Influence Of Globalization Processes Research Articles

The influence of the ethical principles of the philosophy of Confucius on Chinese cinema

The article examines the films of Chinese cinema of the 20th — early 21st centuries, which reflect the main ethical principles of Confucianism. It is noted that in contrast to the processes of commercialization of cinematography, when, first of all, emphasis is placed on the vivid visualization of the film, many outstanding Chinese directors pay attention to ethical principles in the life of society and an individual, relying on the teachings of Confucius, which continue to play an important role in spiritual life of China. The films "Goddess" (1934), "Spring Waters Flow to the East" (1947), "Hero" (2002), "The Horn is calling" (2007) were selected for analysis, which allow us to explore the ethics of Confucianism presented in them in historical discourse. The behavior models of the main characters, which were formed under the influence of Confucianism and are characteristic of Chinese society, reproduced in the films are considered and analyzed. It is noted that although the commercialization of films is taking place in Chinese cinema under the influence of globalization processes, there is a tendency to preserve the ethical principles of Confucianism and embody them in artistic works of cinema.

Modeling the Risks of the Global Customs Space

The influence of globalization processes, the customs space of the country, requires the development and implementation of a transparent state customs policy to ensure security and integration into the space of the higher hierarchical order. The purpose of the study is to form scientific-applied recommendations regarding the development vectors of the customs space of a country in the global environment to improve its risk management system. The main method of study is econometric modeling, namely, canonical analysis in determining the interdependence of sustainable development and customs space. The purpose of the study is to suggest directions for development vectors for a country’s customs space that will mitigate various risks. Originally, 174 countries were selected for analysis, but the final sample was formed by 98 countries. According to the results of econometric modeling, it was determined that the following variables have the greatest impact on the customs space: human development index; GDP per capita; corruption perception index; global enabling trade index; environmental performance index; social progress index; global competitiveness index. The findings can be used by public authorities in developing a strategy for reforming the customs system of developing countries, taking into account the risks and challenges of the global environment.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODICAL APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF DIAGNOSTICS OF THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ECONOMIC

The purpose of the article is to develop a scientific-methodical approach to the assessment of diagnostics of the economic security of economic entities on the example of the city of Kyiv and the calculation of an integral indicator that makes it possible to summarize the characteristics that reflect the most important properties of the presented research object. It has been proven that the negative consequences of socio-political transformations in Ukraine, the long-term depletion of resources of economic entities in the conditions of permanent structural changes of the national economy, require practical measures to ensure the appropriate level of economic security of the business. It was concluded that the multifaceted scientific views on the essence and methods of diagnosing economic security, which can also be applied to economic entities, actualize the issue of researching key approaches to its assessment, where the subject of assessment is: directly the object of research (the activity of sub "business entities of the city of Kyiv); factors affecting the object of the relevant study (external and internal threats); the system of ensuring economic security: measures that contribute to the stabilization of the functioning of all the presented components of the research object. The methodology for assessing the level of protection of economic interests is based on the criteria of the efficiency of the functioning of agricultural production, namely: the ability of participants in agricultural production to optimally distribute and effectively use resources (resource component); opportunities to ensure at an appropriate level the needs and goals of consumers of agricultural products, provision of labor resources (social component); support of national interests of agricultural production under the influence of globalization processes (market component); intensification of agricultural production development (innovative component). It is proposed to use a functional-systemic approach, which allows forming of a universal algorithm for diagnosing the economic security of business entities and calculating an integral indicator that makes it possible to summarize the characteristics that reflect the most important properties of the presented object of research According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the business entities of the city of Kyiv are in the zone of probable danger. The level of economic security of economic entities of the city of Kyiv in this zone reflects the intensity of their systematic destruction, which, first of all, requires urgent measures aimed at restoring the normal state of the identified crisis indicators.

