Influence Of Nutritional State Research Articles

Measuring muscle protein synthesis in humans and the influence of nutritional state.

In 1982 and 2011, Clinical Science published papers that used infusion of stable isotope-labeled amino acids to assess skeletal muscle protein synthesis in the fasted and fed state and before and after a period of increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids, respectively; both of these papers have been highly cited. An overview of the study designs, key findings and novel features, and a consideration of the lasting impact of these two papers is presented. The earlier paper introduced stable isotope tracer approaches in humans that showed consuming a meal will increase whole body oxidation, synthesis, and breakdown of protein, but that protein synthesis is greater than breakdown resulting in net accumulation of protein. The paper also demonstrated that consuming a meal promotes net protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. The later paper introduced the concept that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are able to improve anabolism by reporting that 8 weeks consumption of high-dose omega-3 fatty acids by healthy young and middle-aged adults increased skeletal muscle protein synthesis during a hyperaminoacidemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp compared with what was seen during the clamp at study entry. Omega-3 fatty acids also increased the phosphorylation of important signaling proteins in muscle, including mammalian target of rapamycin, p70s6k, and Akt, during the clamp. These two papers remain relevant because they offer experimental approaches to study human (patho)physiology in different contexts, they present novel insights into the impact of nutritional state (feeding) and specific nutrients (omega-3 fatty acids) on muscle protein synthesis, and they suggest ways to explore the potential of interventions to help prevent and reverse the age-, disease-, and disuse-associated decline in muscle mass.

The influence of nutritional state on the fatty acid composition of circulating lipid fractions: implications for their use as biomarkers of dietary fat intake.

BackgroundThe fatty acid (FA) composition of blood can be used as an objective biomarker of dietary FA intake. It remains unclear how the nutritional state influences the FA composition of plasma lipid fractions, and thus their usefulness as biomarkers in a non-fasted state.ObjectivesTo investigate the associations between palmitate, oleate and linoleate in plasma lipid fractions and self-reported dietary FA intake, and assess the influence of meal consumption on the relative abundance of these FA in plasma lipid fractions (i.e. triglyceride [TG], phospholipids [PLs] and cholesterol esters [CEs]).DesignAnalysis was performed in plasma samples collected from 49 (34 males and 15 females) participants aged 26–57 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 21.6 and 34.2 kg/m2, all of whom had participated in multiple study visits, thus a pooled cohort of 98 data sets was available for analysis. A subset (n = 25) had undergone nutritional interventions and was therefore used to investigate the relationship between the FA composition of plasma lipid fractions and dietary fat intake.ResultsSignificant (P < 0.05) positive associations were observed between dietary polyunsaturated fat and linoleate abundance in plasma CE. When investigating the influence of meal consumption on postprandial FA composition, we found plasma TG palmitate significantly (P < 0.05) decreased across the postprandial period, whereas oleate and linoleate increased. A similar pattern was observed in plasma PL, whereas linoleate abundance decreased in the plasma CE.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that the FA composition of plasma CE may be the lipid fraction to utilise as an objective biomarker when investigating recent (i.e. previous weeks-months) dietary FA intakes. In addition, we show that the consumption of a high-fat meal influences the FA composition of plasma TG, PL and CE over the course of the postprandial period, and therefore, suggest that fasting blood samples should be utilised when using FA composition as a biomarker of dietary FA intake.

Influence of nutritional state on the progression and severity of mycobacteriosis in striped bass Morone saxatilis

