Influence Of Cu Research Articles

Influence of Cu(NO3)2 content used in thermal shock method on the photocatalytic activity of Cu-Modified ZnO nanoparticles

The Cu doped ZnO photocatalysts were prepared on ZnO substrate modified with copper nitrate by thermal shock method with different ratio % molar Cu : Zn = 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 in order to study the impacts of copper content on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO under both UV and Vis light irradiation. The crystal structure, morphology bulk and surface were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Their photocatalytic activities were studied via time-dependent degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution. The results exhibit that crystal structure and morphology of Cu doped ZnO photocatalysts is not modified significally than ZnO original but surface charateristicschanged greatly. The photocatalyst was doped with copper content under 2% showed formation of Cu species. These samples perform photocatalytic activity higher than ZnO. The CuNZO-0.05-500 had the highest rate constants for methylene blue degradation (kUV = 6,901 h-1, kVIS = 0,224 h-1), which are about 2.2 times and 1.3 times higher than unmodified ZnO under UV light and Vis light, respectively. However, the CuNZO-5.0-500 which had the formation of CuO phase and unchangeable ZnO's surface has photocatalytic activity similar to pure ZnO.

Electrical properties and stability of low temperature annealed (Zn,Cu) co-doped (Ni,Mn)3O4 spinel thin films

ABSTRACT Toward the development of infrared (IR) detectors, nickel–manganite-based thin films were initially prepared from (Ni0.2Mn2.8–x Cu x )Cl2 (0.010 ≤ x ≤ 0.040) solutions using the liquid flow deposition (LFD) method. The influence of Cu on the negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) characteristic of the films annealed at 400°C was investigated. It was found that the incorporation of Cu can effectively enhance electrical conductivity; however, it degrades both the thermal sensitivity and stability of the nickel–manganite films. The investigation was extended by further modifying the composition with Zn. The results revealed that by co-doping Cu with a proper amount of Zn the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) could be tailored, while a relatively low resistivity (ρ) of the final products was retained. Specially, when 0.01 mol Zn was added to a precursor solution containing 0.025 mol Cu, the resulting specimen possessed a TCR = 2.82% K–1 and a ρ = 820 Ω (measured at RT). More importantly, compared to Zn-free films, the (Zn,Cu) co-doped compositions showed much improved electrical stability, with an aging coefficient (ΔR/R) as low as 4.6%, after aging at 150°C in air for 500 h. The results suggest that the (Zn,Cu) co–doped (Ni,Mn)3O4 thin films have a promising application in IR detectors.

A novel investigation on the influence of Cu–P modifier on the microstructure, mechanical performance, and melting process of Al–50Si alloys treated by overheating

As an efficient modifier, phosphorus (P) can significantly reduce the size of primary silicon (Si) crystals. However, modifier can aggregate when the P content exceeds a certain proportion, which decreases refining efficiency. In this study, the evolution of microstructures and mechanical properties of Al–50Si alloy have been studied by combining superheating and modification treatments. After modification, the mean size of the primary Si phase increased with superheating temperature, while the hardness decreased with increased superheating. Although the alloy was in an over-modified state when the modified content was 7 ​wt%, the overall alloy hardness was the highest. Nanoindentation tests were used to examine the mechanical properties of each alloy phase and the results showed that the nano-hardness of Al2Cu phase was 5.52 ​GPa, three times that of an Al matrix, and was considered to be the reason for increased alloy hardness after over-modification. This phenomenon indicated that, except for size and distribution of the primary Si phase, intermetallic compounds, such as Al2Cu, also played important roles in modifying alloy mechanical properties. The alloy melting process was observed in-situ using a laser confocal high-temperature scanning microscope and results indicated that the melting temperature of α-Al decreased with increased matrix Cu content. A model for calculating distortion energy was proposed and its rationality verified. Calculation results showed that, with increased matrix Cu content, the distortion energy gradually increased, which was the main reason for decreased matrix melting temperature. Moreover, the existence of distortion energy was verified using the EBSD method.

Influence of Cu on the Improvement of Magnetic Properties and Structure of L10 FePt Nanoparticles.

