Influence Of Sociodemographic Characteristics Research Articles

Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Juvenile Recidivists on Their Reoffending

The Government of Kenya introduced rehabilitation institutions to deal with rehabilitation of child offenders and prevent them from recidivating. While statistics indicate juvenile crime and recidivism to be on the increase, studies on the phenomenon of recidivism among juveniles in correctional institutions in Kenya are scanty. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on recidivism among juveniles in rehabilitation institutions in Kiambu and Kirinyaga counties of Kenya. The objectives of the study were to establish the influence of Juvenile recidivist’s socio-demographic characteristics on their recidivism. The study was based on Robert Merton’s 1938 strain theory. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population for the study was 333 juvenile recidivists and 60 correctional staff in Wamumu and Kirigiti rehabilitation schools in Kirinyaga and Kiambu counties of Kenya respectively. The data for the study was collected by use of questionnaires, Focused Group Discussion, in-depth interview schedules and document analysis and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study found negative peer influence and level of education reached to be the child offender’s social and demographic characteristics respectively that had the highest influence on recidivism among child offenders in Kiambu and Kirinyaga counties of Kenya. The study recommended change in design of juvenile rehabilitation programmes to take into consideration juvenile’s socio-demographic characteristics and; needs and risks facing him. This is combination of both institutional and community based intervention and supervision that tap into youth potential and steer them away from crime. Keywords: Socio-Demographic, Characteristics, Juvenile, Reoffending DOI : 10.7176/PPAR/9-6-01 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Use of Skilled Delivery Services (SDS) at Health Facilities by Pregnant Women in the Central Region of Ghana

Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Use of Skilled Delivery Services (SDS) at Health Facilities by Pregnant Women in the Central Region of Ghana

The Influences of Sociodemographic Characteristics and Changes in Blood Lead on the Concentration-Response Relationship between Blood Lead Level and Children's Intelligence Quotient

Blood lead levels (BLLs) have decreased over the last several decades but lead exposure remains a risk and the relationship between socioeconomic status, lead, and neurodevelopment is not well-unde...

Mind Mapping Effectiveness as Genomic Learning Tool: Revolutionize the Nursing Thinking

The present study aims to discover students’ knowledge to genomic. In addition; examine the effectiveness of mind mapping as a genomic learning tool on students’ knowledge. As well as determine educational activities that improve genomic course as reported by the study participants. Furthermore; evaluate students’ perception to mind mapping and satisfaction toward genomic after using mind mapping learning tool. Finally; the influence of socio-demographic characteristics like gender, age, study year and marital status on students’ knowledge. Design:Quasi-experimental design (pre-posttests, study and control groups design).Setting: The study was conducted at Technical Institute of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt. Sample:212 nursing students were divided into two equal groups, study group (mind mapping) and control group (traditional teaching method as lectures) (106 students per each group)randomly selected as a convenience sample. Tools: Structured interviewing questionnaire, Genetics Needs Assessment Survey to assess students’ knowledge, Likert scale to assess students’ perception and satisfaction.Results: The genomic teaching by mind mapping affected positively on students’ knowledge in study group post intervention(p<0.001& p<0.05), most of them had reported that mind mapping is the best teaching method to improve genomic knowledge. The students in study group had positive perception toward mind mapping as a genomic learning tool. As well as high satisfaction score toward genomic study among study group students more than those in the control group. Conclusion:The findings of this study have highlighted that there is a need for usingmind mapping during genomic teaching as it affected positively on students’ knowledge. Fortunately; the most of them had reported that mind mapping is the best teaching method to improve genetic knowledge. The students in study group had positive perception toward mind mapping as a genomic learning tool as well as high satisfaction. Recommendations: Replicate this study on a larger sample in different faculties of nursing to generalize the findings.Also; nursing genomic should be included in the faculty of nursing curriculum in theoretical and practical aspects for under and postgraduate students with using mind mapping as a learning tool.