Challenge studies with Mycobacterium marinum clearly demonstrate that a poor diet affects the progression and severity of mycobacteriosis in striped bass Morone saxatilis. Fish (n = 512 total, wt = 65 +/- 15 g) were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) g(-1) body weigth (BW) or a physiological saline solution (controls) and evaluated for 8 mo. Inoculated fish fed a low-ration diet (0.15% BW d(-1)) developed a severe, systemic infection characterized by a high bacterial load (>10(8) CFU g(-1) spleen) and poor granuloma formation, which commonly progressed to mortality by 6 wk. In contrast, inoculated fish fed an adequate ration diet (1% BW d(-1)) developed classic granulomatous inflammation of reduced severity and total body energy similar to that found in uninoculated controls (p > 0.05). After 4 wk, fish fed adequate rations maintained an equilibrium state throughout the study period, even though 10(6) CFU g(-1) spleen mycobacteria were consistently cultured. In a second study, reactivation of an acute inflammatory state was demonstrated by placing previously infected fish on reducing diets (0.073% BW d(-1)). In both studies, the energetic demand of this disease was only appreciable when associated with active, severe, inflammatory states. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the interaction of diet and mycobacteriosis in fish.

Fecundity estimation of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) and haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus) of Georges Bank: Application of the autodiametric method

Haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.), and Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (L.), are species of major commercial interest in the Northwest Atlantic and their spawning strategy is characterized by group-synchronous oocyte development and determinate fecundity. Recent advances in image analysis systems and the development of the autodiametric method have led to rapid assessment and accurate estimation of the annual egg production of an individual or its potential fecundity. In this study we estimated the corresponding autodiametric calibration curves for Atlantic cod and haddock of Georges Bank and used these to estimate potential fecundity of these two species near the southern limits of their geographic distribution. In addition, we explored the relationships between potential fecundity and different condition indices for these populations and found the hepatosomatic index to significantly increase the explanatory power of the fecundity–length relationship which is in agreement with previous studies on the influence of nutritional state on egg production.

Influence of nutritional state on leptin effects in rats

Event Abstract Back to Event Influence of nutritional state on leptin effects in rats Miklos Szekely1*, Marta Balasko1, Tore Schjottelvik1, Szilvia Soos1 and Erika Petervari1 1 University of Pécs, Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology, Hungary The main target of white adipose tissue-derived leptin is the arcuate nucleus: it inhibits the expression or production of anorexigenic peptides and stimulates the activity of orexigenic ones. Lack of leptin or presence of defective leptin-receptor is accompanied by severe obesity. With aging a decreased responsiveness to leptin develops, which might be connected with age-related obesity. It is also possible, however, that the obesity is responsible for the decreased responsiveness. In the present studies the effect of a 7-day-long, 1 µg/h dose intracerebroventricular infusion of recombinant leptin was studied on body weight (BW) and food intake (FI) in 2- or 6-months-old normally fed (NF2 or NF6; 282±15 or 456±13 g) male Wistar rats and 6-months-old rats made obese by calorie-rich food (OB6; 588±12 g) or 6-months-old calorie-restricted (CR6; 361±7 g) rats (2/3 of normal diet = 16 g/day). By the end of the infusion period BW decreased by 8.6% in NF2, 10.2% in NF6, 5.6% in OB6 and 0.1% in CR rats. FI decreased by ca. 50% in the NF groups, 7.6% in OB6 rats, while CR6 rats ate all the 16 g of food. It is concluded that obesity rather than age contributes to the decreased leptin responsiveness. In later ages this may be even more pronounced. In contrast, in CR6 animals leptin had no effect on FI: this might be due to low responsiveness to anorexigenic peptides (as we have earlier demonstrated for melanocortins in lean juvenile rats) or enhanced responsiveness to orexigenic ones. (Support: OTKA 49321). Conference: 12th Meeting of the Hungarian Neuroscience Society, Budapest, Hungary, 22 Jan - 24 Jan, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms Citation: Szekely M, Balasko M, Schjottelvik T, Soos S and Petervari E (2009). Influence of nutritional state on leptin effects in rats. Front. Syst. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: 12th Meeting of the Hungarian Neuroscience Society. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.01.2009.04.002 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 24 Feb 2009; Published Online: 24 Feb 2009. * Correspondence: Miklos Szekely, University of Pécs, Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology, Pecs, Hungary, miklos.szekely@aok.pte.hu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Miklos Szekely Marta Balasko Tore Schjottelvik Szilvia Soos Erika Petervari Google Miklos Szekely Marta Balasko Tore Schjottelvik Szilvia Soos Erika Petervari Google Scholar Miklos Szekely Marta Balasko Tore Schjottelvik Szilvia Soos Erika Petervari PubMed Miklos Szekely Marta Balasko Tore Schjottelvik Szilvia Soos Erika Petervari Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Question 2 Quelle stratégie pour maintenir un état nutritionnel optimal? Influence de 1' état nutritionnel sur 1' evolution de la mucoviscidose: aspects physiopathologique, epidemiologique et clinique des troubles nutritionnels