L10 ordered FePt and FePtCu nanoparticles (NPs) with a good dispersion were successfully fabricated by a simple, green, one-step solid-phase reduction method. Fe (acac)3, Pt (acac)2, and CuO as the precursors were dispersed in NaCl and annealed at different temperatures with an H2-containing atmosphere. As the annealing temperature increased, the chemical order parameter (S), average particle size (D), coercivity (Hc), and saturation magnetization (Ms) of FePt and FePtCu NPs increased and the size distribution range of the particles became wider. The ordered degree, D, Hc, and Ms of FePt NPs were greatly improved by adding 5% Cu. The highest S, D, Hc, and Ms were obtained when FePtCu NPs annealed at 750 °C, which were 0.91, 4.87 nm, 12,200 Oe, and 23.38 emu/g, respectively. The structure and magnetic properties of FePt and FePtCu NPs at different annealing temperatures were investigated and the formation mechanism of FePt and FePtCu NPs were discussed in detail.

Histopathological and calreticulin changes in the liver and gill of Takifugu fasciatus demonstrate the effects of copper nanoparticle and copper sulphate exposure

Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) are water pollutants, which has significant toxic environmental effects. However, the effects of Cu-NPs on Takifugu fasciatus are still relatively unknown. Compared with the control (no add CuSO4 and Cu-NPs). This study aims to describe the pathological changes in the gill and liver of pufferfish exposed to CuSO4 (Cu2+ for short) and Cu-NPs dissolved at a concentration of either 20 or 100 μg/L, in a semi-static waterborne exposure regime for 28 days. All Cu treatments resulted in organ injuries, and the pathologies observed following exposure to Cu-NPs were broadly of the same type as those observed following exposure to Cu2+. In the gill, these included lamellar fusion, clubbed tips, and mucocytes swollen, and in the liver included oedema, aggregation of blood cells, and necrosis. Furthermore, enzyme activity assays revealed that Ca2+ -ATP activity significantly increased under the influence of Cu, whilst Na+-K+-ATPase activity was significantly inhibited. In this study, the CRT in T. fasciatus (referred to as TfCRT) was identified and full-length cDNA sequences were characterized. Subsequently, RT-PCR and western blot analysis were carried out to assess the expressions of TfCRT in the gill and liver at both the mRNA and protein levels. Under both the Cu-NPs and Cu2+ treatments, both the mRNA and protein expressions of TfCRT were considerably higher in the gill and liver compared to that of the control treatment. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between Cu-NPs and Cu2+ treatment (at the same treatment concentration) in the expressions of TfCRT at the mRNA or protein levels. Overall, both Cu2+ and Cu-NPs had negative effects on T. fasciatus, and Cu-NPs had the toxic effects similar to dissolved Cu. Our results provide the ecological safety data service of Cu-NPs in water, and provide a reference for the health T. fasciatus aquaculture.

Uncovering the influence of Cu on the thickening and strength of the δ′/θ′/δ′ nano-composite precipitate in Al–Cu–Li alloys

Nanoscale δ′/θ′/δ′ composite precipitate, as another important strengthening phase in the latest generation of Al–Li alloys, exhibits excellent resistance to coarsening. Here, we propose two thickening models for an anomalous δ′/θ′/δ′ that is discovered recently, by analyzing various influencing factors, including the static energy barrier, aging temperature-dependent nucleation conditions, and the elastic distortion suffered during growth. It indicates that the thickness of the δ′/θ′/δ′ composite precipitate seems to depend on the nucleation of the δ′. At elevated aging temperatures, θ′ precipitates can grow and thicken rapidly until the δ′ nucleates on them. This is strikingly different from the dislocation-induced growth mechanism. Subsequently, we propose a vacuum-added methodology to accurately extract the interfacial energy. The results show that this nano-composite precipitate can realize supra-nanostructure in thickness at low aging temperatures due to the spontaneous nucleation of the δ′ upon the pre-precipitate θ′. Cu atoms segregated at the interface suppress the nucleation of the δ′, but release the lattice distortion to some extent. Using Griffith fracture model-assisted ab-initio uniaxial tensile tests, the cohesion strength and fracture process of this composite precipitate with and without Cu segregation have been captured. It indicates that the Cu atoms induced interfacial expansion and the fracture of strong Al–Al covalent bond, resulting in a reduction of fracture strength of this nano-composite precipitate.

