Influence Of Different Proportions Research Articles

Effects of Different Proportions of Pig Manures and Sugarcane Leaves on Cu and Zn Forms in Dry Fermentation

To explore the influence of different proportions of pig manures and sugarcane leaves on Cu and Zn in pig manures, pig manures and sugarcane leaves were used as raw materials to determine the changes of Cu and Zn effectiveness in pig manures under different proportions of pig manures and sugarcane leaves. The results show that under different proportions of pig manures and sugarcane leaves, (1)when the proportion of sugarcane leaves and pig manures was 2:1, it was adverse against the bio-availability of Cu. When the proportion was 1:2, bio-availability form (EX and RED) of Cu decreased significantly. (2) The bio-effective form content is ranked as below in Zn: C (1:2) >B (2:1). When the proportion of sugarcane leaves and pig manures was 1:2, bio-availability form (EX and RED) of Zn was the minimum, only 22.72%, and the passivation effect was good.

The fate of calcareous pelites in collisional orogens

AbstractAlthough calcareous pelites are important constituents of sediments involved in orogenic processes, their prograde metamorphism is significantly less studied than that of pure pelites with negligible amounts of modal calcite. This paper presents mineral equilibria modelling in the system MnO–Na2O–K2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2–H2O–CO2, with the aim of constraining the prograde evolution of calcareous pelites in collisional orogenic settings. A suite of model bulk‐rock compositions is used to investigate the influence of different proportions of calcite in the protolith on (a) the equilibrium assemblages at different pressure, temperature and fluid composition (P–T–X(CO2)) conditions; (b) the melt fertility and (c) the fluid evolution and the main decarbonation reactions occurring during prograde metamorphism of calcareous pelites. In spite of being purely theoretical, the reliability of the modelling is tested by comparing the predicted assemblages with those observed in a wide set of natural samples from the Himalayan metamorphic core. Comparison between the predicted and the modelled assemblages demonstrates that even a small amount of calcite in the calcareous pelitic protoliths has a strong influence on the final mineral assemblages and compositions, with potential effects on their melt productivity. Specifically, it appears that up to ~800°C, the melt productivity of calcic metapelites remains low, and melt production occurs gradationally because it is mostly controlled by continuous biotite dehydration melting reactions, rather than by muscovite breakdown. Moreover, the study demonstrates that calcareous pelites could be non‐negligible CO2‐source rocks in orogenic settings, and that in such contexts, an internal buffered behaviour is likely for most of them.

Tritordeum malt: An innovative raw material for beer production

The use of new raw materials in brewing has many advantages. They allow the production of new beers with interesting flavours and aromas. In addition, the use of certain raw materials makes it possible to reduce production costs or improve various quality characteristics, such as taste, colour or turbidity. However, very often new raw materials, other than barley malt, cause difficulties in brewing, e.g. too long saccharification or filtration time, too low wort extract and thus alcohol content in the beer, the need to add exogenous enzymes, etc. In this study, the potential of a new raw material, i.e. tritordeum, for beer production was examined. The results of grain analysis showed no significant differences between tritordeum and barley malts for 1000 grain weight, while less glassy grains and better grading were determined in the tritordeum sample. The analysis of the influence of different proportions of tritordeum malt in the mixture (from 0 to 100%) on the course of subsequent stages of wort production revealed that the times of saccharification and lautering observed, as well as colour and turbidity were comparable to those of barley malt. Significant differences observed included the slightly acidifying effect of the tritordeum malt and a higher level of FAN (Free Amino Nitrogen), and lower level of glucose in the 100% tritordeum variant. The alcohol content obtained in beer, the real extract, and the content of metal ions were at levels similar to those of the control sample. The results obtained prove the high potential of tritordeum malt for brewing industry. Moreover, its use in a wide range of proportions from 0% to 100% did not cause any technological difficulties at subsequent stages of beer production.

