Influence Of Ambient Temperature Research Articles

Effect of relative humidity on the accuracy, scanning time, and number of photograms of dentate complete arch intraoral digital scans

Statement of problemIntraoral scanners (IOSs) have been used in dentistry for diagnostic and treatment purposes; however, the influence of environmental factors such as humidity or temperature on the accuracy of intraoral scanning is uncertain. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of relative humidity and ambient temperature on the accuracy, scanning time, and number of photograms of dentate complete arch intraoral digital scans. Material and methodsA completely dentate mandibular typodont was digitized by using a dental laboratory scanner. Four calibrated spheres were attached following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 20 896. A watertight box was designed to simulate 4 different relative humidity conditions (50%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) (n = 30). An IOS (TRIOS 3) was used to obtain a total of 120 complete arch digital scans (n = 120). Scanning time and number of photograms of each specimen were recorded. All the scans were exported and compared with the master cast by using a reverse engineering software program. The linear distances among the reference spheres were used to calculate trueness and precision. A unifactorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Levene tests followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test were used to analyze trueness and precision data, respectively. A unifactorial ANOVA followed by a post hoc Bonferroni test was also conducted to analyze scanning time and the number of photogram data. ResultsStatistically significant differences were found in trueness, precision, number of photograms, and scanning time (P<.05). Regarding trueness and precision, significant differences were found between the 50% and 70% relative humidity groups and the 80% and 90% relative humidity groups (P<.01). Regarding scanning time and number of photograms, significant differences were obtained among all groups, except between the 80% and 90% relative humidity groups (P<.01). ConclusionsThe relative humidity conditions tested influenced accuracy, scanning time, and number of photograms in complete arch intraoral digital scans. High relative humidity conditions resulted in the decreased scanning accuracy, longer scanning time, and greater number of photograms of complete arch intraoral digital scans.

An anthropogenic landscape reduces the influence of climate conditions and moonlight on carnivore activity

Abiotic factors are limitations that can affect animal activity and distribution, whether directly or indirectly. The objective of this study was to evaluate how abiotic factors influence the activity of two mustelid species inhabiting the same region but different habitats in NE Poland—pine marten inhabits forests and stone marten occupy built-up areas. From 1991 to 2016, we obtained 23,639 year-round observations of 15 pine martens and 8524 observations of 47 stone martens. We explore the influence of ambient temperature, snow cover depth and moonlight reaching the ground and interactions between these variables on the probability of martens’ activity. The activity of pine martens living in natural habitats is more affected by climate conditions and moonlight than that of stone martens living in anthropogenic areas. Pine martens inhabiting forests increased activity when the ambient temperature was above 0 °C and snow cover was absent, as well as when the ambient temperature dropped to − 15 °C and snow cover depth was about 10 cm. Stone marten occupying anthropogenic areas did not reduce their activity if the temperature dropped. Variation of activity in relation to ambient conditions is probably related to pine martens’ behavioural thermoregulation. The pine marten was active more frequently on bright nights, while moonlight intensity did not affect the activity of the stone marten. Our study concludes that complex interactions among abiotic factors concerning different habitats play a synergetic role in shaping carnivore activity and suggest that climate warming may affect the behaviour of both martens.Significance statementThe survival and reproduction of animals depends on their activity, which is subject to various constraints. We studied the influence of climate conditions and moonlight intensity on the ground on the activity of pine and stone marten. We found that pine martens in natural habitat were greatly impacted by ambient conditions, whereas stone martens in built-up areas were less so. Natural habitats involve limitations related to harsh winters but may mitigate the effects of high temperatures. In contrast, animals living in built-up areas are exposed to higher temperatures in summer, which is of particular importance in the face of climate change. Our results show that the combination of several environmental factors affects animal behaviour and these factors have varying effects in various habitats.

Influence of ambient temperature on the CO2 emitted of light-duty vehicle

Because of global warming, people have paid more attention to greenhouse gas emitted by vehicles. To quantify the impact of temperature on vehicle CO2 emissions, this study was conducted using the world light vehicle test cycle on two light-duty E10 gasoline vehicles at ambient temperatures of -10, 0, 23, and 40℃, and found that CO2 emission factors of Vehicle 1 in the low-speed phase were 22.07% and 20.22% higher than those of Vehicle 2 at cold start and hot start under -10℃. The reason was vehicle 1 had a larger displacement and more friction pairs than vehicle 2. There was the highest CO2 emission at the low-speed phase due to low average speed, frequent acceleration, and deceleration. The CO2 temperature factor and the ambient temperature had a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.99). According to CO2 temperature factors and their relationships, CO2 emission factors of other ambient temperatures could be calculated when the CO2 emission factor of 23℃ was obtained, and the method also could be used to obtain the CO2 temperature factors of different vehicles. To separate the effect of load setting and temperature variation on CO2 emission quantitatively, a method was proposed. And results showed that the load setting was dominant for the CO2 emission variation. Compared with 23℃, the CO2 emission for vehicle 1 caused by load setting variation were 62.83 and 47.42 g/km, respectively at -10 and 0℃, while those for vehicle 2 were 45.01 and 35.63 g/km, respectively.

