Influence Of Priming Research Articles

The influence of kawaii priming on social value orientation

The influence of kawaii priming on social value orientation

Music to my mouth: Evidence of domain general rate priming in adults and children

Will listening to music on the radio change the way you or your children speak? Comparisons are often drawn between the domains of music and language. Temporal processing is one general mechanism that influences both domains; however, a cross-domain influence of rate priming has not yet been established between music and speech. The current research examines if the timing in one modality (music) affects the production timing in a different modality (language) for both adults (Experiment 1) and preschool children (Experiment 2). Participants listened to short unfamiliar musical melodies presented at either a fast or slow rate, and then described pictures aloud. Results demonstrate that both adults’ and children’s language production was influenced by the timing of the music domain; faster musical primes led to faster speech production. These findings support domain general temporal processing since musical timing affects linguistic timing even when the music has no linguistic component.

Facilitating disclosure in intelligence interviews: The joint influence of helpfulness priming and interpersonal approach

AbstractThis study examined the joint influence of helpfulness priming and a helpfulness‐focused interpersonal approach on information disclosure in an intelligence interview. We based the research on the theoretical proposition that consistency between an interviewee's primed dispositions and an interviewer's interpersonal approach would facilitate disclosure. Participants (N = 116) took on the role of an informant with information about an upcoming terror attack. Afterwards, an interviewer solicited information about the attack using an interpersonal approach that exhibited either high (helpfulness‐focused) or low (control) fit with helpfulness concerns. Prior to the interview, in a seemingly unrelated experiment, we primed participants' helpfulness motivation and assessed their cognitive accessibility to helpfulness‐related constructs. We observed that helpfulness priming increased information disclosure when the helpfulness‐focused interpersonal approach was used but not when the control protocol was used. This research suggests that implementation of an interpersonal approach that complements an interviewee's primed dispositions may function symbiotically with the previous priming to facilitate information disclosure.

The hierarchy of food, sociality, and experience in spatial decision-making by food-deprived rats

We examined whether a hierarchy existed among attraction to (i) food; (ii) social partner(s); and (iii) familiar feeding location in spatial decision-making in rats. To determine this, lone food-deprived rats were trained to collect baits from 16 salient equispaced objects arranged in a grid layout. Some rats were trained with only the eight objects on the left baited; other rats with only the eight objects on the right baited. After training, dyads of one left-trained and one right-trained rats were tested, with the eight baits now divided into four on the left and four on the right sides of the arena. Rats were free either to go to the familiar objects that had been baited in the lone training trials, regardless of whether these objects were now actually baited; or, alternatively, they could go to baited objects regardless of their side and of the rats' past experience. Rats could also forage individually or together regardless of their past experience or actual bait location. We found that the rats primarily displayed attraction to baits, regardless of their location; followed by a preference to travel together; and then by a significant combined attraction to visit together baited objects (whether familiar or not). Accordingly, attraction to food had the prime influence, sociality the second, and familiarity with the environment the least, in establishing spatial foraging decisions.

Influence of priming and nitrogen on growth behavior of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) in rainfed condition of midhill in Nepal

An experiment was conducted during winter, 2010/11 at IAAS, Lamjung with the objective of studying effect of seed priming and nitrogen levels on yield and yield attributing characters of buckwheat. Altogether, there were 9 treatments of seed priming hours (0, 18 and 36) combined with nitrogen levels (30, 45 and 60 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated thrice. The seed priming of 36 hours had resulted in significantly higher germination percentage in both 15 days after sowing (DAS) (4.40%) and 30 (DAS) (5.74%) The total germination percentage was also significantly higher (48.4%) with 36 hr seed priming. The main and interaction effects of seed priming and nitrogen levels had significant influence on days to 50% flowering. The dry biomass per plant, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index and percentage moisture content of biomass at harvest were found non-significantly different due to seed priming and nitrogen levels. The highest value for dry matter accumulation per plant (5.24 gm/plant), straw yield (8706 kg/ha) and % moisture content (71.0%) was recorded with 36 hr seed priming whereas the highest value for grain yield (1599 kg/ha), and harvest index (19.8) was obtained with 18 hr seed priming. Likewise, dry matter accumulation (5.38 gm/plant), grain yield (1575 kg/ha) and harvest index (22.0) was found highest in 45 kg N/ha. Similarly, the straw yield (9153 kg/ha) and % moisture content (75.3%) was found highest in the treatment with 60 kg N/ha. The interaction effect between nitrogen level and priming was found non-significant and the highest grain yield (2091 kg/ha) was obtained from 18 hr seed priming with 45 kg N/ha. Phosphorus consumption rate was intrestingly higher in buckwheat plot with nitrogen application. Moderate consumption of potassium was also observed while nitrogen content in soil remain apparantly unchanged and similar was the case with soil pH and organic matter content. Application of phosphatic fertilizer would be benefitial for buckwheat cultivation. Further experiment should be done to verify the effective dose of fertilizer.Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science. Vol. 33-34, 2015, Page: 47-54

Saving the Perruchet effect: A role for the strength of the association in associative learning.

