Influence Of Different States Research Articles

Treaty influencers: a computational analysis of the development of international investment law

ABSTRACT This article uses computational methods to analyse the development of the international investment law regime, seeking to understand how, when, and by whom change in treaty language occurs. The study uses a novel computational method to explore the influence of different states on the language of international investment treaties and the spread of language patterns. The analysis reveals a hegemony of Western European, rather than North American influence, and further highlights a clear early mover advantage for obtaining language spread. The article discusses the implications of these findings for the investment treaty system, particularly the limited impact of hard negotiating power compared to early entrance and convincing legal language.

Influence of different state of charge on fire characteristics of single 32,650 lithium-ion battery in long-narrow confined space

Influence of different state of charge on fire characteristics of single 32,650 lithium-ion battery in long-narrow confined space

Optimal vaccination strategy for a mean-field stochastic susceptible-infected-vaccinated system

The parameters of biological system may change under the influence of different states or state processes. The change of parameters can also affect the dynamic behaviors of epidemic disease. This paper presents a mean field stochastic susceptible-infected-vaccinated (SIV) epidemic model which parameters depend on the state process. The sufficient and necessary conditions of optimal control of the novel epidemic model are obtained by maximum principle. Finally, we perform representative numerical simulations to illustrate the theoretical results and further discuss the feasibility based on the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) data in China.

The Economic Potential of Agriculture in Eastern Galicia in the Interwar Period

The article deals with the economic potential of the agrarian sphere of Eastern Galicia in the interwar period of 1918-1939, the territory of which in certain periods was under the influence of different states. This has also left an imprint on agriculture. Agrarian reforms in the interwar period were accompanied not only by the intensification of the economic activities of property owners and farms, but also by the introduction of advanced agricultural machinery. The article investigates the impact of the economic crisis of the early 1930s on the reduction of agricultural machinery and the decline in purchasing power of the population. The development of market relations in Eastern Galicia during the interwar period was accompanied by the concentration of agricultural machinery mainly at large property owners and farmers, and the lack of it in small peasant farms, where primitive tools of labor were still widely used. The state economic policy contributed little to the industrial development.

How to encourage innovation failure knowledge sharing in virtual research organization: an incentive mechanism based on game theory

Innovation failure knowledge sharing plays an important role in reducing the probability of repeated failure of subsequent innovation and improving innovation ability of virtual research organization. However, it is very difficult for members to actively share the innovation failure knowledge without incentives. To promote the sharing behavior of innovation failure knowledge in virtual research organization, by using game theory, considering the risk aversion degree of members and the negative effect of fault-tolerance environment, the incentive model of innovation failure knowledge sharing of virtual research organization was constructed, the incentive relationship of innovation failure knowledge sharing between organization and its members under the influence of different states was analyzed, and the theoretical model was simulated and verified through a case study from China. Results show that: (1) without considering the negative effect of fault-tolerant environment, the optimal incentive coefficient of innovation failure knowledge sharing is positively related to the shareable rate and the transformation ability of innovation failure knowledge of members, and negatively related to the sharing cost and risk aversion degree of members; (2) considering the negative effect of fault-tolerant environment, virtual research organization should make a corresponding modification of sharing incentive intensity according to the estimation of tolerance degree to fault-tolerant environment by itself and its members, so as to reduce the knowledge input of organization. The findings obtained from this study provide a novel idea and method for the design of incentive mechanism of innovation failure knowledge sharing of virtual research organization.

The influence of the anode overhang effect on the capacity of lithium-ion cells – a 0D-modeling approach

Abstract In this work, the behavior of the anode overhang effect in lithium-ion cells is experimentally investigated and simulated for experimental three electrode cells. An empirical method is presented to transfer the simple 0D-model from the experimental cell level to pouch cells. An anode overhang model will help to correctly interpret cyclic and calendaric aging experiments e.g. in terms of a more reliable and detailed separation of reversible and irreversible capacity losses as well as evaluating the actual state of health of a lithium-ion battery. For the three electrode cells different cathode diameters are used to modulate different sized anode overhang areas. Moreover, the influence of different state of charges on the reversible capacity effect is investigated. To examine the influence of the separator on the evolution of usable cell capacity different separator thicknesses are applied. It is found that the properties of the separator significantly influence the rate at which balancing processes between overhang and active region take place. The results show good accordance of the experimental results to the simulation.