Цифровизация высшего образования в контексте глобализационных процессов

Based on the analysis of a number of publications on the topic of digitalization of education in the aspect of globalization, the article identifies the most relevant areas related to the introduction of digital technologies and digital tools into the educational process, such as the creation of a virtual (digital) educational environment; transition to online learning, learning in a blended format, etc. In all observed aspects, the influence of globalization processes on the problematic field of education, including the higher education system, is noticeable, which can be considered both from the positive side and from the point of view of social risks of transformation institute of higher education under the influence of digitalization, risks expressing situations of uncertainty in changing the configuration of relations between the subjects of the new educational reality. The subject of the study is the possible directions for the development of education at the stage of expanding digitalization in the aspect of globalization processes. The purpose of the study in this article is to study the processes of transformation of the institution of higher education in the era of digitalization. Under the influence of globalization, the role of the teacher and student is changing, and the area of digitalization in the managerial and technological fields is expanding. Digitalization expands the flexibility of education, promotes openness, increases the involvement of students in the learning process, increases the speed of innovation. However, it is necessary to calculate the possible negative consequences of this transformation. Research methods include theoretical: analysis, synthesis, comparative, generalization, bibliometric analysis, empirical: development of research tools for a questionnaire survey (quantitative method), observation.

Formation of modern Korean culture

This article is devoted to the history of the formation and development of modern Korean culture. The article, first of all, reveals the concept of the terms "culture", "mass culture" and "modern culture", and provides conclusions about the fact that culture is an indicator, the so-called measure of consciousness and values ​​of a person and society as a whole. Mass culture, in turn, has become the leading cultural form and, under the influence of globalization processes, it has become a global phenomenon. Through cultural integration, the exchange of customs, traditions, art, and technologies with each other and their modification in accordance with modern views and values, modern culture is formed, which opens up new areas of research for scientists. The paper also discusses the relevance of this topic, the features of the formation of traditional Korean culture, and the factors that influenced its transformation and transformation into one of the areas of modern mass culture. Before considering the modern phenomenon, the study provides a brief history of the gradual development of culture from ancient times to the present day. The paper also cites a number of scholarly historians, culturologists-Korean studies, both Uzbek and foreign, and their scientific works in the field of Korean studies, and based on their analysis, this study was carried out. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the modern phenomenon of the cultural wave of South Korea - Hallyu, its economic content, state policy aimed at supporting and developing Korean culture, and territorial popularization, as a phenomenon that is a unique interweaving of opposite principles: traditional Eastern (Confucian) and Western cultural values, finding its connoisseurs all over the world, including in Uzbekistan, as a universal culture. The peculiarity and novelty of this phenomenon are also that, unlike neighboring Eastern cultures such as Chinese, Japanese or Indian, representing a person, first of all, a picture of the traditional classical era pops up before his eyes, in the case of Korea, more popular representation of the current modern post-industrial era. The people of South Korea managed to find a balance of traditions and innovations that best meets the requirements of the modern development of the country.

Science, Culture, World

As knowledge about nature and society deepened, the composition of the sources of socio-economic development expanded to include entrepreneurship, science, innovation, environmental restrictions, education, etc. The growth in the number of significant development factors and the need to take into account their impact on socio-economic concept,within which it will be possible to develop a common framework for assessing the role of traditional and new sources of growth. Already today, politicians, economists and managers, when developing state strategies, plans and programs, are faced with the need to take into account such characteristics of society as trust, inclusiveness, a sense of justice, the cultural level of the population, etc. The importance of these factors is increasing in the face of growing processes of change, the increasing role of innovation and weakening the stability and stability of the world political and economic systems under the influence of globalization processes. In modern conditions, the development and implementation of socio-economic policy requires an assessment of the ability of states to perceive and assimilate innovations, avoiding disorganization and slipping into systemic crises. The question arises, in relation to which object should such an ability be assessed? The article substantiates the choice of a cultural system as such an object. The dynamics of culture and the generalized drivers of its changes are considered, as which coding, language and communications are substantiated. It is shown that over time, science has become the main communication of culture. The globalization of scientific activity leads to the convergence of cultural systems. This process is getting new acceleration as a result of digitalization.