Question 2 Quelle stratégie pour maintenir un état nutritionnel optimal? Influence de 1' état nutritionnel sur 1' evolution de la mucoviscidose: aspects physiopathologique, epidemiologique et clinique des troubles nutritionnels

Survival, growth, metallothionein and glycogen levels of Nucella lapillus (L.) exposed to sub-chronic cadmium stress: the influence of nutritional state and prey type

Dogwhelks Nucella lapillus feed mainly on mussels and barnacles, and may experience periods of starvation. We report effects of nutritional state and prey type on the survival, growth, cadmium (Cd) accumulation, metallothionein (MT) induction and glycogen stores in N. lapillus exposed to Cd in water. Adult dogwhelks, with similar shell length (30.0±1.5 mm), were either starved or fed to satiation with barnacles Semibalanus balanoides, mussels Mytilus edulis or Cd-dosed M. edulis, and kept in filtered natural seawater (<0.01 μg Cd l −1) or Cd-contaminated (400 μg Cd l −1) seawater for 80 days. Mortality and individual growth rate were determined. Cd, MT and glycogen were measured in different tissues. Prolonged starvation and exposure to Cd significantly reduced the survivorship of N. lapillus, but feeding could help dogwhelks to combat Cd toxicity and minimise mortality. Extended starvation also caused tissue wastage, leading to higher concentrations of Cd and MT in tissues, whereas fed animals increased in weight and had lower Cd and MT concentrations because of the tissue dilution effect. Prey type significantly affected growth rate of dogwhelks and indirectly influenced Cd accumulation, MT induction and glycogen stores. Eating mussels promoted better growth and higher glycogen reserves than eating barnacles. Individual growth rate decreased with increasing Cd accumulation. Cd-exposed survivors grew faster and consumed more than control animals, implying that these survivors may have better fitness and greater tolerance to Cd toxicity. The use of growth, condition index, MT and glycogen as biomarkers of environmental pollution are discussed. These results indicate a need to incorporate biological data including growth (or at least condition index) and prey type into biomonitoring programmes to allow sound interpretation.

The influence of nutritional state on shoal choice in zebrafish,Danio rerio

We investigated the mechanisms and functions of shoal choice in relation to nutritional state in the zebrafish. Single fish that had been well fed or food deprived for 2 days were presented with a choice between two stimulus shoals. Food-deprived test fish showed a significant preference for well-fed stimulus fish over food-deprived ones whereas well-fed test fish did not exhibit any significant preference. Subsequent experiments showed that food-deprived test fish had a significantly higher foraging success in shoals consisting of well-fed individuals than in ones that comprised food-deprived fish. No difference in the locomotory behaviour of food-deprived and well-fed stimulus fish was found with respect to the proportion of time spent swimming (as opposed to being motionless), the proportion of time spent in the upper part of the test tank and the number of sharp turns. However, body weight, stomach width (measured directly behind the pectoral girdle) and ventro-dorsal height significantly decreased over a 48-h food-deprivation period. The potential use of the latter factors for the recognition of food-deprived individuals is discussed.

