Abstract

The influence of subliminal priming (behavior outside of awareness) in humans is an interesting phenomenon and its understanding is crucial as it can impact behavior, choices, and actions. Given this, research about the impact of priming continues to be an area of investigative interest, and this paper provides a technical overview of research design strengths and issues in subliminal priming research. Efficient experiments and protocols, as well as associated electroencephalographic and eye movement data analyses, are discussed in detail. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of different priming experiments that have measured affective (emotional) and cognitive responses. Finally, very recent approaches and findings are described to summarize and emphasize state-of-the-art methods and potential future directions in research marketing and other commercial applications.

Highlights

  • Priming refers to an increased sensitivity to certain stimuli, resulting from prior exposure to related visual or audio messages [1]

  • The main objective behind this review was to provide a summary of the latest developments in subliminal priming

  • This review discussed how priming is one of the most widely used concepts in product promotion and marketing across most areas of public interest and described how subliminal priming with visual stimuli can be much stronger than subliminal priming with other sensory modalities

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Summary

Introduction

Priming refers to an increased sensitivity to certain stimuli, resulting from prior exposure to related visual or audio messages [1]. Understand Subliminal the impact of a has brief exposure on an individual’s decision-making when exposed to a priming been studied extensively in psychological research, often for the purposes subsequent stimulus (see In. 2) [7]. Cognitive psychology studies, and subliminal studyfrom methodologies often include short experimental observation understand the increasingly beingveryused in the social and periods health(milliseconds) sciences, toincluding forimpact advertising, of a brief exposure on an individual’s decision-making when exposed to a subsequent stimulus human–computer interactions, and political campaigns. Current research on subliminal priming, including psychological and can be divided into the following five categories, which make up the sections of thisboth review: physiological mechanisms, can be divided into the following five categories, which make up the. Between primed and unprimed ERPs within the 100–250 ms duration at the frontal lobe

Visual Priming
Response Priming
Positive and Negative Priming
Olfactory Priming
Subliminal Priming Factors
Differences between Emotional and Neutral Stimuli
Design Protocol
Electrophysiological
The N4 Priming Effect
Motor Responses and the N4
Summary
Eye Tracking and Subliminal Priming
Subliminal Priming and Advertisements
Studies Validating the Impact of Priming
Studies Negating the Impact of Priming
Popular Cases of Subliminal Priming in Media and Advertisement
Findings
Conclusions
Full Text
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