized parameters for growth of a HEMT structure, we have succeeded in increasing the electron mobility in 2DEG by 30 %.

GRAPHICAL FACTORIZATION OF THE INFLUENCE THE TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONTINUOUS ROLLING

Metal rolling on modern mills takes place continuously with band tension. If the interstand tensions are adjusted according to the results of scientifically based calculations, it is possible to provide more rational, from the point of view of energy saving, processing conditions. A generalized graphical factorization for the technological parameters of continuous rolling the grade was performed, which allows determining the cause-and-effect relationships of kinematic and power processes, as well as changes in the shape of workpeaces in processing.
 The construction of the graphic model begins with the use of the Ishikawa diagram with a clear definition the technological factors of continuous rolling with tension. Solving the problem of tension mode management research in the continuous rolling process is carried out for chosen 5M factors: (М2) Management; (М3) Measurement; (М4) Material; (М5) Machines; (М6) Manufacturing. Features of the model include a qualitative determination on a research basis of the influence the factors on energy saving, taking into account the longitudinal stability of rolling. When constructing the diagram using semantic communications, the results of a preliminary analysis the influence of technological factors during continuous rolling on modern mills with the inclusion of wire blocks are summarized. Visualization of factorization is achieved by the graphical modeling.
 The graphical model can be used as a basis in the following analytical modeling of the rolling process for operating conditions in manufacturing, ensuring its adequacy. It is actual the use of modern theoretical methods of calculating the stress state along the entire length of the workpeaces. For the future, it will be the use of the finite element method with the subsequent determination of the quantitative influence of technological parameters. For example, how the friction conditions in the neighboring zones of deformation will doing on the stressed state of the rolled metal.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ НА СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОВЕРХНОСТНОГО СЛОЯ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ШТАМПОВОЙ ОСНАСТКИ

The article is devoted to studying the influence of technological parameters of electrochemical dimensional processing mode on the structure and physical and mechanical parameters of the die engraving working sections, which made it possible to recommend this method as a finishing operation in the manufacture of forging dies.

Influence of technical and technological parameters on the barley dehulling process

Introduction. The research aim is to determine effect of duration of dehulling, the barley size and moisture, the rotation speed of abrasive discs, the abrasive grit and the load factor of the dehuller on the dehulling index. Materials and methods. The dehulling was carried out in laboratory dehuller (model ULZ-1) at the rotation speed of abrasive discs of 29.6±0.015 s-1 (1775±0.9 rpm) and 42.3±0.013 s-1 (2540±0.8 rpm) and removing of barley husks and meal was conducted in the laboratory aspiration duct of 60 mm width. Results and discussion. The research has shown that the increase in the dehulling duration the weight of the barley loaded to the dehuller, the rotating rate of abrasive discs and the load coefficient of the dehuller working chamber leads to the dehulling index rise. There exists the non-linear dependence between the load coefficient of the dehuller working chamber with the minimum point of the dehulling index for the large fraction of barley 0.27–0.28 and for the small fraction of barley 0.24–0.25. The influence of the barley weight and the load coefficient of the working chamber of the dehuller on the dehulling index occurs according to the curvilinear dependence with the minimum point of the dehulling index for the large barley fraction of 0.27–0.28 and for the small barley fraction of 0.24–0.25. The increase in the processing duration and the load coefficient of the working chamber of the dehuller leads to the increase of the dehulling index, but at the same time the minimum point of the dehulling index decreases from 0.29 to 0.25. As the size of the barley grows, the dehulling index decreases. The gain in moisture of the barley leads to the decrease of the dehulling index according to the linear dependence for both large and small barley fractions. Moreover, the small fraction has the bigger values of the dehulling index than the large one. The moisture influence on the dehulling index has linear dependence for both large and small barley fractions. As moisture increases the dehulling index decreases linearly, but at the same time the large barley fraction had lower values of the dehulling index than the small one. The increase in abrasive discs grit leads to the dehulling index decrease according to the curvilinear dependence. At the grit of 80 the dehulling index gets the constant value and its change depends on the duration of processing. Conclusion. The influence of technological parameters of barley grain on the dehulling index has linear dependence, and machine parameters affect the dehulling index according to curvilinear dependency. These results must be considered when evaluating the effectiveness of dehulling and the development of the process model.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Olive Pomace: Scale Up from Laboratory to Pilot Scenario