A Reconceptualization of the Effects of Undernutrition on Children's Biological, Psychosocial, and Behavioral Development and commentaries

A Reconceptualization of the Effects of Undernutrition on Children's Biological, Psychosocial, and Behavioral Development and commentaries

Arsenic accumulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas: the influence of nutritional state, sex and exposure concentration

The accumulation of arsenate from seawater by the shore crab Carcinus maenas L. (collected from Odense Fjord, Denmark in 1991 and from Restronguet Creek, UK in 1991) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. A field study was also carried out to determine the effects of raised environmental arsenic concentrations on intra-organismal distribution and tissue concentrations. Studies on the influence of nutritional state and sex on accumulation of As(5) from seawater indicated that most of the arsenic taken up from seawater in laboratory experiments was retained in the gills and the midgut gland. Arsenic accumulation exhibited sex-dependent differences which were also evident in correlation analyses carried out between total lipid contents and total arsenic contents of midgut glands of individual crabs. Arsenic concentrations in the gonads of both sexes were strongly influenced by the nutritional state of the crabs. Elevated arsenic concentrations in seawater and food at an arsenic polluted site (Restronguet Creek) significantly influenced arsenic concentrations and distribution among the tissues of C. maenas. Arsenic concentrations and distribution patterns differed markedly from those crabs from an unpolluted site in Odense Fjord. The gills of the crabs from Restronguet Creek contained extremely high arsenic concentrations ranging from 179 to 483 μg As g-1 dry wt. These values were even higher than those measured in the gills of Odense crabs that had been exposed to 3 mgl-1 As(5) for 2 wk in the laboratory. Arsenic concentrations in the exoskeleton of Odense Fjord crabs were 15 times lower than those measured in exoskeletons of Restronguet Creek crabs. Approximately 69% of the total body burden of arsenic was located in muscle tissue of crabs from Odense Fjord, whereas the major pool of arsenic (46%) in Restronguet Creek crabs was located in the exoskeleton.

Influence of nutritional state and cardiac work on radiolabeled fatty acid metabolism studied by external detection of radioactivity in the dog myocardium

Influence of nutritional state and cardiac work on radiolabeled fatty acid metabolism studied by external detection of radioactivity in the dog myocardium

Influence of nutritional state on the disposal of orally and intramuscularly administered iodized oil to iodine repleted older children and adult women

Iodinated oil (Ethiodol, 1 or 2 ml) was administered po or by im administration to adult women and older children in rural highland Ecuador who were either well nourished or malnourished to determine the effect of nutritional status on the disposal rate of iodine. These subjects resides in a region previously severely deficient in iodine, but this had been corrected in these subjects by prior administration of iodinated oil or by use of iodized salt or both. Malnutrition as determined by the conventional standards of height for age was associated with a significantly shortened retention time of the administered iodine, whether given po or im. The half life of retention was approximately half in the malourished of that in the well nourished. If these findings can be extrapolated to chronically iodine deficient subjects, then malnourished populations in need of iodine supplementation should either receive higher dosages than those conventionally employed or more frequent dosage.

The Influence of Nutritional State on Thyroid Function in Various Vertebrates

SYNOPSIS. The thyroid system in endothermic birds and mammals as well as ectothermic teleost fish is profoundly sensitive at several levels to acute and chronic alterations in the quality and quantity of ingested food. Predominant amongst the thyroid changes is a consistent alteration in peripheral T3, production due to regulation of hepatic T4 5′-monodeiodinase activity, which causes decreased T3 blood levels in caloric- (mainly carbohydrate) deficient states. The essentially similar response of endothermic and ectothermic (teleost) thyroid systems to caloric intake provides a unifying theme, previously lacking in comparative thyroid function, and emphasizes the need to consider nutritional tatus in thyroid hormone studies.

Influence of nutritional state on ischemic damage in rat liver.

The influence of the nutritional state of rats on the volume of necrosis in the liver at 24 h after 60 min ischemia has been estimated using fresh liver slices incubated in tetranitro BT. The volume of necrosis is about 30% in an animal fed ad libitum and about 10% in rats fasted for 24 h. Standardization of the time of feeding using a food dispensing apparatus did not reduce the relatively high individual variation in the extent of liver cell necrosis after ischemia. The beneficial effect of fasting on the extent of liver cell necrosis induced by ischemia may be due to decreased acidosis and/or a change in metabolic status.

