Influence Of Crude Oil Research Articles

Investigation of strength and durability performance of concrete with varying crude oil waste ratios

The influence of crude oil (CRO) pollution on concrete compressive strength and durability performance is evaluated in this work. Due to CRO contamination on its compositions, concrete exposed to oil-prone areas may lead to considerable changes in its properties. Experimental work has been conducted, and several cubes of concrete with varying ratios of CRO pollution were treated to study the impact of pollution on the mechanical characteristics of the concrete. The current research methodology consists of preparing contaminants by mixing CRO in different ratios with fine aggregates and mixing it with other raw materials to produce polluted concrete. Twelve CRO ratios (0, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) were utilized to test typical concrete slump, compressive, and tensile strength. Then, the same concrete procedure and testing were repeated by utilizing 2% CRO in the case of reactive powder concrete. The chemical test was also utilized to identify the changes in concrete composition for the three samples (standard concrete without CRO, standard concrete with 2% CRO, and reactive powder concrete sample). The experimental tests illustrated that a ratio of 2% of CRO in standard concrete improves compressive and tensile strength, while utilizing the same ratio in reactive powder concrete reduces strength. On the other hand, utilizing 2% CRO illustrates that the internal sulfate amount has been increased for both normal and reactive powder concrete compared with normal concrete samples without CRO, which refers to a reduction in concrete durability.

Study of the protective properties of special clothing fabrics under the influence of crude oil

Study of the protective properties of special clothing fabrics under the influence of crude oil

INFLUENCE OF CRUDE OIL ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOTES AND SEEDLINGS OF THE GREEN ALGA <i>ULVA LACTUCA</i> (ULVACEAE) OF THE BARENTS SEA

The ability of the zygotes and seedlings of the green alga Ulva lactuca to develop under the influence of crude oil in various concentrations was determined. The oil at a content of 1 mg/l in water does not have a damaging effect on the germination of zygotes and their further development into multicellular seedlings. Juvenile seedlings have a wider tolerance range than zygotes and can develop under oil content in marine water up to 3 mg/l. The real threat of the death of zygotes, which rovide replenishment of ulva algae thickets in the littoral with young thalli, is observed under short-term oil pollution of more than 25 mg/l, or with constant oil pollution of more than 5 mg/l. The oil content in water of 25 mg/l and above stops the development of most seedlings by irreversibe destroying the structure of their cells.

Investigation on the Stability of Janus SiO2-n Nanoparticle-Assisted Nonionic Surfactant-Stabilized Foam and Its Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery

The stability of the foam directly impacts the final efficiency of the foam flooding in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In the present work, a series of Janus SiO2-n nanoparticles (JSn NPs) with various modification degrees were successfully prepared and employed to improve the stability of the nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycolmonoisodecylether (PMIE)-stabilized foam. The PMIE–JS3 system with a much low JS3 NP concentration (0.1 wt %) displayed extraordinary foamability and stabilizing foam ability via the foam volume, half-life, relative volume decay, and optical microscope photograph measurements. Then, the dynamic surface tension and dilatational viscoelasticity tests were conducted to explore the mechanism. It was found that the PMIE–JS3 system with great interfacial activity and intensive interfacial film highly facilitated the generation of the foam and improved the foam stability. Moreover, the PMIE–JS3-stabilized foam exhibited outstanding stability, even under the influence of crude oil. The sandpack flooding tests indicated that the PMIE–JS3-stabilized foam could effectively plug the high-permeability channels to modify the water injection profile and consequently greatly enhanced tertiary oil recovery (∼15.3% of the initial oil in place).

Impacts of petroleum spills on geotechnical properties of soils: A review

Environmental pollution caused by crude oil spills had increased recently in Nigeria, due to increase in crude oil production and the activities of crude oil thieves. This review work was embarked upon to evaluate the impacts of crude oil petroleum products spills on the geotechnical properties of different soils found in Nigeria. The review tried to provide a summary on the influence of crude oil on the Atterberg limits, compaction, permeability, angle of internal friction, cohesion, and consolidation properties of soil samples. Findings from this review revealed that the geotechnical characteristics of soils can be remarkably altered by crude oil and petroleum products impaction. Most of the literatures reviewed indicated a reduction in the Atterberg limits, the compression index (Cc) and the permeability of the soils, as the volume of crude oil in the soils increased. The literature review depicted that the rate, at which the soils’ geotechnical properties were altered, was a factor of the oil volume contained inside the soils and the impacted soil biochemical properties.