Proporções de esterco bovino e lâminas de irrigação em mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo

O maracujazeiro amarelo é uma frutífera que possui alto valor econômico agregado, sendo a produção de mudas mais uma alternativa de renda ao produtor, além de ser um método essencial para a formação de pomares mais uniformes. Contudo, para a obtenção de mudas de qualidade faz-se necessário o correto manejo, incluindo a escolha de um bom substrato e correto manejo hídrico. Com isto, objetivou-se por meio deste trabalho avaliar a influência de diferentes proporções de esterco bovino na formulação do substrato, assim como, diferentes lâminas de água no desenvolvimento de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo. Este experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), no Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar (CCTA) da cidade de Pombal-PB. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro proporções de esterco bovino (S1= 100% solo (testemunha), S2= 75% solo + 25% Esterco bovino, S3= 50% de solo + 50% Esterco bovino e S4= 25% de solo + 75% esterco bovino) e três lâminas de irrigação: 60, 100 (testemunha) e 140% da Evapotranspiração Real (ETr), formando fatorial 4x3, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) e três repetições. Aos 60 dias após o transplantio (DAT), avaliou-se parâmetros de desenvolvimento das mudas, aos quais constatou-se que a proporção de 50% de esterco bovino combinada à lâmina de 100% da ETr foi a que proporcionou melhor rendimento para o crescimento e qualidade de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo.

Jambolan nectar: physical and chemical properties due to formulation ingredients

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different proportions of jambolan pulp, sugar and water on the physical and chemical characteristics to obtain information that allows the use of jambolan and, consequently, the evaluation of these fruits. Six jambolan nectar formulations were established through Simplex design. Ingredients significantly affected luminosity (32,14-34,24), apparent viscosity (7.8-73.8 cP), total soluble solids (8.87-26.43 °Brix), titratable acidity (0.55 -0.83g citric acid 100g-1) and the TSS / TA ratio (16.05-34.96) in jambolan nectars. Jambolan nectar with 55g 100g-1 of jambolan pulp, 15g 100g-1 of sugar and 30g 100g-1 of water has the highest desirability in relation to physical and physicochemical properties, 85.1% DPPH inhibition, 10526.12 μg TE mL-1 and 27014.25 μmol TE mL-1 by ABTS and ORAC method, respectively. It could be concluded that it is possible to produce jambolan nectar which can increase the possibilities of applying fruit as an ingredient in the food industry.

Heat Energy and Gas Emissions during Composting of Sewage Sludge

The composting of sewage sludge and maize straw mixtures was investigated in this study. The aim was to analyze the influence of different proportions of sewage sludge and maize straw in the mixtures on composting process dynamics (expressed by heat production) and gas emissions. The results showed that all examined mixtures reached a strong thermophilic phase of composting; however, the lowest dynamic of temperature growth was observed in the case of the biggest sewage sludge content (60% of sewage sludge in the composting mixture). The ammonia concentration inside bioreactor chambers was directly related to the content of sewage sludge in the composted mixture. Excessive contents of sewage sludge had a considerable effect on very low C/N ratios and high losses through ammonia emissions. Tests were carried out in reactors with a capacity of 160 dm3 under controlled conditions. All mixtures were aerated by the average air-flow of about 2.5 dm3∙min−1, i.e., the minimum air-flow that allows a temperature of about 70 °C to be reached and a sufficiently long thermophilic phase, which ensures proper composting.

Influence of 5′‐inosine monophosphate and 5′‐guanosine monophosphate on growth, feed digestibility and activity of digestive enzymes in turbot Scophthalmus maximus

We evaluated the influence of different proportions of 5′‐inosine monophosphate (IMP) and 5′‐guanosine monophosphate (GMP) on growth, feed digestibility and activity of digestive enzymes of turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Weight gain and daily feed intake were significantly higher in S. maximus fed with IMP or GMP, in comparison with fish fed with neither IMP nor GMP. The growth of 0.05% IMP + 0.05% GMP group was the best, and the intestinal digestive function was improved. The addition of IMP and GMP to fish diets significantly increased the apparent feed digestibility coefficient of dry matter and protein, as well as intestinal protease activity. The highest intestinal protease activity was observed in fish fed with 1 g/kg IMP. However, the lipase activity in hepatopancreas decreased significantly after addition of nucleic acid. According to our results, the optimal level of dietary IMP is 1 g/kg, which is in line with most of the growth performance and feed digestibility.

Phase Change Material Used for Masonry Joints to Reduce the Thermal Bridge Effect.

In this paper, a numerical calculation and application analysis of composite phase change material masonry mortar applied to wall parts are performed during the research process. Instead of the conventional “sandwich” phase change material wall, our research group mainly uses phase change materials in the wall parts to build masonry joints to reduce the thermal bridge effect. The influence of masonry joints on the heat transfer of the wall is demonstrated. A quantitative description of the transient heat transfer coefficient is obtained to measure the heat preservation performance of the phase change material wall. Furthermore, the influence of different proportions of phase change materials on the wall heat transfer in different external environments is discussed, supplemented by the influence of the working range and sensitivity on the heat transfer. In summary, the use of phase change materials in the construction of masonry joints is a great innovation for conventional “sandwich” phase change material walls, optimizing the form, the thermal bridge effect and the heat preservation performance of wall parts. The quantitative description of the transient heat transfer coefficient expands the development of wall heat transfer theories. In addition, the conclusions are of great guiding significance for the structure and the phase change material’s blending proportion for the innovative heat preservation phase change material wall.

Physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptance of jambolan nectars ( Syzygium cumini)

Abstract The market for ready-to-drink fruit nectars is one of the fastest growing ones, because fruits provide beneficial effects for health maintenance and disease prevention, mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. Amongst these, jambolan stands out, but is still little explored. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of different proportions of jambolan pulp, sucrose and water on the physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptance of jambolan nectars, besides determining the content of some bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the selected nectar, with a view to adding value to the fruit. Six jambolan nectar formulations were established using a Simplex design. The ingredients significantly affected the Chroma (9.33-11.05), Hue angle (359.36-359.48), apparent viscosity (6.9-64.8 cP) and pH (3.84-3.93) of the jambolan nectars. The formulation with 55 g of jambolan pulp, 5 g of sucrose and 40 g of water per 100 g of nectar presented higher levels of anthocyanins when compared to tropical acai juice and camu-camu nectar. It is feasible to produce jambolan nectar with desirable physicochemical and sensory characteristics, rich in bioactive compounds, thus increasing the possibilities of applying this fruit as an ingredient in the food industry.

Crescimento e qualidade de mudas de Handroanthus heptaphyllus em substrato com esterco bovino

Objetivou-se verificar a influência do uso de proporções de esterco bovino na composição do substrato sobre o crescimento e a qualidade das mudas de Handroanthus heptaphyllus. Utilizou-se um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram avaliadas cinco diferentes proporções de esterco bovino na composição do substrato: 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60%.Verificou-se que as mudas de H. heptaphyllus responderam positivamente à utilização de 21% a 28% esterco bovino.

Influence of grains distribution on the rheological behavior of mortars

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of different proportions of mortars and different granulometric compositions on the rheological behavior of these materials through squeeze-flow and rotational rheometry trials. To this end, mortars with proportions of 1:0:3, 1:1:6 and 1:2:9 (cement:hydrated lime:sand, in volume, dry materials) were produced. Each proportion was dosed with three different granulometric compositions (GC), produced in the laboratory. These mortars were subjected to characterization trials in the fresh state, in addition to rheological analysis by squeeze-flow and rotational rheometry. The results demonstrated that mortar flow is directly dependent on particle packing, in addition to the uniformity index of the fine aggregate. The proposed rheological trials were efficient in identifying the different rheological behaviors of the produced mortars.

Clarity and brilliance: antimony in colourless natron glass explored using Roman glass found in Britain

This paper discusses the development of Roman antimony decolourised natron glass, its dominance, and subsequent decline, using new trace element data for colourless glass found in Britain. Experimental glasses are used to investigate the influence of different proportions of raw materials (particularly the ratio of natron to calcium carbonate) on the resulting transparency or opacity of glass when antimony is added. Focusing on the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, the study has found that (1) There are chronological differences in antimony colourless glass compositions including (a) some early vessels have abnormally low calcium, aluminium and barium levels; (b) 1st/mid-2nd-century AD vessels in Britain may also contain up to 0.6 wt% lead oxide whereas mid-2nd/3rd-century AD vessels contain less than 300 ppm, and (c) the antimony content tends to decline over time. (2) These developments can be linked to production and recycling practices; but trace elements suggest that all of these antimony colourless glasses share an origin, probably Egypt. (3) Crucially, production of experimental glasses illustrates the inherent suitability of a sodium-rich, calcium-poor base glass composition for making antimony colourless glass, as it readily dissolves added antimony; conversely lower-sodium, higher-calcium glasses start to form opacifying calcium-antimonate crystals with the same quantities of antimony. Thus, the sodium-rich, calcium-poor glass composition from Egypt was ideally suited for decolourising with antimony and formed a water-clear glass. The calcium-rich Syro-Palestine glasses were more easily opacified with antimony to make opaque glass, but were decolourised with manganese, not antimony.