The Influence of Nutritional State on the Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology of the Shore Crab,Carcinus Maenas

The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood of decapod crustaceans fluctuates widely. Salinity stress results in doubling of haemocyanin concentration within 24–48 h inCarcinus maenas(Boone &amp; Schoeffeniels, 1979) while in the lobster,Homarus gammarusrespiratory pigment levels are very low prior to and following moulting (Spoek, 1974). In general, however, the most important factor regulating haemocyanin concentration is nutritional state. Following starvation low values are recorded (Wieser, 1965; Uglow, 1969; Djangmah, 1970) and there are concomitant reductions in ventilation, oxygen consumption and cardiac output (Ansell, 1973; Marsden, Newell &amp; Ahsanullah, 1973; Wallace, 1973). The interrelationships between these events are poorly understood.

Influence of nutritional state and immunity on prognosis of severe trauma patients

Influence of nutritional state and immunity on prognosis of severe trauma patients

Influence of nutritional state on lipoprotein lipase activities in the hypothyroid rat

We have investigated the effects of nutritional state on the lipoprotein lipase activities of the experimentally hypothyroid rat. Both short-term effects (i.e., those of a 24 h fast with and without re-feeding) and long-term effects (due to decreased food intake in hypothyroidism) have been studied. The hypothyroid rats had significantly higher lipoprotein lipase activities of adipose tissue and heart muscle. The effect of hypothyroidism on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activities was modified by the nutritional state. In rats studied after 24 h fasting, the hypothyroid group had significantly higher lipoprotein lipase activities than weight-matched, age-matched and pair-fed (i.e., semi-starved) control groups. In rats studied in the re-fed state, the effects of hypothyroidism as such were less evident, since the pair-fed group also demonstrated significantly higher enzyme activities than did the other control groups. We have also studied the lipoprotein lipase activities of different enzyme preparations from adipose tissue. The effects of hypothyroidism were most clearly reflected in an increase of heparin-elutable enzyme activity from adipose tissue, whereas adipocyte lipoprotein lipase activity and the lipoprotein lipase secretion rate from adipocytes were affected to a lesser extent. We conclude that alterations in food intake strongly influence the lipoprotein lipase activities in the hypothyroidism. Our data also imply that the increased lipoprotein lipase activity in the hypothyroid state is due to a decreased degradation of the enzyme, both intra- and extracellularly.

Influence of nutritional state on periodicity in plasma insulin levels in monkeys.

Rapid sustained oscillations in basal plasma levels of insulin, glucose, and glucagon (9-12 min/cycle) have been identified in rhesus monkeys and in humans. To assess the possible regulatory role of nutritional state in the control of these plasma fluctuations, 12 chronically cannulated conscious rhesus monkeys were studied at varying intervals following ingestion of a mixed meal. Blood samples were withdrawn at 2-min intervals for periods of 10-30 min. In the postprandial period both absolute and relative amplitudes (half amplitude percent) of oscillations increased up to 16 h postfeeding to maximal amplitudes of +/- 32% for insulin, +/- 4% for glucose, and +/- 22% for glucagon. Periods were consistently in the 9- to 12-min range for insulin and glucose. Progressive deprivation to 88 h produced decreases in amplitudes and more irregularity in fluctuations but did not affect the underlying periodicity of these oscillations in plasma levels of insulin, glucose, and glucagon. Results are consistent with the existence of one or more inherent oscillators in the pancreas that act to synchronize the release of hormones from particular types of islet cells. The amplitude of these oscillations but not the frequencies is associated with changes in liver metabolism and nutritional state.

Influence of nutritional state on transmitter synthesis.

Influence of nutritional state on transmitter synthesis.

Effect of nutritional state on the ageing process of the human organs

The influence of nutritional state upon the process of ageing is reviewed, and the differences in the changing pattern of the liver and kidney with advancing age between Japanese and Caucasians are discussed with special reference to their nutritional condition. Even for the human organs, as observed experimentally, a nutritional condition lower in calories or a reduced protein intake retards their development and growth and accelerates their ageing process in the later stage of life.