Organized crime in Ukraine: factors of globalization and military aggression

Introduction. The eff ectiveness of combating the most dangerous manifestations of organized crime is complicated not only by Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, the annexation of Crimea, the loss of control over part of the territory in eastern Ukraine, uncontrolled arms traffi cking, and so on. Such contradictions are signifi cantly hampered by the inconsistency of criminal and regulatory legislation, the obsolescence of many regulations. In addition to these national features of the development of organized crime, there are objective world realities associated with globalization, ie the process of global economic, political and cultural integration. Positive globalization processes do not off set the negative consequences of this process, as there are large-scale threats to the security of most countries, including extremism, international terrorism, transnational organized crime and more. The aim of the article. The purpose of this scientifi c article is to determine the impact of globalization and military aggression against Ukraine on the development of organized crime. Results. Organized crime in Ukraine under the infl uence of globalization processes and military aggression is transformed into transnational, extends to such areas of criminal activity as terrorism (including state), separatism, extremism (including antistate), collaborationism, etc. Conclusions. Priority measures to combat transnational organized crime include the adoption of a law that would provide a good basis for creating an eff ective system for combating organized crime in Ukraine, including ensuring the system of legislation and activities of criminal justice bodies and law enforcement agencies authorized to carry out such counteraction. Key words: organized crime, globalization, military aggression, hybrid war, counteraction, systemic, transnational character.

Formation of the identity of the local community in the context of globalization

The task of paramount importance for any state is the preservation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity, the sustainable development of territories. Globalization, which has affected all spheres of social life, has exacerbated the problem of the loss of a person's identity to the local. In conditions when the state, under pressure from the external environment, needs to maintain sovereignty and create conditions for development, universalists, for whom sovereignty is not a value, carry a protest potential, which under certain conditions manifests itself in conflict forms of interaction with the authorities. The purpose of the study is to identify the environmental capabilities of the territory in strengthening the connection of the individual with the place of residence, to identify the resources of collective integration at the level of local communities with the prospect of reaching wider social institutions. It is determined that the objective condition that ensures the stability of society in the context of the transformation of the social structure is the presence of consolidation — the social cohesion of its citizens, their identity with the place of residence. The conceptual basis of the study is a socio-territorial approach that contributes to an objective analysis of the processes occurring in local communities under the influence of globalization processes. Within the framework of the approach, interrelations and interdependencies between economic, moral, ethical, institutional processes observed on the territory of local communities in the context of globalization are established. The properties of global processes that level out local specifics are named. Theoretically substantiated social practices of forming a person's commitment to the place of residence, in particular, one of the solutions is the accumulative effect of horizontal connections, the network principle of interaction between residents of the local community. The study of local communities in the context of globalization expands the possibilities of modeling the possibilities of the local as a field of resistance to the global.

Problems of preservation of religious traditions in the modern Buryat family

The article deals with the Buryat family, in which, under the influence of globalization processes, religious Buddhist traditions acquire new characteristics depending on the systems of Buddhism, Christianity and shamanism. The methodological basis of the study is the works of Buryat scientists K.D. Basaeva, E.V. Gylykova, R.Yu. Tsoktoev and other scientists who contributed to the study of the Buryat family and the religious traditions of the Buryats. The Buryat family, developing for a long time, preserves the traditions of Buddhism necessary for the Buryat ethnic group to consolidate and preserve national integrity, and it is the family that becomes one of the social institutions that create conditions for the continuity of religious Buddhist traditions.

The Impact of Neoliberalism on Models of Science Communication

National science is being transformed under the influence of global processes, which are mainly, although not entirely, dictated by the dominance of neoliberal ideas in a wide range of developed and developing countries. The term neoliberalism, (or neo-liberalism), which was coined in the 20th century, offers recommendations that include a set of political, economic, and ideological actions. The article examines the impact of the neoliberal turn in science on the process of interaction between science and society. It is substantiated that this affects the development of vector models for the spread of scientific neoliberal ideology. Academia is a research field that deals with a wide range of issues from actual dissemination of scientific research to the models of involving new constituencies, in which non-professionals are encouraged to participate in research via scientific discussions and polls. Academia is a global and debatable topic to be discussed. It should be noted that scientific communications as a process of promoting scientific knowledge outside the scientific communities have not been thoroughly studied by domestic researchers yet. In the international scientific community and the Russian scientific field, until recently, the understanding of the tasks of scientific communication varied greatly. However, the development of scientific communities is widespread in different countries and reveals the impacts of neoliberalism research on this process. The neoliberal initiative encourages the creation of conditions in which, firstly, citizens take an active part in solving scientific issues. And secondly, the prestige of the pursuit of pure science does not deter researchers from promoting commercialization and the free development of their scientific activity. The peculiarities of interaction between science and society are regarded from the point of view of the Italian sociologist Massimiano Bucchi. Distinguished in academic discourse for his classification of relationships among science, technology, and society, M. Bucchi specifies three patterns for such relationships: deficit, dialogue, and completion.