An analysis of push–pull motivations of visitors to Country Parks in Hong Kong

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the push–pull motivations of visitors to the Country Parks in Hong Kong, particularly improves the knowledge about the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on push–pull motivations. This paper reports the findings of a survey on a sample of 205 local and non-local visitors to two selected parks in Hong Kong. Results identify that physical and psychological benefits, and specific purposes push people to visit Country Parks, whereas visible facilities, park environment and accessibility are important forces to pull the people to the parks. For a decision about a park visit, the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents do affect their push–pull motivations. The positive correlations between push and pull factors of Country Park visit also confirm a complex and intertwined relationship between the two sides of motivations. These findings suggest specific market segments to foster local and inbound visits. Implications to tourism and park management authorities are drawn to integrate demand-side factors and resource provision.

The influence of socio-demographic characteristics on maxillary first molar derotation in children with mixed dentition

Естетиката и стабилният резултат са крайна цел на всяко ортодонтско лечение. В основата на стабилния резултат стои ортогнатната оклузия и идеалната зъбна дъга. Постигането на този резултат се влияе и от правилно проведената първична и вторична профилактика още от ранно смесено съзъбие. Целта на настоящото изследване е да се направи социодемографска характеристика на деца с изменения в ротацията на горен първи молар при смесено съзъбие. Материал и методи: Изследвани са общо 681 деца на възраст между 7 и 10 г. Ротацията на горния първи молар е измерена според методите на Frie, Henry и Vigano и резултатите са представени според пол, възраст и големината на ротация на горните първи молари според зъбния клас при молари. Резултатите са обработени статистически, като са използвани дескриптивен, вариационен и сравнителен анализ. Резултати и обсъждане: Статистически значима разлика беше намерена по отношение на показателя пол, като при момичетата се наблюдава по-съществено ротиране на горните първи молари в сравнение с ротацията при момчетата. И при десните, и при левите молари момичетата са с по-голяма ротация на моларите. Не беше намерена съществена разлика според възрастовия показател въпреки вариациите в ротацията. Най-често срещана е двустранната медиопалатинална ротация на горните първи молари. Заключение: Възрастта на децата не се явява фактор при ротирането на горните първи молари. От друга страна полът е показател при ротирането на горните първи молари, като при момичетата се констатира по-голямо ротиране в сравнение с момчетата.

Influence of socio-demographics of leisure travellers on service experience equity

This paper investigates the influence of socio-demographic characteristics of domestic leisure travellers on evaluation of service experience equity in three hotels offering hedonic service in Kaduna city, Nigeria. Data for this research were obtained using 284 questionnaires, and the results of this research indicate a non-existence of an association between educational status and the dimensions of service experience equity while gender, age, marital status, type of occupation, and income level significantly affect at least one dimension in varying proportion. On the overall, income level of leisure travellers has the highest significant main effect on evaluation of service experience equity in the hotels. Moreover, higher income earners tend to show high expectation, and preference for quality, alluring hedonic service.

What may determine off-farm income? A review

Farming is treated as one of the riskiest businesses. Political decisions, especially these related to the agricultural sector, may be treated as of a great importance. As a consequence, farm owners seek to diversify their sources of income and run other strategies aiming to stabilize their earnings i.e. by off-farm activities. The paper selected key groups of the determinants of the off-farm income with the aim to evaluate the current state and to propose further steps of the detailed analysis. The authors identified the mechanisms how the particular instruments influence farmers’ decisions on generating the off-farm income. It may be concluded that the significance of direct payments is still very high. Subsidies generally discourage farmers from the non-agriculture employment. The influence of socio-demographic characteristics is significant, however, the strength of this impact is determined by the additional factors like the situation in the labour market. In case of environmental determinants, it should be noted that there is a limited group of factors that may be out of control by the farm operators. The value added of the article is an attempt to identify the mechanisms how the particular instruments may influence farmers’ decisions on generating the off-farm income. The article finishes with the authors’ recommendations for further empirical studies.