A new exploration of the fire behaviors of large format lithium ion battery

In this paper, the fire behaviors of 60 Ah LiFePO4/graphite batteries with no safety valve are evaluated using an in situ calorimeter. The batteries experience a stable combustion stage with a small-scale flame rather than immediate jet fire after ignition and the special combustion process is analyzed and discussed in detail. It takes 201 s from ignition to thermal runaway for fully charged battery under an incident heat flux of 11.1 kW m−2. Such a time interval is beneficial for a possible early warning of the battery thermal runaway. Several characteristic parameters, including the ignition time, surface temperature, mass loss, heat release rate (HRR), and flame size are systematically determined. The peak HRR can be as high as 82.3 kW and the maximum average flame height for batteries under an incident heat flux of 11.1 kW m−2 reaches 634.6 mm. The influence of different state of charge (SOC) and incident heat flux are also investigated. The results show that the fully charged batteries exposed to high external heat flux are more vulnerable to have thermal runaway.

Circularly polarized luminescence based on columnar self-assembly of tetraphenylethylene with multiple cholesterol units

The influence of different states of AIE derivative with columnar liquid crystalline phase on circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) was investigated in this work. Two novel tetraphenylethylene derivatives with multiple cholesterol units (TPE-C and TPE-SC) were prepared. They exhibited enantiotropic liquid crystalline behaviours with the ordered hexagonal columnar mesophase. They possessed excellent AIE properties in H2O-THF system. The fluorescence quantum yields of TPE-C and TPE-SC at solid state were as high as 28.8% and 22.6%, respectively. The chiral transfer from cholesterol units to TPE cores was confirmed by CD spectra. The studies on CPL spectra suggested that their CPL behaviors were tuned by the different states. They showed weak CPL properties at solid and isotropic state but strong CPL luminescence at liquid crystalline phase based on the orderly columnar self-assembly. The glum of TPE-SC at liquid crystalline phase reached 8.83 × 10−2.

Characteristics of lithium-ion batteries during fire tests

Commercial lithium-ion battery cells are exposed to a controlled propane fire in order to evaluate heat release rate (HRR), emission of toxic gases as well as cell temperature and voltage under this type of abuse. The study includes six abuse tests on cells having lithium–iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes and, as a comparison, one test on conventional laptop battery packs with cobalt based cathode. The influence of different state of charge (SOC) is investigated and a limited study of the effect of water mist application is also performed. The total heat release (THR) per battery energy capacity are determined to be 28–75 kJ Wh−1 and the maximum HRR values to 110–490 W Wh−1. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is found in the released gases for all tests but no traceable amounts of phosphorous oxyfluoride (POF3) or phosphorus pentafluoride (PF5) are detected. An extrapolation of expected HF emissions for a typical automotive 10 kWh battery pack exposed to fire gives a release of 400–1200 g HF. If released in a confined environment such emissions of HF may results in unacceptable exposure levels.

Product properties of a two-phase magneto-electric composite: Synthesis and numerical modeling

Magneto-electric (ME) materials are of high interest for a variety of advanced applications like in data storage and sensor technology. Due to the low ME coupling in natural materials, composite structures become relevant which generate the effective ME coupling as a strain-mediated product property. In this framework, it seems to be possible to achieve effective ME coefficients that can be exploited technologically. The present contribution investigates the realization of particulate ME composites with a focus on their experimental and computational characterization. We will show that different states of pre-polarizations of the ferroelectric material have a decisive influence on the overall obtainable ME coefficient. Details on the synthesis of two-phase composite microstructures consisting of a barium titanate matrix and cobalt ferrite inclusions will be discussed. Subsequently we will employ computational homogenization in order to determine the effective properties of the experimental composite numerically. We investigate the influence of different states of pre-polarization on the resulting ME-coefficients. For the numerical incorporation of the pre-polarization we use a heuristic method.