Changes in microbial community in the presence of oil and chemical dispersant and their effects on the corrosion of API 5L steel coupons in a marine-simulated microcosm.

The influence of crude oil and chemical dispersant was evaluated over planktonic bacteria and biofilms grown on API 5L steel surfaces in microcosm systems. Three conditions were simulated, an untreated marine environment and a marine environment with the presence of crude oil and a containing crude oil and chemical dispersant. The results of coupon corrosion rates indicated that in the oil microcosm, there was a high corrosion rate when compared with the other two systems. Analysis of bacterial communities by 16S rRNA gene sequencing described a clear difference between the different treatments. In plankton communities, the Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria classes were the most present in numbers of operational taxonomic unit (OTUs). The Vibrionales, Oceanospirillales, and Alteromonadales orders were predominant in the treatment with crude oil, whereas in the microcosm containing oil and chemical dispersant, mainly members of Bacillales order were detected. In the communities analyzed from biofilms attached to the coupons, the most preponderant class was Alphaproteobacteria, followed by Gammaproteobacteria. In the control microcosm, there was a prevalence of the orders Rhodobacterales, Aeromonadales, and Alteromonadales, whereas in the dispersed oil and oil systems, the members of the order Rhodobacterales were present in a larger number of OTUs. These results demonstrate how the presence of a chemical dispersant and oil influence the corrosion rate and bacterial community structures present in the water column and biofilms grown on API 5L steel surfaces in a marine environment. KEY POINTS: • Evaluation of the effects of oil and chemical surfactants on the corrosion of API 5L. • Changes in microbial communities do not present corrosive biofilm on API 5L coupons.

Can crude oil drive the co-movement in the international stock market? Evidence from partial wavelet coherence analysis

In this paper, we employ partial- and multiple-wavelet coherence analyses to examine co-movement between international stock markets by considering the influence of crude oil in a time domain perspective. Overall, we find that crude oil is a major factor driving co-movement between international stock markets in the median and long term. However, when considering the oil-importing and oil-exporting countries differently, we still find that crude oil is a driver for interdependence between oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. In contrast, the crude oil has relative lower impact on the co-movement in oil-importing or in oil-exporting countries, which indicates its co-movement is caused by other factors. In addition, Gulf Cooperation Council stock market may lead the stock markets of oil-importing countries in the long term. Our empirical results provide meaningful information for investors and policymakers.

Influence of Crude Oil on Denitrification in Subtidal Sediments in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

In this study the impact of hydrocarbons on nitrogen cycling in intertidal sediments from a barrier island in the north central Gulf of Mexico was investigated. Initial total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations of the sediments averaged 49 ± 27 mg kg−1 in June and 75 ± 48 mg kg−1 in November. Following the addition of crude oil, TPH concentrations increased to 340 ± 73 and 296 ± 50 mg kg−1 in June and November, respectively. Sediment oxygen demand (SOD), inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes, and denitrification capacity, measured with the isotope pairing technique (IPT) within a week of oiling, were consistently higher in June compared to rates in November when temperatures were 10°C lower. Despite significantly higher TPH concentrations in the oiled treatments, SOD, nutrient fluxes, nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and anammox, did not differ between the treatments. Potential denitrification rates, measured in the presence of excess nitrate (100 μM), were similar between the control and oil treatments, but significantly higher than rates measured with the IPT. The elevated rates of potential denitrification suggest the presence of an active extant microbial community capable of significant attenuation of porewater nitrate concentrations. The insignificant changes in nitrogen cycling in response to petroleum hydrocarbon additions at a site with hydrocarbons present, albeit at low concentrations, suggests resiliency in nitrogen cycling in response to additional hydrocarbon inputs in ranges investigated in this study.