Calling, texting, and searching for information while riding a motorcycle: A study of university students in Vietnam

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of calling, texting, and searching for information while riding a motorcycle among university students and the influences of sociodemographic characteristics, social norms, and risk perceptions on these behaviors.Methods: Students at 2 university campuses in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, the 2 largest cities in Vietnam, were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey. Data collection was conducted during March and May 2016.Results: There were 741 respondents, of whom nearly 90% of students (665) were motorcycle riders. Overall prevalence of mobile phone use while riding is 80.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77.9–83.9%) with calling having a higher level of prevalence than texting or searching for information while riding: 74% (95% CI, 70.7–77.3%) vs. 51.7% (95% CI, 47.9–55.5%) and 49.9% (95% CI, 46.1–53.7%), respectively. Random parameter ordered probit modeling results indicate that mobile phone use while riding is associated with gender, motorcycle license duration, perceived crash risk, perceived risk of mobile phone snatching, and perceptions of friends' mobile phone use while riding.Conclusions: Mobile phone use while riding a motorcycle is highly prevalent among university students. Educational programs should focus on the crash and economic risk of all types of mobile phone use while riding, including calling, texting, and searching for information. In addition, they should consider targeting the influence of social norms and peers on mobile phone use while riding.

U.S. state higher education appropriations: assessing the relationships between agency politicization, centralization, and volatility

Research into state appropriations across the United States frequently examines the influence of socio-demographic characteristics and political characteristics on particular levels of funding. We extend this literature to examine the year-to-year volatility of funding in order to test hypotheses surrounding the interlocks among multiple actors in the political stage. Our findings suggest that, when state higher education leaders are politically close to governors and have no formal budgetary power they capture more revenue volatility.

SSRI outcome depends on the environment: Citalopram amplifies the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on mood in the STAR*D study

SSRI outcome depends on the environment: Citalopram amplifies the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on mood in the STAR*D study

Variability in daily activity-travel patterns: the case of a one-week travel diary

Understanding temporal rhythms in travel and activity patterns has been recognized as an important issue for the effective management of urban congestion. Research issues related to this topic concern the degree to which travel behaviour varies from one day to another, the differences between weekday and weekend travel, and the determinants of variability. Thanks to a seven-day travel diary collected for 707 individuals in the city of Ghent (Belgium) in 2008, this study goes further by studying this variability according to various time periods within the week and by analysing interpersonal and intrapersonal variations according to the varying attributes of activity-travel patterns. Different variance indicators and the sequential alignment method are applied for the measurement of variability of travel-activity behaviour. Moreover, the influence of individual characteristics on these variations is examined. The overall picture of a large intrinsic variability in travel behaviour (i.e. trip or home-based tour generation) is confirmed. There is more difference in the number of trips per day for a given individual depending on the various days of week than there is between individuals per se, not including the weekend period, and this aspect is reinforced when considering home-based tours. Unlike the case of trip generation, there is greater difference between persons in their daily time allocation to various activities than between days for a given person in general, either during working days or during the weekend. This is also the case for daily activity sequence. Finally, the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on intrapersonal variability is weak, whether for daily trips, tours, time use or activity sequence. The large level of intrapersonal variability in daily trip numbers already demonstrated in the literature is confirmed. Systematic day-to-day variability is shown to have an extremely low share in intrapersonal variability. The global picture is that intrapersonal variability is large while systematic day-to-day variability is marginal. Moreover, a striking result is that socio-demographic characteristics are mostly unable to explain the level of intrapersonal variability. The results reveal that individual behaviour is neither completely habitual nor completely random. On the one hand, intrapersonal variability is more important than the interpersonal one as regards daily trip numbers for the realization of mobility needs. On the other hand, activity time allocation and sequencing show an inverse trend, which can be linked with the habitual part of behaviour and the social role of the individual (through e.g. work, childcare and other activities).

Relationship between Socio Demographic Characteristics and HIV Indicators among Women in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Zambia and Malawi Based on DHS Data

In sub-Saharan Africa women have disproportionately higher HIV prevalence than men. This is in spite of the wide availability of HIV information, condoms and HIV testing services. UNAIDS has proposed that due to women's fear of stigma and rejection by their partners, women are not able to seek HIV testing and other HIV services. In order to inform targeted programming for women it is important to examine to what extent women in Africa have attained HIV information and positive attitudes and whether these have been transformed into preventive behavior and ultimately reduction in HIV risk. In addition, it is vital to delineate the influence of socio demographic characteristics on the behavior change pathway of women.