Power ultrasound application has been proven to intensify the extraction of biocompounds from plant materials. In this work, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenols from olive pomace (OP) has been studied at three different scales: laboratory (batch, 400 W, 0 barg), medium (continuous, 1000 W, 1.0 barg), and pilot (continuous, 2000 W, 1.0 barg) taking into consideration the influence of technological parameters: extraction time (s), solvent to solid ratio (mL/g), mixture pH, and acoustic parameters: amplitude (µm), intensity (W/cm2), and applied energy (Wh). A central composite design was used to optimize the UAE at laboratory scale (0.2 kg). The optimal conditions were: time: 490 s; ratio: 2.1 mL H2O/g OP; pH: 5.6 at an acoustic amplitude of 46 µm for a maximum extraction yield of 3.6 g GAE/L of extract. At medium scale (2.2 kg) the UAE was carried out using amplitudes from 41 to 57 µm. The effect of the pressure (1.0 barg) on the UAE was positive, in terms of higher extraction yield (2.9 g GAE/L) and faster extraction rates compared to the non-pressurized UAE (2.5 g GAE/L), however, the extraction yield was lower than the one observed at laboratory scale. At pilot scale (120 kg), the UAE involved different ultrasound constellations (booster + sonotrode) to deliver the ultrasound energy at different acoustic intensities from 23 to 57 W/cm2. The acoustic intensity (W/cm2) exerts an important effect on the extraction yield, and should be tailored to each process scale. The highest yield obtained at pilot-scale was 3.0 g GAE/L, and it was 58% higher than the one observed in the conventional extraction without ultrasound assistance (stirring and heating). In all tests, regardless of the scale, higher yields were observed between 80 and 85 °C. The application of this technology at the industrial scale to evaluate if the improvement of the extraction caused by the application of ultrasound could is still important when other operations like centrifugation, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis are included in the system and to evaluate its techno-economic feasibility.

The influence of the size of details on the frontal resistance forces during magnetic abrasive finishing

The magnetic abrasive finishing process (MAF) is an effective method of finishing details. It is especially beneficial of processing important parts with complex shape, such as cutting tools, gas turbine blades, medical products, etc. MAF allows to affect the quality of the treated surface, surface hardness, microgeometry of cutting edges (for a cutting tool), removal of residual stresses in the material of the details. The relative newness of the method and, hence, little awareness of the processes and phenomena that occur during MAF limit the wide use of the method in production. Insufficient awareness of the nature of MAF, especially regarding the forces that arise during the interaction of the processed part and the environment of the magnetic abrasive tool (MAT). Available researches provide only basic information that is not sufficient for a comprehensive study of MAF. This is especially true for the effect of size of the detail on features of the implementation of the process. Conducting research on the processing of parts of various sizes and determining the forces and phenomena accompanying the MAF. To perform the aim, a device with a dynamometric sensor that allows to measure the frontal resistance was used. Ferromagnetic and paramagnetic material cylindrical details with different diameters (8, 12 and 16 mm) were used. Polymam-M and Polymam-T (grain size 400/315 μm, 200/100 μm) powders were used. The speed of movement varied in range 1 - 3 m/s, induction of magnetic field: 0.20 - 0.24 T. It was established that for the specified processing conditions, the influence of the magnitude of the magnetic field induction prevails over the influence of the speed of movement of details. The effect of the size of the parts on the specifics of the MAO is shown, the nature of processing by individual structural formations of the MAO and the difference between them is determined. The question of fluctuations in the magnitude of the resistance force at MAO and the influence of movement speed on them is considered. The influence of technological parameters on the frontal resistance force during processing of parts of different diameters and materials with different magnetic properties has been determined, and further directions for research have been determined.