Deterioration mechanism of alkali-activated materials in sulfuric acid and the influence of Cu: A micro-to-nano structural, elemental and stable isotopic multi-proxy study

In this study, a multi-proxy approach combining 29Si, 27Al and 1H MAS-NMR, FEG-EPMA, XANES at the Cu K-edge and XRD analytics with hydrochemical tools such as ICP-OES analyses, oxygen-isotope signatures, and thermodynamic modelling was applied to K-silicate-activated metakaolin specimens - with and without CuSO4·5H2O addition - exposed to sulfuric acid at pH = 2 for 35 days. The results revealed a multistage deterioration mechanism governed by (i) acid diffusion, (ii) leaching of K-A-S-H, (iii) microstructural damage related to precipitation of expansive (K,Ca,Al)-sulfate-hydrate phases (iv) complete dissolution of the K-A-S-H framework, (v) and formation of silica gel in the outermost corroded regions. Copper ions were mainly located in layered spertiniite-chrysocolla-like phases in the as-cured materials. The results demonstrate an overall negative effect of Cu addition on chemical material durability, implying that the reported higher durability of Cu-doped AAM in biocorrosion environments can be best explained by bacteriostatic effects.

Significance of exponential space‐based heat source and inclined magnetic field on heat transfer of hybrid nanoliquid with homogeneous–heterogeneous chemical reactions

AbstractMany chemical reactive methods, like combustion, catalysis, and biochemical involve homogeneous–heterogeneous chemical reaction (HHCR). The collaboration among the heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions is exceedingly multifarious, including the creation and depletion both within the liquid and catalytic surfaces. Here, we observe the influences of Cu and Al2O3 nanoparticles past an elongating sheet under HHCR. An inclined magnetic field with an acute angle is applied to the direction of the flow. Further, radiative heat, temperature, and exponential space‐based heat source aspects are modifying the thermal equation. The governing nonlinear equations are deciphered by utilizing the Runge–Kutta‐based shooting method. It is found that HHCR reduces the solute layer thickness, whereas the increase in the angle of inclination of applied magnetism thickens momentum layer thickness.

Effects of Cu and WS2 addition on microstructural evolution and tribological properties of self-lubricating anti-wear coatings prepared by laser cladding

High manganese steel (30CrMnSi) is usually used to prepare the components which works under a high load for long time. In order to extend its service life, the high manganese steel covered with NiCr/TiC, NiCr/TiC–Cu or NiCr/TiC-Cu-WS2 coatings are prepared using laser cladding technology. The influence of Cu and WS2 to the microstructure, hardness and wear performance of the coatings is discussed. The tribological properties of the resulting coatings is evaluated under 100 N in atmosphere environment. The hardness of NiCr/TiC coating is about 3.5 times of that of the substrate owing to the existence of TiC in coating. Due to the addition of Cu, the wear loss of the NiCr/TiC–10%Cu coatings reduces. Furthermore, as the synergistic lubrication of Cu, CrS and WS2, the wear resistance of the NiCr/TiC–10%Cu–10%WS2 coatings are significantly improved. The wear scar width and friction coefficient of the NiCr/TiC–10%Cu–10%WS2 coatings are only 50% of the substrates. And the wear mechanism of this kind of coatings is mainly micro-plough wear. The laser clad self-lubricating anti-wear coating will be one of the most important candidates for its excellent tribological performance.

Effect of hexamethylenetetramine on surface smoothness of electroplated copper coating

In this paper, hexamethyltetramine is introduced into the electroplating bath to improve the surface morphology of electrodeposited copper. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and dynamic polarization curves are used to study the effect of Cu(Ⅰ) and hexamethyltetramine on the electrochemical behaviors of electroplating solution. After implementing the electrodeposited copper experiment, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to explore the influence of Cu(Ⅰ) and hexamethyltetramine on the Surface morphology and crystal plane orientation of the electrodeposited copper. The results show that 5ppm hexamethyltetramine and 7.5ppm hexamethyltetramine can solve the problem of the loose and uneven surface of the electroplated copper layer caused by Cu(Ⅰ).

