Influence Of Feeding Conditions Research Articles

Impact of feeding conditions on continuous liquid-liquid gravity separation, part I: Inlet and outlet drop size, dense-packed zone and separation efficiency

The influence of feeding conditions on outlet drop sizes, dense-packed zone, and separation efficiency of a liquid-liquid gravity separator was investigated experimentally. A continuously stirred tank was used to adjust the inlet drop size independent of other feeding conditions, such as flow rate and dispersed phase fraction. The inlet drop size, thereby, is one of the key parameters determining separation efficiency. The outlet drop size was, for the first time, studied in detail and showed a strong association with separation efficiency. The dimension and shape of the dense-packed zone in the separator were determined. With rising inlet drop sizes, a morphological transition of the dense-packed zone from full-length to a trapezoidal shape, wedge shape, and eventually to its complete disappearance was observed. The critical outlet drop sizes were determined with four sedimentation models as a function of feeding conditions, and optimal feeding conditions of the separator were identified.

Influence of feeding conditions on separation of liquid‐liquid dispersions in a continuous gravity settler

Influence of feeding conditions on separation of liquid‐liquid dispersions in a continuous gravity settler

The realisation of the genetic potential of sunflower hybrids under the influence of feeding conditions

The use of microfertilisers against the background of the main fertiliser helps to increase the efficiency of using nutrients of mineral fertilisers and soil by plants, which ensures an increase in yield and an improvement in the quality indicators of the grown crop. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of crop nutrition conditions and select highly productive hybrids (NK Diamantis, SI Kupava, NK Neoma) for specific soil and climatic conditions through the formation of their productivity. Field studies were conducted during 2018-2019 on typical low-humus chernozems of the Chernihiv region. The study programme provided for the laying of a three-factor field experiment, in which hybrids (factor A) fertiliser options (Factor B), and foliar top dressing (factor C) were examined in the phases of 4 and 8 sunflower leaves with Ecoline Boron, Nertus Boron, Bast Boron products. Sunflower hybrids under study are NK Diamantis, SI Kupava, and NK Neoma. Studies showed that the most productive was the SI Kupava hybrid with the maximum yield indicator in the option with the application of N36R56K108S28 + N23 + Ecoline Boron (in the phases of 4 and 8 leaves of 1 l/ha) – 3.46 t/ha. The fat content in sunflower seeds was determined by the morphobiological features of the hybrid and fertiliser options. The use of foliar top dressing with microelements had a positive effect on the fat content in the seeds of sunflower hybrids, which allowed obtaining the maximum indicator in the option with the application of N36R56K108S28 + N23 + Ecoline Boron (5-6 leaves) in plants of the SI Kupava hybrid – 51.1%. The maximum content of oleic acid was identified in the SI Kupava hybrid in the option with added N27R42K81S21 + N23 + Ecoline Boron (5-6 leaves) – 77.2%. Due to the use of fertilisers containing boron, the content of this polyunsaturated acid can be increased, improving the quality indicators of sunflower seed oil. The highest oil yield, according to the calculations performed, was obtained in the option with the application of N36R56K108S28+N23 + Ecoline Boron (5-6 leaves) in plants of the SI Kupava hybrid, which amounted to 1.64 tonnes per 1 hectare

Beef productivity of steers of Simmental breed of different constitutional types

In order to ensure the growth of beef production, it is necessary to rationally use all available reserves and, fi rst of all, the allocation of intra-breed types and lines that ensure the improvement of herds and breeds of animals with high genetic potential under specifi c natural conditions. Therefore when breeding cattle of dual purposes breeds important role should be attached to the selection of animals of diff erent lines, body types, related groups that provide high fattening, and beef indicators with good adaptive traits. In relation with the above, it has been considered relevant to study the formation of beef productivity of steers of diff erent exterior and constitutional intra-breed types of Simmental breed with the determination of the energy and biological value of products under intensive rearing. As well as the infl uence of feeding conditions and maintenance of young animals of Simmental breed, taking into account the exterior and constitutional type, on the formation of live weight in the postnatal period, with a comparative assessment of the growth intensity depending on the body type. As a result of the research, the association between the live weight and the weight of the most active internal organs: heart, lungs, kidneys, which characterize the level and nature of metabolic processes that have a positive eff ect on the formation of beef productivity of experimental Simmental steers of domestic selection depending on the exterior and constitutional types. It has been found that to increase the production of high-quality beef, it is advisable to intensively rear Simmental steers of medium and compact types up to 18 months of age with a live weight of 460,2–517,8 kg, a carcass weight of 252,3–282,4 kg, a slaughter yield of 58,1–59,4 % and expenditures of feed of 3,7–4,0 thousand tons of EFU per 1 head.