The concept of digitalization: national and international approaches

Problem setting. Digitalisation is one of the defining trends in human civilization, forming a more inclusive society and better governance, expanding access to health care, education and banking, improving the quality and coverage of public services, expanding the way people work together, and enabling people to benefit greater variety of goods at lower prices. The Covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated the importance and need for digital technologies for the well-being of the population and the development of economies. Today in Ukraine a large number of normative legal acts are being developed for the development of the digital economy, development concepts and programs are being adopted. However, the processes of digitalization of Ukrainian society have not yet been finalized and require further research and implementation of new tools and measures, in particular taking into account international legal practice in this area. Analysis of recent researches and publications. For a comprehensive understanding of the concept of digitalization and digital transformation should refer to the teachings of prominent domestic and foreign scholars. In this regard, among which are the studies of A. McAfee, S. Brennan, D. Kreiss, P. Weil, S. Warner, Yu. O. Nikitin, O. A. Burbelo, G. O. Tkachuk, G. G. Чмерук, В. Р. Kralich, I. A. Burlakova. Their research can be used as a basis for defining the concept of digital transformation. Target of the research. The purpose of the article is to systematize the concept of digitalization, to analyze the international experience in the field of digitalization of society for the introduction into the domestic legal system of positive legal experience in the regulation of digital relations; outline the ways and measures that are necessary for further work for the effective use of digitalization tools to improve economic and political relations in Ukraine. Article’s main body. The article analyzes national and international approaches to the nature and significance of digitalization, and the actions of states in the direction of further implementation of digitalization of society. It is determined that in the countries of the European Union the estimated indicator of the level of technological development and the degree of introduction of innovative technologies in the digital society is used – the DESI Index. It is emphasized that digitalization is not limited to the exclusive use of technology; it is characterized by a change in culture, integrated into all areas of work, and a transformation in the management of different teams. Domestic achievements that were formed under the influence of globalization processes and modern international legal practice in the field of digitalization are analyzed, namely, institutions established in Ukraine and adopted regulations in the field of digitalization of Ukrainian society. It is concluded that the state regulation of the development of the digital sector of society requires the formation and action of institutional, legal, economic, organizational, socio-psychological and technical-technological mechanisms with a wide range of methodological tools for each of them. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Thus, the state regulation of the digital sector of society requires the formation and operation of institutional, legal, economic, organizational, socio-psychological and technicaltechnological mechanisms with a wide range of methodological tools for each of them, comprehensive and systematic application of which will increase quality. , competitiveness, manufacturability of products, optimizes the processes of production and marketing; activates the implementation of the digital transformation of existing and the formation and active development of new high-tech industries, which together will ensure the dynamic and effective development of the digital society sector in Ukraine

Необходимость минимизации барьеров в межкультурных коммуникациях как способ достижения взаимопонимания в глобальной социально-экономической системе