Optimal Charging Pile Configuration and Charging Scheduling for Electric Bus Routes Considering the Impact of Ambient Temperature on Charging Power

Charging piles in the bus depot provide charging services to multiple electric bus (EB) routes operating in the area. As charging needs may overlap between independently operated routes, EB fleets often have to wait in line for charging. However, affected by the ambient temperature, the length of the waiting time will cause the battery temperature to change at the beginning of each charging, thereby influencing the charging performance and charging time of the battery. To this end, this paper considers the influence of ambient temperature on battery charging performance, and collaboratively optimizes the number of charging piles in the bus depot and the scheduling problem of EB charging. Aiming at minimizing the cost of laying charging piles in bus stations and the charging costs of bus fleets, as well as minimizing the empty time of electric bus fleets and waiting time for charging in queues, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is established, and the immune algorithm is used to solve it. At last, an actual bus depot and four EB routes are taken as examples for verification. The results show that by optimizing the charging waiting time of the electric bus at the bus station, the rapid decline in charging performance caused by the sharp drop in battery temperature is avoided. Without increasing the charging cost of the electric bus fleet, the established method reduces the charging pile installation cost, improves the bus depot’s service efficiency, and ensures the punctuality and integrity of the regional bus route operation.

Influence of Ambient Temperature on the Thermal Safety of Fireworks Products in Civil Aviation Transportation

Fireworks products are energy-containing materials and are hazardous during production, storage, transportation, and use. By analyzing the range of civil aviation ground ambient temperature and civil aviation cabin ambient temperature in storage and ground operation as well as establishing a spontaneous combustion mathematical model for cylindrical fireworks products based on the spontaneous combustion theory, we identified the critical temperature for spontaneous combustion of a single spray and analyzed the thermal safety of fireworks products under the civil aviation ambient temperature by example to provide theoretical support for the feasibility study of transporting fireworks products by civil aviation.

Simple Co-Precipitation of Iron Minerals for the Removal of Phenylarsonic Acid: Insights into the Adsorption Performance and Mechanism.

In this study, three kinds of iron minerals, ferrihydrite, hematite, and goethite, were prepared by a simple coprecipitation method for the adsorption and removal of phenylarsonic acid (PAA). The adsorption of PAA was explored, and the influences of ambient temperature, pH, and co-existing anions on adsorption were evaluated. The experimental results show that rapid adsorption of PAA occurs within 180 min in the presence of iron minerals, and the adsorption process conforms to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The isothermal adsorption of PAA by ferrihydrite, goethite, and hematite agrees with the Redlich-Peterson model. The maximum adsorption capacities of PAA are 63.44 mg/g, 19.03 mg/g, and 26.27 mg/g for ferrihydrite, goethite, and hematite, respectively. Environmental factor experiments illustrated that an alkaline environment will significantly inhibit the adsorption of PAA by iron minerals. CO32-, SiO32-, and PO43- in the environment will also significantly reduce the adsorption performance of the three iron minerals. The adsorption mechanism was analyzed by FTIR and XPS, which indicated that ligand exchange between the surface hydroxyl group and the arsine group leads to the formation of an Fe-O-As bond, and electrostatic attraction between the iron minerals and PAA played an important role in the adsorption.

Ways to reduce the impact of the external environment in summer on the milk productivity of cows

One of the factors of efficient intensive milk production is the creation of comfortable conditions for keeping cows on a farm or complex. Highly productive cows are quite demanding of the indoor microclimate and conditions of keeping. It is believed that the productivity of animals by 10-30% depends on this. The purpose of the study was to examine the possibility of reducing the influence of high ambient temperature on the milk productivity of cows by different approaches to the organisation of their feeding technology. The paper uses analytical, diagnostic, physicochemical, and statistical research methods. The main climate indicators were monitored during the summer period (June-August). It is established that the decrease in daily milk yield is a consequence of the negative influence of the temperature factor when the daily (from 1100 to 1700) air temperature in June-July is at the level of +26-30°C. At an air temperature of 26.5°C (about 1400), the body temperature of cows rises from 37.5-37.8°C to 38.20-38.46°C. The proof of this is a decrease in the rate of decline in the level of milk productivity of cows of the experimental groups in August when the average daily air temperature dropped to +24-26°C. It is proved that the introduction of 1.5 kg of protein feed additive with protected TEP-mix protein into the diet of highly productive cows increases the productivity of experimental cows (in terms of basic milk) by 15.7% (4.3 kg). Modernisation of the diet of feeding highly productive cows by increasing the content of non-broken down protein in the rumen to normal during temperature stress contributed to better adaptation of animals in terms of productivity and quality indicators of milk: an increase in the mass fraction of fat by 0.67% and the mass fraction of protein by 0.26%, with the content of somatic cells of 285.06±81.0–409.3±134.3 thousand/cm3