Effects of dopamine D2-like receptor agonists in mice trained to discriminate cocaine from saline: Influence of feeding condition

In rats, the discriminative stimulus effects of direct- and indirect-acting dopamine receptor agonists are mediated by multiple dopamine receptor subtypes and the relative contribution of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors to these effects varies as a function of feeding condition. In these studies, free-fed and food-restricted mice were trained to discriminate 10.0mg/kg cocaine using a two-lever discrimination procedure in which responding was maintained by food. Both groups of mice acquired the discrimination; however, free-fed mice responded at lower rates than food-restricted mice. Dopamine D3 receptor agonists, pramipexole and quinpirole, increased cocaine-appropriate responding (>85%) in food-restricted, but not in free-fed mice. The dopamine D2 receptor agonist, sumanirole, and the nonselective dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine, failed to increase cocaine-appropriate responding in either group. Free-fed mice were more sensitive than food-restricted mice to the rate-decreasing effects of dopamine receptor agonists and these effects could not be overcome by increasing the magnitude of reinforcement. Because feeding condition did not alter quinpirole-induced hypothermia, it is unlikely that differences in the discriminative stimulus or rate-decreasing effects of dopamine D2-like receptor agonists were due to differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs. Although these results suggest that the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine are mediated by both dopamine D2 and D3 receptors in food-restricted mice, the increased sensitivity of free-fed mice to the rate-decreasing effects of dopamine D2-like receptor agonists limited conclusions about the impact of feeding conditions on the relative contribution of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine.

Influence of feeding conditions on breeding of African penguins—importance of adequate local food supplies

Off the coast of South Africa, the 2 most important prey items for African penguins Spheniscus demersus are sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, species heavily exploited by commercial fisheries. At Dassen Island, the proportion of burrows occupied for breeding by African penguins from 1995 to 2008 was affected positively by the interaction between the overall biomass of sardine and anchovy. However, sardine had a positive effect while anchovy had a negative one. This unexpected negative relationship may result from a reduced local availabil- ity of anchovy linked to the fishing effort that continued to be focussed in the vicinity of Dassen Island, while the growing anchovy stock experienced an eastward shift away from Dassen Island in recent years, creating a spatial mismatch between penguin and available anchovy. A decrease of the Southern Oscillation Index tended to advance the onset of penguins' breeding, as did an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) at the sardine and anchovy spawning grounds. An increase in SST at the nursery and spawning areas tended to decrease the penguin per capita growth rate. Earlier breeding resulted in decreased chick production, possibly because it created a temporal mismatch between chick rearing and winter availability of young-of-the-year anchovy and sardine along South Africa's west coast. The local abundance of prey is more important for breeding African penguins than overall fish abundance. Consequently, management of the purse-seine fishery should be adjusted spatially in order to ensure adequate local food supplies for breeding African penguins.

Influence of feed conditions on the rejection of salt and dye in aqueous solution by different characteristics of hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes

Three different characteristics of self-made hollow fiber nanofiltration (NF) membranes with different structural and electrical properties were evaluated for their suitability for removing salt and colour as a function of feed conditions. Results showed that NF achieved promising dye retention for the reactive dyes used at different concentrations and varied slightly with pH. The retention of salt was found to be dependent on feed properties and membrane electrical properties where higher retentions were achieved under alkaline condition and by using the most negatively charged NF membrane. The enhancement in the membrane negative surface charge resulting from the addition of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) during membrane preparation had also made the NF less fouling-sensitive to dye absorption and improving the economic viability of the treatment process.

Influence of shelters and food resources on smoltification of juveniles of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Influence of feeding conditions and of the presence of a various number of shelters in basins on development of differentiation of juveniles of Salmo salar at the age 1+ and formation of smolts were studied under experimental conditions. The experiments had been carried out on groups of ten fish. The influence of investigated factors turned out to be significant. Under normal feeding four times a day, the quantity of formed smolts depends on the number of shelters: the more shelters that are available, the fewer smolts appear in groups. The presence of one shelter is a strong stimulant enhancing aggressive activity towards conspecific individuals, resulting in destruction of some fish in the group. Under feeding once a day, i.e., under food shortage, more fish perished, and the number of smolts decreased as the fish did not accumulate a sufficient energy potential for the morphophysiological transformation. One of the potential mechanisms of development of differentiation of fish juveniles into parrs and future smolts is discussed, based on domination of some fish possessing the individual territory and exclusion of subdominant specimens into open water as a result of social interaction.