The relevance of the research consists in suggestion that overcoming the cultural barriers is the effective way to achieving the mutual understanding among the subjects of international economic relations in the context of changes in the world under the influence of globalization processes. In the emerging global economy, the most difficult barriers to mutual understanding are cultural differences between peoples. The purpose of the study is to generalize foreign experience in understanding the issues of minimizing barriers between subjects of international communications. The purpose of the study determined the specifics of the choice of the methodology of cognition of the research topic: the author turns to the study of foreign academic literature. The idea is substantiated that the need for communication between subjects of international economic relations appears when the subject of interaction realizes the limitations of his resources and interacts with another communicator in order to fill in the missing resource. Intercultural communication is presented as a type of purposeful and self-organizing communicative interaction, the type-forming feature of which is a shortage of intersubjectively shared resources arising from the fact that communicants belong to different socio-cultural systems. If different subjects of communication can learn to overcome cross-cultural barriers, then this can lead to reaching a new, higher level of cultural development of modern civilization. It is revealed that most of the studies of Western scientists are focused on analyzing the degree of difference between Western and non-Western cultures in order to develop an understanding of how to manage non-Western cultures more effectively in the context of business interactions. Hence, a model of educational intercultural competence is being developed in science, the mastery of which will allow managers to overcome communication barriers more flexibly and effectively. Western scientists propose mainly models for overcoming cross-cultural barriers in international communications, based on the recognition that the cultures of non-Western countries should be transformed under the influence of globalization (in particular, the digitalization of socioeconomic life). Hence, the concept of a "global community" is being formed, whose representatives will gradually master the generally significant system of verbal and nonverbal codes of the global (network, digital) socioeconomic system. The necessity of developing a scientific discussion on the development of a universal model of intercultural communication, which will minimize the barriers that prevent the most effective mutual understanding between the subjects of international economic relations, taking into account their cultural differences, is substantiated.

STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

The influence of globalization processes on the functioning and implementation of the strategy of economic development of the state is analyzed and proved. The author's approach to defining the concept of economic globalization and economic strategy of the state taking into account globalization challenges is offered, the model of realization of strategy of economic development of the state in the conditions of globalization is developed. New external challenges for Ukraine in the context of globalization and further integration of the country into the world economy include both potential benefits that should be sought to maximize and serious risks and threats that require targeted action to identify, mitigate and neutralize. Ukraine's economic development are formed. In the light of modern globalization challenges and a new stage of Ukraine's economic development, the importance of scientific substantiation of national economic strategies and the formation of effective state economic policy on their basis is growing. It is important to form a new vision for the choice of economic development strategies, which will be based on scientific knowledge, existing patterns of modern economic development and a clear understanding of the possibilities of advanced development. The choice of economic development strategy in the context of globalization requires a theoretical understanding of the essence of this phenomenon, its impact, determining their place in the system of macroeconomic development. New external challenges for Ukraine in the context of globalization and further integration of the country into the world economy include both potential benefits that should be sought to maximize and serious risks and threats that require targeted action to identify, mitigate and neutralize. The strategy of economic development of the state should be to effectively integrate the economy into globalization, which ensures maximum use of the resulting benefits and minimize the inevitable risks in favor of successful economic development. The strategy of economic development of the state in the effective introduction of the economy in the processes of globalization, which ensures maximum use of benefits and minimizes the risks in favor of successful economic development of the state.

Economy and management in the conditions of digitalization

Purpose of the article is to identify the methodological aspects of economics and management in the context of the transformation of the national economy under the influence of globalization processes. The methodological basis of the research is the use of logical and systematic approaches, general philosophical, general scientific and historical methods, analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the results obtained consists in rethinking the determinants of the state of the global economy, an attempt to philosophical and economic understanding of the digital economy and defining its boundaries. Conclusions. The digital economy is a system of economic relations based on the realization of digital human potential through the use of information and communication and end-to-end technologies, functioning in a sustainable innovationoriented institutional environment, aimed at increasing labor productivity and improving the welfare of society in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services. The need for further research in the field of economics and international management in the context of sufficient radical transformation of the global economy, including from the perspective of the coronavirus pandemic, as well as the importance of applying new management methods and tools in the era of the digital economy. Key words: electronic economy, digital economy, virtual economy, modern information technologies, enterprise cloud infrastructure, coronavirus, opportunities