Detection of glucose in the growth media of Ulva lactuca using a Ni-Cu/TiO2/Ti self-assembly nanostructure sensor under the influence of crude oil

Pollution of the marine environment by crude oil is considered as a significant problem. Interestingly, the existence of algae in the marine ecosystem contributes significantly to maintaining the equilibrium of marine life and, consequently, has the ability to alert the ecosystem to the pollution by using their waterborne molecules including the photosynthetic products. The main aim of this work is to develop an electrochemical sensor (EC) for the detection of the concentration of glucose found in the growth media of Ulva sp. as a photosynthetic product or decomposed substance under polluted conditions. A Ni-Cu/TiO2/Ti array electrode was fabricated, where highly-ordered self-organized nanocrystalline TiO2 was prepared via anodization and annealing processes on a Ti substrate and Ni-Cu alloy nanoparticles were electrodeposited by linear sweep voltammetry. The chemical composition, structure and morphology characterization were carried out by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses. The ideal non-enzymatic sensor with large and constant sensitivity (402μAmM−1cm−2) and low detection limit (495μM) was successfully employed to detect glucose excreted by Ulva lactuca under oil pollution under alkaline condition. The present study succeeded to combine between the ecological role of algae and electrochemical sensors to be used collectively as an indicator of the oil spillage into the seawater.

Energy prices and energy security in the European Union: Panel data analysis

ABSTRACTThe main objective of the paper is to determine the level of influences of five variables on energy security (coal, crude oil and natural gas prices, year, and state), which are important indicators in energy forecasting. Research sample includes EU-28 states for a period of 23 years (1990–2012). The results show strong connection between natural gas and crude oil prices. The level of influence of natural gas and crude oil prices changes depending on the remaining variables (a year and/or state). When the state is a variable, the biggest influence is on the natural gas price. When variable year is added, crude oil price has the biggest influence on energy security. Individually speaking, the biggest influence on energy security is the variable year – the moment in time when the influence is happening. Besides, the influence of coal price on energy security is almost identical to the influence of crude oil price.

Influence of crude oil on the genesis of the Lanjiagou porphyry molybdenum deposit, western Liaoning Province, China

The Lanjiagou porphyry molybdenum deposit in western Liaoning Province, China, is hosted in fine-grained Jurassic granites. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb analyses indicate that the crystallization of the ore-hosting granites took place 185.0±1.8Ma (MSWD=1.4). Molybdenum mineralization in the deposit can be divided into three stages: the stockwork quartz vein stage, the planar quartz vein stage, and the fissure-filling quartz vein stage. Re–Os isotopic ages for the molybdenite from the stockwork quartz vein-type ores yielded an isochron age of 188.8±9.9Ma (MSWD=3.0), while six samples from the planar quartz vein-type ores yielded a similar isochron age of 185.6±1.2Ma (MSWD=0.5). Re–Os isotopic ages for the molybdenite identical, within error, to zircon U–Pb isotopic ages indicate that the molybdenum mineralization is related to the host intrusions. Apart from primary inorganic fluid inclusions (IFIs), a large number of primary organic fluid inclusions (OFIs) are found in the latter two stages of vein quartz, and minors found in the first stage. The components and characteristics of OFIs in the three stages of vein quartz differ from each other, which is also true for the IFIs. OFIs in stockwork vein quartz are characterized by halite-bearing inclusions, and organic liquids in the inclusions are brown and do not fluoresce under ultraviolet (UV) light. Homogenization temperatures (Th) for the primary IFIs coeval with OFIs of this stage ranges from 300°C to >450°C, while the salinity varies from 10 to 53wt.% NaCl equiv.. In planar vein quartz, OFIs are predominately two-phased (liquid and gas), and salt daughter minerals (halite) are absent. Organic liquids are light brown to colorless and show blue fluorescence under UV light; The Th range for the IFIs of this stage is 250–360°C, and the salinity range is 3–17wt.% NaCl equiv. Finally, OFIs in fissure-filling vein quartz are marked by liquid–gas inclusions. Organic liquids are generally colorless and show yellow fluorescence under UV light. The Th range for the primary IFIs is 180–240°C and the salinity range is 4–11wt.% NaCl equiv. Organic geochemical analyses indicate that organic matter in the Lanjiagou deposit was derived from mature crude oil. We suggest that large volumes of crude-oil-bearing non-magmatic fluids were flushed into the Lanjiagou porphyry hydrothermal system during all phases of ore formation and likely played important roles in mineralization.