Influence of hydrogen fuel cell temperature safety on bus driving characteristics and stack heating mode

Hydrogen fuel cells have developed rapidly in bus because of their cleanliness. The driving parameters of hydrogen fuel cell bus and the internal temperature distribution of hydrogen fuel stack are investigated in this study. The 1-D model of hydrogen fuel cell bus and the 2-D model of hydrogen fuel cell stack are established based on AMESim. In the cooling process, for the existing typical thermal management system, the influence of ambient temperature on the fuel cell bus driving parameters is analyzed by the 1-D model. In the heating process, the internal temperature distribution of the stack is analyzed under three heating modes by the 2-D model. As the ambient temperature increases, to ensure the safe operating temperature of the fuel cells, the bus top speed should be reduced, and the acceleration time should be extended. When the stack needs to be heated, the gas-liquid heating mode can supply a more uniform temperature distribution inside the stack. • The 1-D vehicle model and 2-D stack model of hydrogen fuel cell are established. • The effect of ambient temperature on driving parameters is analyzed. • The internal temperature distribution of the stack is analyzed under three heating modes. • Gas-liquid heating mode can give a more uniform stack temperature distribution.

Influence of ambient temperature on reproduction ofthe red-headed cricket (Gryllus assimilis)

Red-headed crickets were kept in glass insectariums equipped with drinkers, food containers and peat boxes for laying eggs. In the first stage of the experiment, the insects were divided into three groups, kept at 20°C, 25°C and 29°C, respectively. Three days after placing the crickets in the insectariums, the eggs were counted. In the second stage, the eggs (15 pcs.) were placed in boxes with peat in insectariums and exposed to the same temperatures as the females were kept at 20°C, 25°C and 29°C respectively, and the time in which the larvae hatch in each container was observed.It was found that the thermal conditions of the environment influence the number of eggs laid by female Gryllus assimilis and the length of the embryonic period in red-headed crickets. It is estimated that in the temperature range of 20–29°C, increasing the temperature by 1°C shortens the time needed to hatch the larvae from the eggs by 2 days.

To the question of the influence of ambient temperature for the shooting process

In this article, an assessment is made of the influence of air temperature on the processes occurring during a shot. The analysis of the results of practical firing from the ZU-23 twin anti- aircraft artillery mount was carried out. According to the developed methodology using the methods of planning the experiment, a study was conducted taking into account two factors. Statistical analysis methods were used to process the experimental data using MS Excel. As a result of processing the data of the experimental study, an approximating function was determined that describes the dependence of the initial velocity of the projectile on the wear of the bore and the temperature of the powder charge. It has been established that the approximating function is statistically reliable, adequate, and allows predicting the change in the initial velocity of the projectile. The calculation of the degree of influence of these factors on the ballistic characteristics of the gun is made using standardized coefficients. The ways of increasing the efficiency of firing artillery pieces are proposed.

Research on heat transfer model of air permeability test device for food and drug soft packaging materials

The air permeability test of food/drug packaging materials such as plastic film and plastic sheet is indispensable in the process of sealing and preservation. During film permeability testing, a constant temperature environment needs to be maintained. In order to obtain satisfactory thermostatic control and reduce the influence of ambient temperature on test results, it is necessary to explore the heat transfer model of the permeability testing device. Firstly, the experimental platform is constructed with a Thermo Electric Cooling as the heat source and a thermometer as the temperature measurement element. Then, the three-dimensional heat transfer model of the food and drug soft packaging material permeability testing device was established, and the analytical solution of the temperature distribution function was obtained. Finally, the simulation and test results show that the proposed model is consistent with the experimental test results, and the model errors caused by the heat insulation or heat dissipation of the device can be ignored. This work provides a theoretical basis for further research on the air permeability test of soft packaging materials.