In a partial reinforcement schedule where a cue repeatedly predicts the occurrence of a target in consecutive trials, reaction times to the target tend to decrease in a monotonic fashion, while participants' expectancies for the target decrease at the same time. This dissociation between reaction times and expectancies-the so-called Perruchet effect-challenges the propositional view of learning, which posits that human conditioned responses result from conscious inferences about the relationships between events. However, whether the reaction time pattern reflects the strength of a putative cue-target link, or only non-associative processes, such as motor priming, remains unclear. To address this issue, we implemented the Perruchet procedure in a two-choice reaction time task and compared reaction time patterns in an Experimental condition, in which a tone systematically preceded a visual target, and in a Control condition, in which the onset of the two stimuli were uncoupled. Participants' expectancies regarding the target were recorded separately in an initial block. Reaction times decreased with the succession of identical trials in both conditions, reflecting the impact of motor priming. Importantly, reaction time slopes were steeper in the Experimental than in the Control condition, indicating an additional influence of the associative strength between the two stimuli. Interestingly, slopes were less steep for participants who showed the gambler's fallacy in the initial block. In sum, our results suggest the mutual influences of motor priming, associative strength, and expectancies on performance. They are in line with a dual-process model of learning involving both a propositional reasoning process and an automatic link-formation mechanism.

Influence of privacy priming and security framing on mobile app selection

Mobile apps have the potential to request access to private information. Given the far-reaching negative consequences that misuse of this kind of information can lead to, interventions that may encourage safer app downloading behaviors need to be investigated. Participants were recruited through a crowdsourcing service to participate in two separate experiments designed to determine the impact of presenting safety-related priming material before selecting mobile apps. Participants completed a simulated app selection task where apps were given overall safety or risk rankings. In Experiment 1 participants were assigned to a (1) control, (2) self-relevant priming, or (3) factual priming condition. In the latter conditions participants were presented eight privacy priming items prior to the app selection task, differing in whether they were to rate their disagreement/agreement with privacy statements or to read and demonstrate understanding of eight mobile app permissions. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 but with only a single priming item presented. The obtained results showed that although the participants relied heavily on user ratings to guide their app selections, both the self-relevant and factual priming items induced the participants to take safety more into account. Further, we showed that priming can be accomplished with a single item, which holds promise for real-world applications.

Influence of Immune Priming and Egg Adaptation in the Vaccine on Antibody Responses to Circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses After Influenza Vaccination in Adults.

Although ferret antisera used in influenza surveillance did not detect antigenic drift of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during the 2015-2016 season, low vaccine effectiveness was reported in adults. We investigated the immune basis of low responses to circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses after vaccination. Prevaccination and postvaccination serum samples collected from >300 adults (aged 18-49 years) in 6 seasons (2010-2011 to 2015-2016) were analyzed using hemagglutination inhibition assays to evaluate the antibody responses to 13 A(H1N1) viruses circulated from 1977 to 2016. Microneutralization and serum adsorption assays were used to verify the 163K and 223R specificity of antibodies. Individual antibody profiles to A(H1N1) viruses revealed 3 priming patterns: USSR/77, TW/86, or NC/99 priming. More than 20% of adults had reduced titers to cell-propagated circulating 6B.1 and 6B.2 A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses compared with the A/California/07/2009 vaccine virus X-179A. Significantly reduced antibody reactivity to circulating viruses bearing K163Q was observed only in the USSR/77-primed cohort, whereas significantly lower reactivity caused by egg-adapted Q223R change was detected across all 3 cohorts. Both 163K specificity driven by immune priming and 223R specificity from egg-adapted changes in the vaccine contributed to low responses to circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses after vaccination. Our study highlights the need to incorporate human serology in influenza surveillance and vaccine strain selection.