Influence of Cu–Sn Intermetallic Compound Surface Form on Contact Resistance Behavior of Fretting Corrosion of Tin Plating

Influence of Cu–Sn Intermetallic Compound Surface Form on Contact Resistance Behavior of Fretting Corrosion of Tin Plating

Toxic effects of copper on the jejunum and colon of pigs: mechanisms related to gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation influenced by the gut microbiota.

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace mineral, but its excessive intake can lead to potentially toxic effects on host physiology. The mammalian intestine harbors various microorganisms that are associated with intestinal barrier function and inflammation. In this study, the influences of Cu on barrier function, microbiota, and its metabolites were examined in the jejunum and colon of pigs. Here, we identified that the physical and chemical barrier functions were impaired both in the jejunum and colon, as evidenced by the decreased expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, and JAM-1) and mucous secretion-related genes, positive rate of Muc2, and secretion of SIgA and SIgG. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines were overexpressed in the jejunum and colon. Furthermore, Cu might increase the abundances of Mycoplasma, Actinobacillus and unidentified_Enterobacteriaceae in the jejunum, which significantly affected pentose and glucoronate interconversions, histidine metabolism, folate biosynthesis, porphyrin metabolism, and purine metabolism. Meanwhile, the abundances of Lactobacillus and Methanobrevibacter were remarkably decreased and Streptococcus, unidentified_Enterobacteriaceae, and unidentified_Muribaculaceae were significantly increased in the colon, with an evident impact on glycerophospholipid metabolism, retinol metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. These findings revealed that excess Cu had significant effects on the microbiota and metabolites in the jejunum and colon, which were involved in intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation.

The Vibrational Spectroscopy of the Valence Bonds of Cu-Doped TiO2 Using Electronegativity Principle Quantitative Calculations

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of Cu on TiO2 phase transformation and regioselectivity. TiO2 samples doped with different amounts of Cu2+ ions were synthesized by the sol-gel method. The phase and vibrational mode were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The XRD phase analysis shows that the lattice parameters have not changed after Cu incorporation. In addition, the content of rutile increased obviously after Cu doping. This indicated that the addition of Cu obviously promoted the transformation from anatase phase to rutile phase. The vibration frequencies were calculated based on the principle of electronegativity. All types of bonds were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The content of TiA-O, TiR-O, and H-O in the undoped TiO2 samples is 23.87%, 16.30%, and 7.41%, respectively. In the same way, the content of TiA-O, TiR-O, H-O, Cu A i -O, and Cu R i -O in the 2.5 mol%Cu-doped TiO2 samples is 21.23%, 18.56%, 7.34%, and 0.98%, respectively. For the 5 mol%Cu-doped TiO2 samples, the content of TiA-O, TiR-O, H-O, Cu A i -O, Cu R i -O, Cu A s -O, and Cu R s -O is 18.75%, 20.11%, 7.47%, 2.56%, 3.9%, 1.55%, and 2.35%, respectively. Cu was not present at substitutional sites in the 2.5 mol% doped sample, but Cu was present in the 2.5 mol% doped sample. It is indicated that Cu was more likely to exist in the form of interstitial position in the TiO2 lattice, with the number of Cu atoms in the interstitial position reaching saturation, and this forced Cu to replace Ti. The TEM shows that the stripes of different periods and orientations overlapped each other to form the Moiré patterns. In addition, the diffraction patterns of the Moiré image were slightly different from that of the matrix. The Cu replaced Ti position and the Cu atoms mixed into interstitial sites in the TiO2 lattice. The theoretical calculation was consistent with the experimental results.