Perception and Misperception of Health Enhancing Physical Activity among Urban Community Dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria: Profiling the Underestimators, the Overestimators, and the Realists

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/strong&gt;The ability to initiate and sustain health enhancing behaviour including physical activity requires appropriate self-perception of such activities. This study was conducted to investigate whether a group of Nigerian urban community dwellers are able to demonstrate a good perception of their physical activity behaviour.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;METHODOLOGY: &lt;/strong&gt;The study was a cross-sectional survey of 1,153 urban community dwellers from three local government areas of Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. Physical activity perception was assessed first; by self-rating of their physical activity based on a moderate-level physical activity vignette, followed by comparison with a more objective measure using the Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-Enhancing Physical Activity (SQUASH). Participants were thereafter classified as underestimators, overestimators, realistic actives or realistic inactives. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on physical activity perception of participants tested with multiple logistic regression analyses at p&amp;lt;0.05.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 604 (52.4%) of the community dwellers were physically inactive, but only 269 (23.3%) correctly rated themselves as inactive, 335 (29.1%) participants overestimated their physical activity level and 2.7% underestimated theirs. The odds of overestimation of physical activity was higher in middle-aged participants (OR=2.16; 95% CI=1.75-3.11) but lower among female participants (OR=0.58; 95% CI=0.30-0.79). Being a realistic inactive was associated with increasing age, female gender and higher income. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSIONS: &lt;/strong&gt;About half of the community dwellers were physically inactive with about half of them having a misperception of their activity levels. Misperceptions and realities about physical activity were generally linked to sociodemographic characteristics. A specially designed educational intervention programme may provide more insight to the community dwellers about their physical activities.&lt;/p&gt;

A Socio-Demographic Analysis of Responses to Terrorism

Abstract Extensive research has found that there are differences in reported levels of fear of crime and associated protective actions influenced by socio-demographic characteristics such as race and gender. Further studies, the majority of which focused on violent and property crime, have found that specific demographic characteristics influence fear of crime and protective behaviors. However, little research has focused on the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on perceptions, and protective actions in response to the threat of terrorism. Using data from the General Social Survey, this study compared individual level protective actions and perceptions of the effectiveness of protective responses to the 9/11 terrorist attacks among Americans for demographic factors that have been found to influence fear of crime and protective actions. Results indicated that several socio-demographic factors including race and gender do exhibit some differences in perceptions of the effectiveness of responses to terrorism, although not all achieved statistical significance. Results are discussed in relation to their implications for criminological theory, security, and terrorism preparedness.

Education Plays a Greater Role than Age in Cognitive Test Performance among Participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

Background: Brazil has gone through fast demographic, epidemiologic and nutritional transitions and, despite recent improvements in wealth distribution, continues to present a high level of social and economic inequality. The ELSA–Brasil, a cohort study, aimed at investigating cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, offers a great opportunity to assess cognitive decline in this aging population through time-sequential analyses drawn from the same battery of tests over time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of sex, age and education on cognitive tests performance of the participants at baseline. Methods: Analyses pertain to 14,594 participants with aged 35 to 74 years, who were functionally independent and had no history of stroke or use of neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, cholinesterase inhibitors or antiparkinsonian agents. Mean age was 52.0 ± 9.0 years and 54.2 % of participants were women. Cognitive tests included the word memory tests (retention, recall and recognition), verbal fluency tests (VFT, animals and letter F) and Trail Making Test B. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to determine the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on the distribution of the final score of each test. Results: Women had significant and slightly higher scores than men in all memory tests and VFT, but took more time to perform Trail B. Reduced performance in all tests was seen with an increase age and, more importantly, with decrease level of education. The word list and VFT scores decreased at about one word for every 10 years of age; whereas higher-educated participants scored four words more on the word list test, and six or seven more correct words on VFT, when compared to lower-educated participants. Additionally, the oldest and less educated participants showed significant lower response rates in all tests. Conclusions: The higher influence of education than age in this Brazilian population reinforce the need for caution in analyzing and diagnosing cognitive impairments based on traditional cognitive tests and the importance of searching for education-free cognitive tests, especially in low and middle-income countries.