Drs. Fladung, Herrnberger, and Grön Reply

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Letter to the EditorFull AccessDrs. Fladung, Herrnberger, and Grön ReplyAnne-Katharina Fladung, Ph.D., Bärbel Herrnberger, Ph.D., and Georg Grön, Ph.D.Anne-Katharina FladungSearch for more papers by this author, Ph.D., Bärbel HerrnbergerSearch for more papers by this author, Ph.D., and Georg GrönSearch for more papers by this author, Ph.D.Published Online:1 May 2010https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121712rAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: We appreciate Ms. Keating's comments on our study that showed differential activation in the ventral striatum upon processing of underweight and normal weight disease-specific stimuli in women with anorexia nervosa and healthy comparison women.Ms. Keating assumes that our disease-specific stimulation should have been accompanied by cognitive processing and hence should have activated cognitive cortices that the region-of-interest-based approach might have missed. Furthermore, acute and recovered states of anorexia nervosa may be accompanied by different processing of any type of disease-related or unrelated stimulation and may therefore limit the interpretation of our results.The region-of-interest-based approach was chosen due to strong evidence for the involvement of the ventral striatum in the mediation of starvation dependence. Beyond the region-of-interest analysis, we also reported on a whole-brain analysis that tested the group-by-stimulus interaction of interest but did not reveal any further brain regions (p. 210). The lack of effects in cognitive cortices is in contrast to a previous study on anorexia nervosa that showed, with disease unrelated rewards, increased activation in prefrontal and parietal regions (1). It may be this difference in stimulus material that explains the discrepancy among observations. Possible further influences of different states of illness and recovery are an interesting point. The presence of symptoms in children at risk for anorexia nervosa and in recovered patients has led to the concept of enduring trait variables that are present in both acute and recovered states (1, 2). Thus, even when patients have recovered, usually defined by a changed status of malnutrition, enduring trait-related alterations, such as altered dopamine function or increased drive for thinness, do persist. We strongly agree that possible alterations of these variables and corresponding neural processes should be tracked in longitudinal studies, which we mentioned in our article (p. 211).Regarding the within-group differences in the magnitude of activation between stimulus sets, we would like to stress that the main result of our study was in fact the highly significant between-group difference of the variation of neural magnitudes upon processing of underweight and normal weight stimuli (i.e., the group-by-stimulus interaction). Within groups, we computed the percentages of ventral striatal voxels with significant differential activity upon processing of underweight versus normal weight stimuli at a threshold of at least p<0.05. It was the different percentage of voxels that we interpreted as a putative qualitative feature differentiating between healthy comparison women and women with anorexia nervosa. Insight into the rewarding or aversive aspects of the stimuli beyond the subjective ratings during the feel task could certainly have further informed the interpretation of this difference.Whether the contrast of neural activities in the weight task versus the self-referent feel task could have revealed regions involved in dysmorphic self-assessments was not further tested. The random sequence of both task instructions could have resulted in a spillover effect that would not have been ideal to compute unbiased comparisons. This is supported by the fact that in the weight task alone the group-by-stimulus interaction was already significant, although of lower size relative to the feel task (see the data supplement accompanying the online version of the article).Ulm, GermanyThe authors' disclosures accompany the original article.References1 Wagner A , Aizenstein H , Venkatraman VK , Fudge J , May JC , Mazurkewicz L , Frank GK , Bailer UF , Fischer L , Nguyen V , Varter C , Putnam K , Kaye WH : Altered reward processing in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1842–1849 Link, Google Scholar2 Kaye WH , Fudge J , Paulus M : New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:5 Crossref, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 167Issue 5 May 2010Pages 602-602 Metrics PDF download History Accepted 1 March 2010 Published online 1 May 2010 Published in print 1 May 2010

Influence of oxygen supply on heptadecane mineralization by Pseudomonas nautica

The influence of different states of oxygen supply on heptadecane mineralization has been investigated in resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas nautica. The rate of heptadecane biodegraded was constant for oxygen concentrations between 21% and 10% (v/v) (about 100% and 50% of air saturation, 230 and 110 μM, respectively). A decline in biodegradation rates occurred for oxygen concentrations below 10% (about 50% of air saturation, 110 μM) and biodegradation stopped with 0.21% oxygen (2.3 μM). In the presence of 1% (11 μM) of oxygen, no CO 2 was produced, showing that complete mineralisation of heptadecane was blocked.

Influence of different states of hydration on injured tissue (bowel anastomosis) in a rat model

Sixty-three rats were divided into four groups according to the amount of IV fluid administered. To test the hypothesis that the swelling in inflammation, which is caused mainly by edema, is an autonomic process and is not influenced by the state of hydration of the experimental animal, we performed a standard jejunal anastomosis in a rat model and measured the amount of water (tritium) and sodium in the anastomosis and a corresponding length of jejunum without an anastomosis, which served as a control. In spite of availability or lack of a large amount of water and sodium, the proportion of these elements to dry tissue in the different groups remained the same. Because there was no statistically significant weight gain or loss between the different hydration groups and total body water also did not change significantly, we conclude that infusion of even very large or small amounts of fluid does not change the state of hydration of the animal. We postulate that, at least in the healthy rat, the kidneys are able to protect the body and the anastomosis from overhydration or dehydration, and the anastomosis/inflammation itself is autonomic with regard to the state of hydration of the animal.