Influence of Cu precipitates and C content on the defect tolerance of steels

Understanding the effects of microstructural defects, which can have a high impact on service life, is of great importance in the design of cyclically loaded components. For this, the size of the defect as well as the material’s ability to counteract microstructural defects have to be considered. In this study, the defect tolerance of differently heat-treated Cu alloyed steels with two different C contents (0.005 and 0.21 wt% C) has been investigated by testing specimens with artificial defects. From the results of fatigue experiments, defect tolerance is assessed based on different approaches: (i) a comparison of stress intensities, derived from Murakami’s √area approach, (ii) comparing fatigue lifetime for a given defect size and stress amplitude, (iii) the reduction of fatigue strength by a defect for a given defect size, and (iv) using the Kitagawa-Takahashi diagram, enabling the calculation of the critical defect size √area0 as well as fatigue crack propagation threshold ΔKth,calc. The results show that for the 0.005 wt% C steel an increase in aging time is accompanied by an increase in defect tolerance, which correlates with a higher cyclic hardening potential induced by the formation of Cu precipitates. However, the results show that strength and ductility also influence defect tolerance. By using the short-time procedure PhyBaLCHT, which is based on cyclic indentation tests, all these factors influencing defect tolerance can be determined efficiently. The 0.21 wt% C steel does not reveal an improved defect tolerance which is presumably caused by the dominating pearlite phase.

Spectroscopic investigation of the influence of Cu+ ions and plasmonic Cu particles on Ho3+ luminescence in phosphate glass

Abstract The luminescence of Ho3+ ions in phosphate glass containing a high concentration of Cu+ ions and also Cu nanoparticles (NPs) is reported. The glasses consisting of a barium-phosphate matrix were obtained by thermal processing and characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), optical absorption, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The FT-IR data appeared consistent with a network modifier role of Cu+ ions with no significant structural alteration induced by NPs. The absorption spectrum for heat-treated Cu+/Ho3+ co-doped glass exhibited narrow plasmon resonance for Cu NPs around 575 nm. It was indicated that Cu+ PL dominates for excitation resonant with Cu+ absorption. Conversely, Ho3+ emission is clearly displayed for excitation in the visible (e.g. 450 nm) away from Cu+ excitation. Precipitating Cu NPs resulted in suppression of Cu+ band emission and the Ho3+ PL being quenched. Following the assessment of Ho3+ emission dynamics, likely energy transfer processes involving Cu NPs as energy acceptors were proposed.

Influence of Cu and Ni dopants on the sensing properties of ZnO gas sensor

In this work, the influence of Cu and Ni doping on the propane gas (C3H8) detection of zinc oxide (ZnO) samples was evaluated. Three powder samples: (a) pure ZnO, (b) Ni-doped ZnO, and (c) Cu-doped ZnO, were obtained by homogenous precipitation method. The Ni and Cu concentration was of 1 at.%. The X-ray diffractograms indicate that all samples showed a hexagonal wurtzite-type crystal structure. Micrographs obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show a spherical surface morphology typical of nanostructured materials in the pure ZnO and ZnO/Ni samples. The gas sensing devices were manufactured by pressing the powders in pellets form. The sensing response of all pellets was measured by the surface electrical resistance change in a propane (C3H8) atmosphere at concentrations from 0 to 500 ppm at different operation temperatures (100, 200, and 300 °C). ZnO/Cu pellet presented the highest resistance change, registered at 300 °C in a propane concentration of 500 ppm.

Influence of Cu, Zn and Si alloying elements on Al alloy foams produced using Mg blowing agent

The main focus of the present study is to compare the effect of different alloying elements on Al–Mg alloy foams. Al–Mg15–X10 (X = Cu, Zn and Si) alloy foams were produced via powder metallurgy route by using Mg as a blowing agent. Macro- and microstructural characterisations of the foams were performed using X-ray tomography, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. Corrosion studies such as weight loss measurement, hydrogen evolution method and potentiodynamic test were conducted. Mechanical properties were evaluated by subjecting the samples to quasi-static compression and microhardness tests. All the alloy foams showed a comparable structure. The Cu-containing foams exhibited the highest strength, while the Zn-containing foams showed the highest expansion. However, the other properties such as brittleness, elastic modulus and burning nature were found to be better for the Si-containing foams.

Copper Inhibition of Triplet-Sensitized Phototransformation of Phenolic and Amine Contaminants.