Influence of sociodemographic characteristics on human mobility [corrected

Human mobility has been traditionally studied using surveys that deliver snapshots of population displacement patterns. The growing accessibility to ICT information from portable digital media has recently opened the possibility of exploring human behavior at high spatio-temporal resolutions. Mobile phone records, geolocated tweets, check-ins from Foursquare or geotagged photos, have contributed to this purpose at different scales, from cities to countries, in different world areas. Many previous works lacked, however, details on the individuals’ attributes such as age or gender. In this work, we analyze credit-card records from Barcelona and Madrid and by examining the geolocated credit-card transactions of individuals living in the two provinces, we find that the mobility patterns vary according to gender, age and occupation. Differences in distance traveled and travel purpose are observed between younger and older people, but, curiously, either between males and females of similar age. While mobility displays some generic features, here we show that sociodemographic characteristics play a relevant role and must be taken into account for mobility and epidemiological modelization.

Socio-Demographic Factors Influencing Maternal and Child Health Service Utilization in Mwingi; A Rural Semi-Arid District in Kenya

By the end of this year (2015), Kenya is expected to meet the targets of Millennium Development Goals number 4 and 5 among others. Available evidence suggests that utilization of Maternal and Child Health services is critical in realization of these goals. The aim of this study was to explore the socio-demographic factors influencing Maternal and Child Health service utilization in Mwingi district. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Data was collected from a sample of 416 women. Variables of interest were; socio-demographic variables and selected MCH service utilization indicators. Binary logistic regression model was used to assess the influence of socio demographic characteristics on MCH service utilization. Results indicated that Women who sought WHO recommended Antenatal Care services (at least 4 visits) were 38.9%, 47% delivered assisted by Skilled Birth Attendants , 46.2% sought postpartum care within 2 days after delivery, 88.7% ensured their children completed routine immunizations in time and 35.6% used modern family planning within 6 weeks after postpartum. Women with secondary education and above, women in households earning more than 1 US Dollar in a day and women in employment or operating a business were more likely to utilize MCH services. Women over 26 years of age and these with 3 children and above were less likely to utilize MCH services with exception of utilization of Family Planning services in which Women with 3 children and above were more likely to utilize Family Planning services compared to these with 2 children and below. Increasing the number of women with secondary level of education and above, creating initiatives to economically empower people especially these living in rural semi-arid regions, and developing and implementing age specific health education programs may improve utilization of MCH services in Mwingi district and other semi- arid regions in Kenya.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Stress among Librarians in Cross River State, Nigeria

The main thrust of this study was to examine the influence of socio-demographic characteristics and stress among librarians in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study examined the influence of age, sex, income level, marital status, educational qualification and family size on stress. To achieve this, six null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 120 respondents was used for the study. The selection was done through purposive and accidental non probability sampling techniques. Questionnaire was the main instruments used for data collection. The instrument was faced validated by the supervisor and experts in measurement and evaluation who vetted the items developed. The reliability estimate of the instruments was established through the use of Cronbach Alpha reliability method. One-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and independent ttest analysis were the statistical techniques employed to test the hypotheses under study. Each hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the analysis revealed that, age, income level and educational qualification significantly influence stress among librarians, while sex, marital status and family size had no significant influence on stress among librarians. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that librarians' salary should be improved and the working environment should be conducive. Librarians' job is not sex limited, as such, all who are educationally qualified and are of age should be employed for the services irrespective of marital status.

Financial hardship and the intensity of medical care received near death.

Although end-of-life (EOL) care can present a substantial financial burden for the household, the influence of this burden on the intensity of care received at the EOL remains unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the association between financial hardship and intensive care in the last week of life. The Coping with Cancer (CwC) Study is a longitudinal, multisite cohort study of terminally ill cancer patients and their informal caregivers, September 2002-February 2008. Patients (N = 281) were followed from baseline to death, a median of 4.4 months after baseline assessment. Intensive care was defined as the use of resuscitation and/or ventilation in the patient's last week of life. Financial hardship was measured at study baseline as a positive response to whether the household had to use all or most of their savings because of the family member's illness. Twenty-nine percent reported financial hardship, and 9% received intensive EOL care. Patients reporting financial hardship had a 3.22 (95% CI: 1.38, 7.53) higher likelihood of receiving intensive EOL care compared with patients not reporting financial hardship. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and patient preferences, patients reporting financial hardship had a 3.05 (95% CI: 1.22, 7.62) higher likelihood of receiving intensive EOL care. The depletion of a family's financial resources is a significant predictor of intensive EOL care, over and above the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and patient preferences.