Influence of technological parameters on the behaviour in operation of the asphalt milling equipment

Within the work will be studied, in particular, the aspects related to the mechanical stresses that manifest themselves at the level of the cutter teeth used to strip the worn asphalt clothing. Studies in the field have focused on the interaction between the teeth of the milling drum and the asphalt clothing. The literature provides information and results focused, especially, on the aspects related to the way in which the dislocation of the asphalt concrete components occurs (the mixture of aggregates and filler / bitumen in solid state) under the action of the milling tooth. The authors present a method of simulating (using the combination of FEM-DEM numerical methods) of the cutting process by which it is ensured the highlighting of the developed tensions at the level of the active part of the tooth. In this way, it is attempted to bring to the fore the operating conditions specific to the milling equipment and to identify how they influence the interaction between the asphalt and the active part of the cutter teeth.

Investigation of the Microstructure, Optical, Electrical and Nanomechanical Properties of ZnOx Thin Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering.

The paper presents the results of an investigation of the influence of technological parameters on the microstructure, optical, electrical and nanomechanical properties of zinc oxide coatings prepared using the pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering method. Three sets of ZnOx thin films were deposited in metallic, shallow dielectric and deep dielectric sputtering modes. Structural investigations showed that thin films deposited in the metallic mode were nanocrystalline with mixed hexagonal phases of metallic zinc and zinc oxide with crystallite size of 9.1 and 6.0 nm, respectively. On the contrary, the coatings deposited in both dielectric modes had a nanocrystalline ZnO structure with an average crystallite size smaller than 10 nm. Moreover, coatings deposited in the dielectric modes had an average transmission of 84% in the visible wavelength range, while thin films deposited in the metallic mode were opaque. Measurements of electrical properties revealed that the resistivity of as-deposited thin films was in the range of 10−4 Ωcm to 108 Ωcm. Coatings deposited in the metallic mode had the lowest hardness of 2.2 GPa and the worst scratch resistance among all sputtered coatings, whereas the best mechanical properties were obtained for the film sputtered in the deep dielectric mode. The obtained hardness of 11.5 GPa is one of the highest reported to date in the literature for undoped ZnO.

CAVITATION AND EROSION RESISTANCE OF VACUUM ARC Ti, Ti-Al, Ti-Zr, AND Ti-Ni COATINGS

Studies on the influence of technological parameters (cathode-substrate distance, substrate temperature, bias voltage, arc current) of vacuum-arc titanium deposition coatings have shown that the deposition rate from one cathode is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the sample and the cathode surface and proportional to the angle of inclination of the sample relative to the normal to the cathode surface. Sputtered titanium coatings at optimal parameters have 1.25 times higher cavitation resistance than bulk titanium. Among the alloyed vacuum-arc coatings TiAl, TiZr, and TiNi, coatings of the TiAl and TiNi systems have the highest resistance to cavitation and abrasive wear.

Revealing the influence of technological parameters on the process of extraction from walnut shell

The object of this study is the influence of technological parameters on the extraction process from walnut shells. The main practical application of walnut is associated with the use of a kernel placed inside the shell. The kernel isolated after processing is used in confectionery, fat-and-oil, flour milling, pharmaceutical, and other industries. The walnut shell that remains after cleaning is waste and is usually disposed of. Analysis of studies reveals that walnut shells are rich in phenolic acids and related polyphenols, which are essentially a natural antibiotic with numerous healing effects. Along with this, crushed walnut shell is a universal organic, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, and valuable raw material with unique physical characteristics and chemical properties used in various sectors of the economy. Walnut shell is 52.3 % lignin, for comparison ‒ almond shell contains 28.9 %, pine nut – 40 % lignin. Studies show that lignin characterizes the level of strength of the shell, and in its chemical composition is a source of antioxidants. Various methods of extraction of biologically active substances from walnut shells are used. However, the results obtained by different methods have a wide range of data. Optimization of extraction processes has been carried out and its regularity was established. By the method of mathematical modeling, optimal extraction modes were revealed under which the most complete extraction of biologically active substances is observed. Optimal extraction modes have been developed.