Excited triplet states of natural organic matter (3NOM*) are important reactive intermediates in phototransformation of organic contaminants in sunlit waters. The main goal of this study was to explore the influence of Cu on triplet-sensitized transformation rates of 20 selected phenolic and amine contaminants. Fourteen of the compounds examined exhibited a marked decrease in their 4-carboxybenzophenone (CBBP)-mediated phototransformation rate in the presence of trace amounts of Cu(II) (25-500 nM). Both mathematical modeling of these rate data and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements support the hypothesis that the decrease in the rate and extent of phototransformation of organic contaminants is due to the reduction of radical intermediates of the contaminants by photochemically formed Cu(I). The Cu-induced inhibition of oxidation of organic contaminants photosensitized by Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM) could also take place in the presence of nanomolar concentrations of Cu. The inhibitory effect of Cu on the oxidation rates of amine contaminants in SRNOM solutions was found to be significantly weaker compared to that in CBBP solutions, but little difference was observed on depletion of phenols. This behavior was attributed to the intrinsic inhibitory effect of the antioxidant moieties present in NOM on phototransformation of amine compounds, partially neutralizing the potential for further Cu inhibition.

Heat transfer analysis of Cu–Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid with heat flux and viscous dissipation

Current research explores the influence of Cu–Al2O3 MHD hybrid nanofluid on heat conveyance and flow in a permeable channel with heat flux and viscous dissipation effects. As in hybrid nanofluid, $$\phi_{1}$$ and $$\phi_{2}$$ are used for volume fraction of Cu–Al2O3. We take $$\phi_{1} = 0.2$$ and $$\phi_{2}$$ of different ranges. A Newtonian fluid has been used as a base fluid. Appropriate mathematical modeling has been carried out, and the governing PDEs have been converted into ODEs by applying appropriate similarity transformations. Computations have been performed analytically by exercising homotopy analysis methodology. The influence of several novel parameters on flow fields has been discussed graphically. In addition, plots for skin friction and local Nusselt number for various values of the involved parameters have been drawn to analyze flow and conveyance of heat at the surface. It has been concluded that the fluid’s velocity increases, while the temperature decreases for increasing volume fraction. Temperature of the fluid has opposite behavior for cases of heat source/sink. It has also been found that viscous dissipation enhances the fluid temperature.

Influence of Cu modified surface states by sol gel Technique on Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium dioxide

In a series of experiments for Cu doping in TiO2 in different precursor ratios and evaluation of MB degradation efficiencies, an interesting finding is observed in which dye degradation efficiency is reduced upon increasing Cu ratios. Cu doping in small ratios firstly increases the degradation efficiency but reduces this efficiency if Cu ratios increase to 2% and more. In the present report, we introduce sol gel technique for preparation and modified surface states of titanium dioxide by copper (Cu) doping in different precursor ratios of 2 w%, 4 w% and 6 w% respectively. The effect of introduced surface states on photo catalytic efficiency of as synthesized products was compared to pure TiO2 nanoparticles prepared with same technique. The crystal structure of the products was studied by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Anatase and rutile phases of pure TiO2 and Cu doped samples were identified by XRD and the results were confirmed by analyzing Raman spectra of samples. The XRD and Raman spectroscopy results were in agreement. The presence of Cu peak at 43.6° in all the doped samples suggest that surface states were introduced on titanium dioxide nano particle surfaces in the form of un-doped Cu. The morphological characterization for size distribution of samples was performed by FESEM as photo-catalytic activity strongly depends upon the size and shape of the catalyst. The elemental composition of the surfaces was estimated by EDAX which confirmed the presence of Cu and S on the surfaces of the Cu doped samples. The band broadening and band gap calculations were performed by optical characterization using PL and UV–vis spectroscopy results. The modified surface states were analyzed indirectly using results from PL and UV–vis techniques. Finally, the effect of these Cu modified surface states on photo-catalytic activity of as synthesized samples were studied by degradation of MB under visible light irradiation after specific intervals of time. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model (first order) was successfully applied on MB degradation results under irradiation by xenon lamp.