Influence of crude oil cracking on distribution of hydrocarbons in the Earth’s interior (experimental data)

The compositions and phase conditions of water-hydrocarbon fluids in synthetic quartz inclusions were studied by the methods of microthermometry, local IR spectroscopy, and gas-liquid chromatography. Synthetic quartz was grown in near-neutral fluoride, low-alkali bicarbonate, and alkali carbonate solutions with crude oil and its major fractions. The crystals with fluid inclusions were grown under thermal gradient conditions at relatively low temperatures (240–280°C) and pressures (6–45 MPa). After the study, the inclusions of grown crystals were subject to thermal processing in autoclaves at 350–380°C and 80–125 MPa. As a result, the initial water-hydrocarbon inclusions underwent significant changes. Hydrocarbon gases, largely methane and residual solid bitumens, appeared in their composition; the gasoline-kerosene fraction content increased substantially in liquid hydrocarbons (HCs). These changes are caused, first of all, by crude oil cracking, which is manifested already at 330°C and attains its maximum activity at 350–500°C (pressure of saturated vapor and higher). In natural conditions with increase in depths and, thus, the thermobaric parameters, this process is inevitable. According to the obtained experimental data, this very phenomenon and the existence of real thermal and baric gradients in the Earth’s interior provide for the formation of vertical zoning in the distribution of hydrocarbon deposits of different types.

The crude oil market and the gold market: Evidence for cointegration, causality and price discovery

Given that the gold market and the crude oil market are the main representatives of the large commodity markets, it is of crucial practical significance to analyze their cointegration relationship and causality, and investigate their respective contribution, from the perspective of price discovery, to the common price trend so as to interpret the dynamics of the whole large commodity market and forecast the fluctuation of crude oil and gold prices.Empirical analysis indicates that, first, there are consistent trends between the crude oil price and the gold price with significant positive correlation coefficient 0.9295 during the sampling period, from January of 2000 to March of 2008. Second, there can be seen a long-term equilibrium between the two markets, and the crude oil price change linearly Granger causes the volatility of gold price, but not vice versa; moreover, the two market prices do not face a significant nonlinear Granger causality, which overall suggests their fairly direct interactive mechanism. Finally, with regard to the common effective price between the two markets, the contribution of the crude oil price seems larger than that of the gold price, whether with the permanent transitory (PT) model (86.50% versus 13.50%) or the information share (IS) model (50.28% versus 49.72%), which implies that the influence of crude oil on global economic development proves more far-reaching and extensive, and its role in the large commodity markets has attracted more attention in recent years.

Effects of crude oil on major functional characteristics of macroalgae of the Barents Sea

On the basis of experimental research on the influence of crude oil on basic functional characteristics (growing speed, photosynthesis, and breadth) of macroalgae of the Barents Sea (Laminaria saccharina, Fucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Porphyra umbilicalis, Palmaria palmata, and Enteromorpha prolifera) it was shown that kelp are more resistant to the influence of oil carbohydrates while red and green algae are less resistant. Under the short-term influence of oil toxins photosynthesis is depressed and respiration increases, under long-term influence the rate of growth is reduced.

Effect of crude oil pollution on maize growth and soil properties in Ihiagwa, Imo State, Nigeria

The influence of crude oil on maize growth and soil properties were evaluated in an Ultisol in Ihiagwa, Imo State, Nigeria. Four kg of air-dried soil samples were weighed into 4.5 litre plastic pots and treatment consisting of 6 levels of crude oil (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 t/ha) applied. Ten healthy maize seeds (Variety: Farz 27) were sown and the pots arranged in a completely randomized block design. Field trial was also conducted and three maize seeds (var. Farz 27) which were later thinned down to one plant per stand after germination were planted on plots measuring 4 x 4 m 2 . Crude oil treatments were applied at rates as used for the potted experiment, at three weeks after planting (WAP). The experimental design was a randomised complete block design with 3 replications. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks during which time, plant height and leaf area was estimated at a weekly interval. Plant mortality and dry matter yield were determined at the end of the 12 weeks growth period. Soil assays were run at beginning and end of study. Seed germination, plant height, leaf area and dry matter yield significantly decreased as the level of crude oil pollution increased. As crude oil pollution levels increased, soil pH also increased. There was no remarkable change in the level of soil organic carbon, nitrogen, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, available phosphorus and effective cation exchange capacity as crude oil pollution increased in both studies. The primary way in which crude oil pollution reduces crop growth and performance would appear to be through reduction of seedling emergence and direct suffocation of plant roots by changing the redox potential and oxygen diffusion rates between soil system and the atmosphere. Keywords : crude oil, maize, soil property, pollution International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Vol. 5 2004: 91-100