International business in the technology transfer system

Methods. The following methods were used during the research: analysis and synthesis – to find out the characteristic features and forms of international business; scientific abstraction – when defining the essence of technoglobalism; induction and deduction – to determine the causes and forms of manifestation of technical and technological unevenness of the world economy; general and specific – when clarifying the specifics of technology transfer in the conditions of globalization. Results. The characteristic features and forms of international business are analyzed, the latest trends in its development under the influence of globalization processes are shown. The essence of technoglobalism is revealed as one of the objective forms of manifestation of complex, multifaceted and contradictory relations of globalization. The characteristic features of the technical and technological unevenness of the development of world civilization are analyzed, the reasons and forms of its manifestation are shown. The specifics of technology transfer in the conditions of increased international competition are clarified, the role of large international business in the implementation of technological leadership strategies of national economies is revealed. The need for scientific and technical cooperation of Ukraine with international partners in order to overcome the technological backwardness of the Ukrainian economy is substantiated. Novelty. The latest trends in the development of international business under the influence of globalization processes are shown. The latest trends of technology transfer in the conditions of increased international competition are analyzed. Practical value. The results of the study have theoretical and practical value, as they allow taking into account the role of international business in the process of forming scientific and technical programs for the development of society.

The influence of globalization processes on the culture sphere

The influence of globalization processes on the culture sphere

The Rise of International Health Law

INTRODUCTION. Over the past decades under the influence of demographic processes, economic shocks, morbidity increase and other systemic problems a whole spectrum of threats to health has gradually formed at the international level, characterized by severe socio-economic consequences for each country regardless of the welfare level. Today, the challenges of ensuring universal coverage of services, access to safe, quality medicines, control of health care costs, effective response to health emergencies, antibiotic resistance are not limited by the WHO regulations, but are included in the agenda of the UN, ILO, FAO and other intergovernmental organizations. The need to form a unified approach to regulate activities of numerous participants in international healthcare regulation has served as an incentive for the gradual development of international legal regulation of the field of health protection, becoming the subject of study by leading legal scholars, as well as international organizations. The presented article provides a comprehensive analysis of the main historical stages in the development of international cooperation in the field of health protection, which served as the basis for the formation of international health law in the field of health protection as a new branch of international law. Special attention in the article is paid to the assessment of the role of globalization processes in changing the nature of threats to human and public health and their impact on the formation of global health governance concept. Based on the systemic problems that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, the author formulated the main directions for improving the international legal regulation of the health sector.MATERIALS AND METHODS. During article preparation the following document were studied: acts of a universal and regional nature, resolutions of international organizations, legal positions of UN specialized agencies, as well as professional scientific associations. The theoretical basis of the research are the scientific works of national and foreign scientists in the field of international law and international relations in the field of health protection. The article was prepared using the general scientific method of cognition, including the formal logical and situational method and private law methods, such as comparative, historical and formal legal methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. Within the framework of the study, a conclusion was formulated about the formation of "international health law" as a new branch of international law, uniting international legal norms and principles governing the relations of subjects of international law, as well as other participants in international relations in the field of human health. In the work, the author presents the main sources of "international health law" and formulates the subject of regulation of this branch of law.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Describing the features of international cooperation in the field of health protection, expressed in an increase in the number of involved international organizations and other participants which are not subjects of international law, the author substantiates the formation of the concept of global health management and analyzes the main scientific publications in this area. Having studied the nature of health threats that have formed over the past decade under the influence of globalization processes, as well as the systematic problems of international cooperation demonstrated by the coronavirus pandemic, the authors emphasize the need to implement the repeatedly proposed initiative to develop a universal act that forms the basis of international legal regulation of health protection.

Особливості організації бухгалтерського обліку в Україні в сучасних умовах господарювання

The article analyzes the peculiarities of accounting in Ukraine at the present stage of socio-economic development. Based on the generalization of trends in the development of the domestic accounting system, the characteristics of current approaches to the organization of accounting procedures are outlined. The peculiarities of the transformation of the accounting system under the influence of globalization processes, in particular in the conditions of realization of Ukraine 's European integration aspirations, are analyzed. The advantages of applying IFRS in the context of standardization of the domestic accounting model to the requirements of the global economic space are revealed. It is proved that further development of accounting in Ukraine should be carried out in the direction of adaptation of foreign, in particular European models of organization of accounting procedures to the requirements of the domestic business environment. In turn, the use of the existing socio-economic and financial potential of the country will help streamline accounting processes and increase their effectiveness.