Quality-dependent fusion system using no-reference image quality metrics for multimodal biometrics

Biometric acquired and processed data quality is the prime influences which will affect the performance of the whole biometric system. Hence, aforementioned is essential to control the quality of acquired data to devise a suitable biometric system. This paper presents a robust multimodal biometric system using quality dependent expert fusion system. We Presents work, on a novel quality assessment metrics for Fingerprint, Palmprint, and Iris. The originality of this work contributing with blind image quality measures. The projected quality metrics associates with two type of quality measure a) Image-based quality as well as b) pattern-based. We have explore and comprehend the associated various quality assessment in the biometrics. Benefits of the proposed quality matric have been illustrates on six benchmark database. The performance of the proposed quality measures demonstrates on multimodal biometric system is evaluated on a public dataset and demonstrating its recognition accuracy with respect to EER. Result shows the efficiency of detecting the kind of alterations. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test statistics shows 0.84 to 0.94 outperformed as compared to NFIQ.

Influence of Proline Priming on Antioxidative Potential and Ionic Distribution and its Relationship with salt Tolerance of Wheat

Mechanisms involved in salt tolerance urge exploration and investigation of genotypic variation to assist future breeding programs. Comparative examination of ten wheat cultivars for salt tolerance and their response towards proline-seed-priming was performed. Exposure of wheat seedlings to salinity resulted in prominent reduction in root and shoot growth attributes of all cultivars. Furthermore, decrease in the chlorophyll contents was evident although this varied among cultivars. Wheat seedlings grown from proline pre-treated seeds exhibited improved photosynthetic pigments, besides this response was also cultivar and concentration dependent. Generally, salt stressed plants exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activities. Proline priming significantly influenced antioxidant activities, however, its magnitude varied. The peroxidase activity varied among wheat cultivars that were evident from the analysis of POD activity on Native-PAGE gel. Salinity caused the accumulation of Na+ in the roots and the magnitude of Na+ translocation to the shoot was cultivar dependent. Similarly, K+ uptake and its distribution among root and shoot varied. Priming treatments affected ion distribution of Na+ and K+ but inter-cultivar variations were evident. Conclusively, all the cultivars investigated exhibited differential response to salinity and proline seed pre-treatments. However, the proline-priming mediated improvements in growth and antioxidant enzyme activities contributed to stress tolerance which partly relied on the ability of the plant to uptake sodium and its partitioning in the roots. Of the cultivars tested, Faisalabad-08 and Bhakhar-2002 were ranked as relatively salt tolerant and the cvs. AARI-10, MH-97 and Auqab-2000 as relatively salt sensitive.

Subliminal Priming-State of the Art and Future Perspectives.

The influence of subliminal priming (behavior outside of awareness) in humans is an interesting phenomenon and its understanding is crucial as it can impact behavior, choices, and actions. Given this, research about the impact of priming continues to be an area of investigative interest, and this paper provides a technical overview of research design strengths and issues in subliminal priming research. Efficient experiments and protocols, as well as associated electroencephalographic and eye movement data analyses, are discussed in detail. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of different priming experiments that have measured affective (emotional) and cognitive responses. Finally, very recent approaches and findings are described to summarize and emphasize state-of-the-art methods and potential future directions in research marketing and other commercial applications.

HIV vaccine candidate activation of hypoxia and the inflammasome in CD14+ monocytes is associated with a decreased risk of SIVmac251 acquisition.

Qualitative differences in the innate and adaptive responses elicited by different HIV vaccine candidates have not been thoroughly investigated. We tested the ability of the Aventis Pasteur live recombinant canarypox vector (ALVAC)-SIV, DNA-SIV and Ad26-SIV vaccine prime modalities together with two ALVAC-SIV + gp120 protein boosts to reduce the risk of SIVmac251 acquisition in rhesus macaques. We found that the DNA and ALVAC prime regimens were effective, but the Ad26 prime was not. The activation of hypoxia and the inflammasome in CD14+CD16- monocytes, gut-homing CCR5-negative CD4+ T helper 2 (TH2) cells and antibodies to variable region 2 correlated with a decreased risk of SIVmac251 acquisition. By contrast, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation in CD16+ monocytes was associated with an increased risk of virus acquisition. The Ad26 prime regimen induced the accumulation of CX3CR1+CD163+ macrophages in lymph nodes and of long-lasting CD4+ TH17 cells in the gut and lungs. Our data indicate that the selective engagement of monocyte subsets following a vaccine prime influences long-term immunity, uncovering an unexpected association of CD14+ innate monocytes with a reduced risk of SIVmac251 acquisition.