Modification of Wood Flour/Phenolic Resin Composites with Bamboo Pulp Residue

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the influence of different proportions of bamboo pulp residue on the bending strength, the static bending strength, the water absorption rate, and the microstructure of wood flour/phenolic resin composites. The level of bamboo pulp residue ranged from 0 to 30 percent. According to the optimum technological parameters of the pretest, the resin content, the molding temperature, and the molding time were controlled within 51 to 54 percent, 152°C to 160°C, and 51 to 60 s/mm, respectively. Compared with the control group, there were remarkable improvements in the mechanical properties, indicating that the bending strength, the static bending strength, and the water absorption rate increased by 39, 31, and −6 percent, respectively. The greatest level of bamboo pulp residue was 20, 20, and 10 percent for the bending strength, the static bending strength, and the water absorption rate, respectively. All of the above proved that the wood flour/phenolic resin composites can be modified by adding bamboo pulp residue.

DIFERENTES PROPORÇÕES E TAMANHOS DE PARTÍCULAS DE FENO SOBRE O PESO CORPORAL, CONSUMO, PARÂMETROS FISIOLÓGICOS E COMPORTAMENTO INGESTIVO DE OVELHAS

It was evaluated the influence of different proportions and hay particle sizes (two and ten mm) on body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), physiological parameters and ingestive behaviour of sheep. The experiment was conducted in Uberlandia using five cannulated sheep, housed in metabolic cages with slatted floor. The diet was consisted of corn meal and soybean meal, mineral premix and chopped hay. The five treatments were 100% chopped hay with 10 mm; 80% with 10 mm and 20% with 2 mm; 50% with 10 mm and 50% with 2 mm; 80% with 2 mm and 20% with 10 mm and 100% with 2 mm. The forage:concentrate ratio was 30:70. There was no statistical difference in the BW, DMI, water consumption (CH2O), CH2O/DMI, fecal weight, fecal score and volume of urine. The quality of the fiber and the high amount of grain may have been decisive for these equalities. There was no significance on ruminal movements, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and rumen fluid temperature (RFT). The sampling period changed the RFT and pH. There was no significant difference between the animals in the activities of rumination, idleness, intake and chewing due to the low digestibility and feed quality.

Mixed potential type sensor based on stabilized zirconia and Co1-xZnx Fe2O4 sensing electrode for detection of acetone

A series of spinel oxides Co1-xZnxFe2O4 (x=0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1) prepared by a facile sol-gel method were used as sensing electrodes of mixed potential type yttria stabilized-zirconia (YSZ)-based gas sensor for detection of acetone. The present study mainly focused on the influence of different proportions of cobalt and zinc in Co1-xZnxFe2O4 −sensing electrode (SE) on the acetone sensing properties for the sensor, and the results showed that when x=0.5, the fabricated sensor exhibited a largest sensitivity of −63mV/decade to 5–100ppm acetone at 650°C. The response signal of the present sensor to 50ppm acetone was as large as −112mV, and even could achieve low detection limit of 300ppb at 650°C, which had a faithful response at this concentration. In addition, the present device also displayed good reliability, good cross sensitivities in the presence of various interfering gases, slight sensitive effect to humidity and good stability over 40days at 650°C. Moreover, the polarization curve was measured to further demonstrate the mixed potential mechanism.

Ensiled sugar beets as dietary component and their effect on preference and dry matter intake by goats

ABSTRACTThis study examines the influence of ensiled sugar beets (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) on preference and short-time dry matter (DM) intake of goats. Whole sugar beets were ensiled either without any silage additive (sugar beet silage (SBS)) or with a chemical additive (6 l/t) containing 85% formic and propionic acids (treated sugar beet silage (TBS)) and were chopped after ensiling. The influence of different proportions of SBS (0%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 18.75% and 25% of dietary DM) and TBS (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of DM) in partial mixed rations on short-time DM intake by goats (adult Saanen type wethers; n = 10) was studied in two separate, independent trials. Preference behaviour was investigated by offering the goats two different experimental diets per day and offer each possible combination of them (n = 10) once throughout the trial. On this basis, the mean DM intake (within 30 min and 3 h) of each experimental diet was determined. Both sugar beet silages showed good fermentation quality with low pH. By using the chemical silage additive, the production of ethanol was reduced and considerable amounts of sugar were preserved. In the short-term preference experiment, increasing concentrations of sugar beet silage in the ration increased DM intake (p < 0.05) in a linear way with a strong preference for those diets containing high amounts of sugar beet silage. Initial DM intake after 30 min was 4–5 fold increased for diets containing the highest beet concentration. It is assumed that the preference was positively influenced by sugar and sweet taste or the associated higher concentration of metabolisable energy.