Influence of oxygen and substrate supply on the metabolism of Candida maltosa during cultivation on n-alkanes

The influence of different states of oxygen and alkane substrate supply on the metabolism of Candida maltosa during cultivation on n-alkanes has been investigated. At sufficient oxygen and substrate supply a nearly equimolar ratio between the formation of biomass and alkane oxidation was observed. About 45% of the carbon source utilized was incorporated into the biomass. Strong oxygen limitation decreased protein formation and carbon incorporation into the biomass with a simultaneous increase in CO2 formation, whereas periodic changes of oxygen supply only caused a decrease in carbon incorporation into the biomass and an increase in CO2 formation. During cultivation in the presence of an inert hydrocarbon (pristane) it was found that carbon limitation and oxygen saturation diminished the formation of total and nitrogen-containing biomass, whereas carbon and oxygen limitation reduced the formation of total biomass.

Wavelength of ionization waves and the electron energy losses in the d. c. discharge in rare gases

Changes in the wavelength expressed by the wave potential (the product of wavelength and the longitudinal electric field intensity) are investigated in the dependence on (similarity) parameters of the neon and argon d.c. discharge. The measured dependences show the influence of different state of the electron gas, which behaves hydrodynamically or kinetically (with spatial resonances) in dependence on the type of prevailing energy exchange by elastic, inelastic or Coulomb collisions.

Unequality of Standardized Chlorella Cell Populations for Mutagenesis Indicated by Isodoses

Summary Graded doses of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (NEU) were applied to populations of algal cells pre-cultivated always under standardized conditions. They were found to differ significantly in their physiological and genetical responses to the same doses of the mutagen. Curves connecting effects of equal NEU-doses (concentrations at concentration-dosing and multiples of concentration and time of action at time-dosing) assigned as isodoses or doses needed for inducing the same effects, say isoeffects, had a signiticantly different course for each population. These curves seem to be suitable for demonstration of such differences. Significant influence of different states of cell populations (degree of synchrony, distribution of physiological conditions in single cells, etc.), which were prepared under standardized conditions before the treatment by the mutagen, upon the resulting effects of mutagenesis, may be an explanation.

Influence of sodium balance on the ability of diuretics to inhibit tubular reabsorption. A study of factors that influence renal tubular sodium reabsorption in man.

Chlorothiazide and ethacrynic acid were given to normal humans and patients with cirrhosis and ascites, with replacement of urinary losses, to obtain information on (1) the influence of different states of sodium balance and excretion on the effectiveness of the drugs in blocking tubular reabsorption and promoting excretion of sodium, and (2) the influence of different states of sodium balance on reabsorption of sodium by different segments of the nephron of man. The results demonstrated that in normal man the natriuretic response to these agents is markedly influenced by the existing state of sodium balance. The differences in response to the drugs related both to differences in the filtered load of sodium and to differences in the fraction of filtered sodium reabsorbed at the diuretic-sensitive distal tubular sites. Sodium loading in the presence of a mineralocorticoid was associated with a thiazideinduced increment in the excretion of sodium which was 10 times greater than that observed during sodium depletion. This effect is suggestive of decreased proximal tubular reabsorption. In patients with cirrhosis and sodium retention the fraction of filtered sodium reabsorbed at both diuretic-sensitive tubular sites was diminished, suggesting increased proximal tubular reabsorption. In addition to demonstrating a striking influence of sodium balance on the natriuretic response to the diuretics, the results suggest that in man sodium diuresis is associated with decreased fractional reabsorption by the proximal tubule and increased fractional and absolute sodium reabsorption by the distal tubule. In patients accumulating edema and ascites, an increase in the fractional reabsorption of sodium appears to occur in the proximal tubule and could account for limited effectiveness of the diuretic agents.

The Cytology of the Large Axillary Sweat Glands in Man

Several investigators have studied the influence of different states of gonadal activity on the cytology of the large human sweat (apocrine) glands. However, out of these observations has arisen no agreement that any correlation exists between the structural variations in the glands and the phases of the menstrual cycle or pregnancy. Loeschcke (18) and Herzenberg (8) reported hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the tubules during the “premenstruum” and menses, with accompanying increase in thickness of this cutaneous zone. Cytoplasmic granules, which they regarded as being secretory in nature, and cystic tubules were also more frequent. Cavazzana (5) agreed in general with these observations; Way and Memmesheimer (31) also observed hypertrophy and hyperplasia during the “premenstrual” period. In contrast, Klaar (16), Pana (24) and Montagna (20, 22) found no changes which could be correlated with different phases of the menstrual cycle. Klaar and Montagna carried out repeat biopsy studies on the same individual but only Klaar reported detailed observations for the individual cases.