Feature-based attention elicited by precueing in an orientation discrimination task

Specific visual features can be attended to and processed with a higher priority by our brain, termed feature-based attention (FBA). Two potential mechanisms for FBA have been suggested: goal-driven attentional mediating and stimulus-driven feature priming. Some researchers argued that several reported top-down FBA effects might also involve the influence of feature priming. To clarify this confusion, we used an orientation discrimination task in which the target was tilted randomly from the horizontal or vertical axis and presented at one of four iso-eccentric positions. The target’s orientation was precued from trial to trial by an oriented line (Experiment 1) or by a symbolic arrow presented peripherally (Experiment 2) or centrally (Experiments 3/4). The cue could be either valid or invalid according to the congruency of its indicating orientation with the target’s nearest cardinal axis. Our results demonstrate that the discrimination speed was significantly faster following a valid than an invalid cue (validity effect) in the session with 80% cue validity when both response accuracy and speed were emphasized. Moreover, this validity effect could also be observed in the session with 50% cue validity using the line cue (Experiment 1), even though its magnitude was significantly reduced, which illustrates the impact of feature priming. However, we did not find the validity effect in the session with 50% cue validity using the symbolic cue (Experiments 2/3). These modulations on the magnitude of the validity effect should be ascribed to top-down attentional mediating that is independent of spatial attention (illustrated by Experiment 3). Importantly, when response accuracy was stressed over speed in Experiment 4, the accuracy was significantly higher following a valid than an invalid cue in the session with 80% cue validity but not in the session with 50% cue validity. Our findings indicate that both top-down attentional mediating and feature priming are important mechanisms for FBA.

New evidence of a rhythmic priming effect that enhances grammaticality judgments in children

Musical rhythm and the grammatical structure of language share a surprising number of characteristics that may be intrinsically related in child development. The current study aimed to understand the potential influence of musical rhythmic priming on subsequent spoken grammar task performance in children with typical development who were native speakers of English. Participants (ages 5–8 years) listened to rhythmically regular and irregular musical sequences (within-participants design) followed by blocks of grammatically correct and incorrect sentences upon which they were asked to perform a grammaticality judgment task. Rhythmically regular musical sequences improved performance in grammaticality judgment compared with rhythmically irregular musical sequences. No such effect of rhythmic priming was found in two nonlinguistic control tasks, suggesting a neural overlap between rhythm processing and mechanisms recruited during grammar processing. These findings build on previous research investigating the effect of rhythmic priming by extending the paradigm to a different language, testing a younger population, and employing nonlanguage control tasks. These findings of an immediate influence of rhythm on grammar states (temporarily augmented grammaticality judgment performance) also converge with previous findings of associations between rhythm and grammar traits (stable generalized grammar abilities) in children. Taken together, the results of this study provide additional evidence for shared neural processing for language and music and warrant future investigations of potentially beneficial effects of innovative musical material on language processing.

Priming effects on safety decisions in a virtual construction simulator

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of priming on people’s risk perceptions and safety decisions in a virtual construction simulator.Design/methodology/approachCivil engineering students were recruited to interact with a virtual reality (VR) safety simulator. They were divided into four groups covering with and without sound and with and without priming factors. Data were collected on the risks that they perceived and the safety levels of their actions.FindingsIt was found that obvious stimuli in a virtual environment with sound help people to recognise more hazards near the location of the stimuli. Sound is helpful in training simulations to create high levels of presence. However, priming factors are not suitable to be added to VR simulators for training purposes. Priming of safe choice results in people taking fewer risks in the VR simulator, but this does not carry over into other situations. Compared to priming effects, being “injured” in a training simulator with sound improves trainees’ ability to make safe decisions.Originality/valueVR simulation is helpful in construction training because of its unique ability to give trainees exposure to dangerous situations without physical risk. However, the overloading the working memory of users is detrimental to the outcomes. Therefore, the optimum level of complexity in VR simulators should be further studied.