ПРО ДЕЯКІ ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ МАРКЕТИГОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ У ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЯХ

The article considers the key aspects of marketing activities in terms of foreign economic transactions. First of all, attention is paid to the study of the theoretical essence of marketing. A meaningful analysis of the phenomenon of marketing and proposed the most acceptable, from the point of view of the authors, the definition, namely that the modern marketing system considers the production of goods and services depending on the requirements and needs of the consumer. The key principles of marketing, marketing tasks are analyzed. Attention is paid to marketing tools and functions, namely the analytical group of functions, the production group of functions, the sales group of functions and the management group of functions. On the basis of the conducted analysis the place of marketing activity in the general system of management of activity of the enterprise is resulted. Existing approaches to the implementation of the marketing function through the appropriate sales channels are studied: direct, indirect and mixed. A critical analysis of the evolution of approaches to understanding the essence of the marketing complex (marketing mix) is carried out, primarily due to the isolation of more unique components, which occurs under the influence of globalization processes. Thus, the authors note that the classic approach «4P»: product, place, price, promotion, has been transformed into more complex elemental systems, which from the point of view of developers may include 5 and 6 and 7 components, including participants, physical evidence or process. The authors believe that the most logical is the «5P» system, which in addition to the four classic components also includes such an element as people. That is, the marketing mix takes into account the human factor, which includes not only communication but also the establishment of relationships with staff within the company and with consumers. The content of international marketing as the main tool for the practical implementation of marketing in terms of foreign economic activity is analyzed. The authors note that the key features of marketing in foreign trade operations are a more extensive focus on the consumer, the dictates of national marketing and the inevitability of additional costs.

Effects of sea level and upwelling on development of a Miocene shallow-water tropical carbonate ramp system, Ponce, Puerto Rico

ABSTRACT A Miocene (Langhian–Tortonian, ca. 15–10 Ma) tropical ramp system exposed in southern Puerto Rico is characterized by shallow-water facies consisting of heterozoans, red algae, large benthic foraminifera (LBF), and corals, which occur as isolated corals, segment- and cluster-type reefs, and reworked accumulations. Photozoan association components are limited to corals (Montastraea, Porites, Goniopora, and Agaricia) and LBF (amphisteginids, soritids, gypsinids, miliolids) that have been documented to tolerate elevated nutrients, turbidity, and cooler water conditions. Similar shallow-water carbonate systems are found throughout the Caribbean, and this regional development is thought to have resulted from the well-documented upwelling in the Caribbean during the Miocene. Sea-level fluctuations also exerted a major control on facies distributions and shifts in the Puerto Rico ramp, including a vertical facies pattern that occurs in each of three sequences. Basal parts of sequences, deposited during sea-level rises, are dominantly composed of mollusks, echinoderms, red algae, LBF, bryozoans, and solitary corals that formed in low-energy seagrass-bed environments with local associated higher-energy shoal environments. Coral facies occur only in upper parts of sequences and formed in shallow-water, low- to high-energy environments closely associated with seagrass beds during late highstands and sea-level falls. A similar vertical facies pattern occurs in time-equivalent sequences elsewhere around the Caribbean. Strontium-isotope age data indicate two sequence boundaries reflecting sea-level falls formed at about 12.3 Ma and 11.1 Ma. Correlation with time-equivalent unconformities in other well-dated areas in the Caribbean and to sea-level lows on eustatic curves suggests a global signature for sequence development. The connection between the Caribbean and the Pacific along the Central American Seaway (CAS), impacted by local tectonic episodes and sea-level fluctuations during the Miocene, affected nutrient influx and upwelling in the Caribbean, which may be reflected in the vertical facies pattern in shallow-water carbonate sequences. Times of restricted connection during sea-level falls and lows resulted in reduced nutrients and upwelling, which may have been more conducive to coral development. Time-equivalent tropical carbonate systems in the Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific show similarities to those in the Caribbean, indicating influence of global processes (cooling, temperature gradients, oceanographic circulation). Differences between areas indicates the importance of local and regional controls, which in the Caribbean was dominantly the opening and closure of the CAS.