Changes in heavy metal mobility and availability from contaminated wetland soil remediated with combined biochar-compost

The combination of biochar and compost has been proven to be effective in heavy metals contaminated wetland soil restoration. However, the influence of different proportions between biochar and compost on immobilization of heavy metals in soil has been less studied up to date. Therefore, we investigated the effect of different ratios of biochar-compost mixtures on availability and speciation distribution of heavy metals (Cd, Zn and Cu) in wetland soil. The results showed that applying all amendment combinations into wetland soil increased gradually the total organic carbon (TOC) and water-extract organic carbon (WEOC) as the compost percentage rose in biochar-composts. The higher pH was obtained in a certain biochar addition (20% and 40%) in combinations due to efficient interaction of biochar with compost. All amendments could significantly decrease availability of Cd and Zn mainly from pH change, but increase available Cu concentration as the result of increased water-extract organic carbon and high total Cu content in compost. Moreover, amendments can decrease easily exchangeable fraction and increase reducible of Cd and Zn greatly with increase of compost content in combinations, while amendments containing compost promote transformation of Cu from Fe/Mn oxide and residual fractions to organic bindings. These results demonstrate that different ratios of biochar and compost have a significant effect on availability and speciation of heavy metals in multi-metal-contaminated wetland soil.

Evaluation of temperature reduction and pavement performance of floating beads asphalt mixture

To alleviate urban heat island effect and lower asphalt pavement temperature, mineral powder in the asphalt mixture is totally or partially replaced by floating beads with low thermal conductivity (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% floating beads by total volume of mineral powder). The cooling effect and thermal conductivity variation were tested by irradiation test and thermo-conductivity measurer, respectively; meanwhile, the influence of different proportions of floating beads on asphalt mixture pavement performance was studied through relative testing methods. The results show that adding floating beads, the heat transfer in mixture structure and pavement temperature is effectively reduced. The cooling effect of asphalt mixture with 50% and 75% proportions of floating beads is relatively good, their temperature drop being 3.5 and 4.7 °C, respectively; meanwhile, thermal conductivity decreased 24.5% and 36.5%. As the proportion of floating beads increases, rutting resistance and water stability of asphalt mixture increase first and decrease afterwards, while low-temperature performance and skid-resistant performance decrease gradually. According to the influence of different proportions of floating beads on pavement performance, the floating beads’ content should be less than 75%. Considering cooling effect and pavement performance variance, the proportion of floating beads in the asphalt mixture is proposed as 50–75%.

Experimental investigation on compaction and Atterberg limits characteristics of soils: Aspects of clay content using artificial mixtures

The influence of different proportions of clay minerals on the moisture density relationship and index properties of clay soils are not clearly understood because of the different factors that come into play in natural soil formation. This study used 11 different remolded samples prepared by combining double mixtures of commercially available powdered kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz in proportions of 30%, 50%, 70% and 100% based on dry unit weight to investigate the relationship between different proportions of clay minerals with index properties and compaction characteristics of clay soils. The results described the influence of different proportions of clay minerals on the liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index measured using the fall cone penetration test. Also, the variation of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content with different clay mineral proportions has been analyzed. In addition, equations are presented with significant correlations to show the relationship between Atterberg limits, compaction parameters and the proportion of clay minerals. Knowledge on the effect of the different clay minerals on the moisture density relationship and index properties can be used to predict the behavior of compacted clay soils encountered in engineering practices and reduce the time and effort needed for assessing the suitability of clay soils and clay liners for engineering use.

Probe Into the Influence of Crosslinking on CO2 Permeation of Membranes

Crosslinking is an effective way to fabricate high-selective CO2 separation membranes because of its unique crosslinking framework. Thus, it is essentially significant to study the influence of crosslinking degree on the permeation selectivities of CO2. Herein, we report a successful and facile synthesis of a series of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based diblock copolymers (BCP) incorporated with an unique UV-crosslinkable chalcone unit using Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (RAFT) process. The membranes of as-prepared BCPs show superior carbon dioxide (CO2) separation properties as compared to nitrogen (N2) after UV-crosslinking. Importantly, the influence of different proportions of crosslinked chalcone on CO2 selectivities was systematically investigated, which revealed that CO2 selectivities increased obviously with the enhancement of chalcone fractions within a certain limit. Further, the CO2 selectivities of block copolymer with the best block proportion was studied by varying the crosslinking time which confirmed that the high crosslinking degree exhibited a better CO2/N2 (αCO2/N2) selectivities. A possible mechanism model revealing that the crosslinking degree played a key role in the gas separation process was also proposed.