Assessing the Diversity of Contemporary Environmentalism: Time for a New Paradigm

The New Environmental Paradigm scale (NEP) is the most widely used measure of environmental attitudes globally, consisting of 15 unidimensional question items. Given the increased diversification of the environment movement in the 40 years since the NEP was introduced, this study used quantitative and qualitative methodologies to explore environmentalism’s heterogeneity and suggest areas in which the NEP might be modified. We fielded short surveys containing the NEP question items, and conducted in-depth, open-ended repertory grid interviews to supplement the survey data and minimize the priming influence of the researchers. Participants, despite harboring strong pro-environmental attitudes, expressed heterogeneous responses to the NEP question items. During the interview process, participants suggested a wide range of solutions to environmental problems, differentiating them on the basis of cost, scale, exigence, and agency. Despite expressing skepticism of technology in the survey data, green technologies proved salient in the repertory grid interviews. Differential analysis by age suggested attitudinal differences, but statistical significance was stymied by the small sample size. The results indicate that while aspects of the NEP remain theoretically relevant and analytically powerful, other components merit re-examination. The mixed methodologies suggest that repertory grid interviews can add depth and provide direction for construct development in traditional survey data collection. Further research could operationalize these findings with the goal of establishing a valid and reliable measure that expresses the diversity of contemporary pro-environmental attitudes.

Do casual gaming environments evoke stereotype threat? Examining the effects of explicit priming and avatar gender

Despite relatively equal participation rates between females and males in casual gaming, females often report stigmatisation and prejudice towards their gaming competency within this sub-domain. Applying the theoretical framework of “stereotype threat”, this research examined the influence of explicit stereotype priming on females' casual gameplay performance and related attitudes. It also investigated whether the gender of the game avatar heightens susceptibility to stereotype threat. One hundred and twenty females were allocated randomly to one of four experimental conditions in a 2 (Condition: Stereotype threat, Control) x 2 (Avatar gender: Feminine, Masculine) between-subjects design. They completed a short gaming task and measures of social identity, competence beliefs, gameplay self-efficacy and self-esteem. Findings indicate that priming explicitly a negative gender-related stereotype did not appear to have a significant detrimental impact on gameplay performance or gameplay-related attitudes. Additionally, gameplay performance was not affected significantly by manipulating the gender of the gaming avatar. These findings suggest that, although females appear to be knowledgeable about negative gender-gaming stereotypes, these might not impact performance. Moreover, females tend not to endorse these beliefs as a true reflection of their gaming ability, representing a positive finding in view of the prevailing negative attitudes they face in gaming domains.

Promoting Physical Activity through Priming the Content of Motivation.

Non-conscious processes are important in influencing the performance of a number of behaviors, such as physical activity. One way that such processes can be influenced is through priming. Despite this, approaches within health psychology have predominantly focused on reflective processes with a number of psychological theories dedicated to identifying the predictors of intention. In doing so, critical beliefs and thoughts are first identified and then altered within interventions. Such work has shown limited effectiveness, however, with a gap apparent between what one intends to do and what subsequently ensues. Although there have been attempts to bridge this gap, such as theoretical integration, recent efforts include priming implicit processes. The aim of this commentary is to demonstrate the potential effectiveness of priming non-conscious processes and to suggest that the content of motivation should also succumb to priming influences. This brief review suggests that priming one of the most influential conscious processes, that of self-efficacy, could demonstrate particular effectiveness in promoting physical activity. Thus, the main purpose of the article is to suggest that the content of implicit processes as well their more traditional conscious counterparts may provide useful intervention targets. To achieve this, the article will first introduce the role of non-conscious processes and behavioral priming. Following this, the more common reflective processes will be outlined as well as attempts at theoretical integration. Finally, the article will identify studies priming non-conscious processes and will then suggest priming self-efficacy.

Modeling the Influence of Visual Priming in Feature and Conjunctive Search

Modeling the Influence of Visual Priming in Feature and Conjunctive Search

Correlation and Comparison of Cortical and Hippocampal Neural Progenitor Morphology and Differentiation through the Use of Micro- and Nano-Topographies.

Neuronal morphology and differentiation have been extensively studied on topography. The differentiation potential of neural progenitors has been shown to be influenced by brain region, developmental stage, and time in culture. However, the neurogenecity and morphology of different neural progenitors in response to topography have not been quantitatively compared. In this study, the correlation between the morphology and differentiation of hippocampal and cortical neural progenitor cells was explored. The morphology of differentiated neural progenitors was quantified on an array of topographies. In spite of topographical contact guidance, cell morphology was observed to be under the influence of regional priming, even after differentiation. This influence of regional priming was further reflected in the correlations between the morphological properties and the differentiation efficiency of the cells. For example, neuronal differentiation efficiency of cortical neural progenitors showed a negative correlation with the number of neurites per neuron, but hippocampal neural progenitors showed a positive correlation. Correlations of morphological parameters and differentiation were further enhanced on gratings, which are known to promote neuronal differentiation. Thus, the neurogenecity and morphology of neural progenitors is highly responsive to certain topographies and is committed early on in development.