Influence of feeding conditions on clavulanic acid production in fed-batch cultivation with medium containing glycerol

First, the effect of different levels of nitrogen source on clavulanic acid (CA) production was evaluated in batch cultivations utilizing complex culture medium containing glycerol and three different levels of soy protein isolate (SPI). Cellular growth, evaluated in terms of the rheological parameter K, was highest with a SPI concentration of 30 g.L(-1) (4.42 g.L(-1) N total). However, the highest production of CA (380 mg.L(-1)) was obtained when an intermediate concentration of 20 g.L(-1) of SPI (2.95 g.L(-1) total N) was used. To address this, the influences of volumetric flow rate (F) and glycerol concentration in the complex feed medium (Cs(F)) in fed-batch cultivations were investigated. The best experimental condition for CA production was F=0.01 L.h(-1) and Cs(F)=120 g.L(-1), and under these conditions maximum CA production was practically twice that obtained in the batch cultivation. A single empirical equation was proposed to relate maximum CA production with F and Cs(F) in fed-batch experiments.

Interactions between copper and cadmium during single and combined exposure in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus: Influence of feeding condition on whole body metal accumulation and the effect of the metals on tissue water and ion content

Juvenile tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus) were exposed for 96 h to ranges of sublethal concentrations of Cu or Cd, under both fed and non-fed conditions. Exposure to one metal (Cu or Cd) not only resulted in an increased whole body content of the metal exposed to, but also influenced the concentration of the other metal present in the fish. Furthermore, the total amount of Cu and Cd accumulated during exposure to heavy metals was influenced by the nutritional state of the fish. Besides exposure to either Cu or Cd, fish were also exposed to mixtures of Cu and Cd. Results indicated that accumulation during Cu/Cd co-exposure cannot be predicted by simple addition of the effects of single metal exposures. Obviously, complex interaction mechanisms are involved, as was concluded e.g. from the significantly decreased whole body Cd-content of Cu/Cd-co-exposed fish compared to the Cd-content of Cd-exposed fish. This phenomenon was observed in both fed and non-fed fish. Because ionic homeostasis is known to be affected by heavy metals, in this study also whole body water, calcium and sodium content in Cu and/or Cd-exposed fish were determined. The results indicate that also with respect to these parameters the two metals interact. The effects on water and ion appear to be dissociated. The data reveal previously unrecognized effects of interaction of the metals on whole body metal content, water and ion regulation.

Influence of feeding conditions on slowing of gastric emptying by edible gums

The feeding of 4% guar or xanthan gum versus 4% cellulose in a final test meal was expected to slow the gastric emptying of accompanying nutrients, and the degree of this slowing was examined in rats trained to three feeding regimens. Gastric emptying of nutrient energy was calculated from the measured disappearance of fat and of either carbohydrate or total diet residue from the stomach. In experiment 1, rats were ad libitum fed a diet containing 4% cellulose for 6 1/2 days and, after 12 to 14 hours without food, were given a test meal containing either 4% guar or 4% cellulose. In experiment 2, a growth-restricting amount of 6% and 2% guar diets was fed as a single meal on each of 7 days, and the same diets were used for the final test meals. In experiment 3, rats ate 2-hour meals containing 4% and 0% guar gum, or 4% and 0% xanthan gum, on alternate days, and again the same diets were used for the test meal. The feeding of both xanthan and guar gums in a dry form did slow gastric emptying of nutrient energy, although the feeding of 6% versus 2% guar gum was without demonstrable effect (experiment 2). The slowing effect varied with past feeding conditions, being greater in experiment 1 than in experiment 3.

Influence of feeding conditions on wing, labellar and tarsal hair resistance inPhormia regina (Meig.)

Feeding enhances resitance of wing, tarsal and labellar hairs ofPhormia regina Meig. The observed increase in resistance might be related to variations in the secretory function of the accessory cells at the hair sockets. The importance of this fact in feeding control is discussed.

Influence of feed conditions on continuous thickening

Influence of feed conditions on continuous thickening

The Influence of Feeding Conditions on Urine Ph and Plasma Bicarbonate Levels in Healthy Sheep

In healthy sheep the reaction of the urine has generally been accepted to be on the alkaline side (Bentinck-Smith 1963). Thus Healy et al. (1928) only found 2 of 40 healthy sheep with an acid urine. Bentinck-Smith reported that nursing animals in contrast to adults will produce an acid urine. However, the influence of feeding on urine pH and plasma bicarbonate levels in sheep does not seem to have been systematically investigated. During recent years it has often been observed in this laboratory that healthy animals, examined as a matter of routine, may produce an acid urine. Based on these observations healthy sheep under different feeding conditions were examined in order to elucidate the influence of the diet on the pH of the urine and the plasma bicarbonate content. Since an excessive lactic acid production and increased fat metabolism may also influence the acid-base balance, the lactic acid concentration of rumen fluid was determined, and the urine was tested for ketone bodies.