Influence of crude oil on changes of bacterial communities in Arctic sea-ice

The danger of a petroleum hydrocarbon spillage in the polar, ice-covered regions is increasing due to oil exploration in Arctic offshore areas and a growing interest in using the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as an alternative transportation route for Arctic oil and gas. However, little is known about the potential impact of accidental oil spills on this environment. We investigated the impact of crude oil on microbial community composition in six different Arctic sea-ice samples incubated with crude oil at 1 °C in microcosms for one year. Alterations in the composition of bacterial communities were analyzed with the culture-independent molecular methods DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization). DGGE, FISH and cultivation methods revealed a strong shift in community composition toward the γ-proteobacteria in sea-ice and melt pool samples incubated with crude oil. Marinobacter spp., Shewanella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were the predominant phylotypes in the oil-treated microcosms. The ability of indigenous sea-ice bacteria to degrade hydrocarbons at low temperature (1 °C) was tested using four representative strains cultivated from sea-ice enriched with crude oil. [ 14C]Hexadecane was degraded by the sea-ice isolates at 20–50% capacity of the mesophilic type strain Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, a known hydrocarbon degrader, incubated at 22 °C.

The Influence of Crude Oil and Dispersant on the Sensory Characteristics of Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Marine Waters

The influence of crude oil and crude oil plus dispersant on the flavor and odor of steelhead trout was determined using a trained taste panel. Uptake of certain hydrocarbons in the fish flesh correlated with time of exposure, off-flavor and off-odor scores. The sensory changes that resulted were of the magnitude that could results in serious affects on the marketability of commercially harvested contaminated fish.

The influence of crude oil on the growth of subantarctic marine bacteria

The short term degradation of ‘Arabian light’ crude oil was followed under various seasonal conditions in coastal seawater at Iles Kerguelen. Artificial degradation experiments were carried out in 3 m3 tanks. In situ experiments were conducted in free-floating, semi-enclosed chambers permitting direct contact between the crude oil and the marine environment. Daily sampling allowed a regular survey of the bacterial changes of the oil contaminated seawater. All samples were analysed for total bacteria, heterotrophic viable microflora and hydrocarbon utilizing microflora. At the end of experiments, the remaining oil was carefully collected for rough quantitative estimation of hydrocarbon degradation. All the results clearly revealed a significant increase in the three types of bacterial microflora after the addition of crude oil. However, the data suggest that the initial state of the bacterial communities is important. Thus, the seasonal variations in the bacterial responses to hydrocarbon addition can be related to the differences in the natural bacterial populations involved. In all cases the wall effects observed in batch systems were reduced with in situ incubations.

The influence of crude oil on the growth of subantarctic marine bacteria: Delille, D. and N. Vaillant, 1990. Antarct. Sci., 2(2):123–127

The influence of crude oil on the growth of subantarctic marine bacteria: Delille, D. and N. Vaillant, 1990. Antarct. Sci., 2(2):123–127

A note on the effects of crude oil on microbial activities in a stream sediment

The influence of crude oil on normal metabolic processes occurring in river sediments has been largely neglected. The work described was a pilot study designed to demonstrate the effects of spilt oil on a wide range of microbial activities in a stream mud. Rates of CO 2 production, nitrogen fixation and methanogenesis, V max for glucose, and phosphatase levels were all determined in the presence and absence of crude oil. Four weeks after the oil addition the V max and phosphatase levels were significantly reduced and remained so, but methane and CO 2 production rates were both significantly increased. Nitrogen fixation was not affected by 0·1% (v/v) oil, but was reduced after 8 weeks by 1·0% oil.