Enhanced trichloroethylene biodegradation: The mechanism and influencing factors of combining microorganism and carbon‑iron materials

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most prevalent contaminants with long-term persistence and a strong carcinogenic risk. Biological dechlorination has gradually become the mainstream method due to its advantages of low treatment cost and high environmental friendliness. However, microorganisms are easily restricted by environmental factors, such as an insufficient energy supply and a slow biological dechlorination process. This study focused on the coupled degradation of TCE with the combination of microorganisms and assistant materials (biochar, nZVI, nZVI modified biochar, HPO3 modified biochar), and set up microorganisms (alone) and materials (alone) as separate controls. Biochar provided nutrients, increased contact with pollutants, and promoted electron transfer to improve TCE degradation, although it did not change the pathway of degradation. The coupled treatment with anaerobic microorganisms (Micro) and 1 g/L unmodified biochar (BC) had the strongest degradation capacity. Compared with microorganisms alone, the addition of biochar resulted in the complete removal of TCE within 4 days. The influence of ambient temperature was mainly related to microbial activity, and 35 °C showed better degradation than 20 °C. Under 20 °C, 1 g/L of nZVI significantly promoted microbial dechlorination. As the dosage increased to 2 g/L and 4 g/L, nZVI showed a strong toxic effect. After 16 days, TCE was completely converted to ethylene by Micro-BC with C3H5O3Na, while 4.40 μmol dichloroethane (DCE) and 1.48 μmol vinyl chloride (VC) remained in the treatment with Micro-BC alone. As an electron acceptor, NaNO3 directly competed with TCE in the reduction process, which decreased the reduction efficiency of TCE. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanism of the chemical materials coupling microbial dechlorination process and an optimal treatment method for trichloroethylene degradation.

Simulation and analysis of heat transfer performance of electrical heating fabric at low temperature based on skin tissue

PurposeAt present, electrical heating clothing is widely used to keep ourselves warm at low temperature. The purpose of this paper is to explore the heat transfer performance of electrical heating fabric and the thermal comfort of human skin at low temperature.Design/methodology/approachThe combined model of skin-electrical heating fabric system was established to simulate human skin tissue wearing electrical heating clothing. A series of simulation experiments are designed on the basis of verifying the effectiveness of the combined model. The temperature distribution inside the combined model and on the skin surface under different heating powers is simulated and analyzed. At the same time, the influence of ambient temperature on the thermal performance of electrical heating fabric was explored.FindingsThe skin model with blood vessels reflected the temperature change of human skin wearing electrical heating clothing. The higher the heating power of the electrical heating fabric was, the greater the temperature of the skin surface changed, the faster the temperature rose and the longer the time required to reach the stable state would be. After the heating element was electrified, it had the greatest effect on the average temperature of the epidermis and dermis, had smaller effect on the average temperature of subcutaneous layer and had little effect on the temperature of blood vessels. When the heating power was the same, the higher the ambient temperature was, the more obvious the heating effect of electrical heating fabric was. Electrical heating fabrics with different heating powers were suitable for different ambient temperature ranges.Originality/valueA reasonable and effective evaluation method for the thermal comfort of electrical heating fabric was provided by establishing the skin model and combined model of the skin-electrical heating fabric system. It provides a reference for the design and application of electrical heating clothing.

The Influence of Ambient Temperature on Adipose Tissue Homeostasis, Metabolic Diseases and Cancers.

Adipose tissue is a recognized energy storage organ during excessive energy intake and an endocrine and thermoregulator, which interacts with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism. Adipose tissue dysfunction is observed in most obese mouse models and humans. However, most studies using mouse models were conducted at room temperature (RT), where mice were chronically exposed to mild cold. In this condition, energy use is prioritized for thermogenesis to maintain body temperature in mice. It also leads to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, followed by the activation of β-adrenergic signaling. As humans live primarily in their thermoneutral (TN) zone, RT housing for mice limits the interpretation of disease studies from mouse models to humans. Therefore, housing mice in their TN zone (~28-30 °C) can be considered to mimic humans physiologically. However, factors such as temperature ranges and TN pre-acclimatization periods should be examined to obtain reliable results. In this review, we discuss how adipose tissue responds to housing temperature and the outcomes of the TN zone in metabolic disease studies. This review highlights the critical role of TN housing in mouse models for studying adipose tissue function and human metabolic diseases.

Non-optimal ambient temperatures aggravate insecticide toxicity and affect honey bees Apis mellifera L. gene regulation

In this study, we conducted a transcriptional analysis of five honey bee genes to examine their functional involvement vis-à-vis ambient temperatures and exposure to imidacloprid. In a 15-day cage experiment, three cohorts of one-day-old sister bees emerged in incubators, were distributed into cages, and maintained at three different temperatures (26 °C, 32 °C, 38 °C). Each cohort was fed a protein patty and three concentrations of imidacloprid-tainted sugar (0 ppb, 5 ppb and 20 ppb) ad libitum. Honey bee mortality, syrup and patty consumption were monitored daily over 15 days. Bees were sampled every three days for a total of five time points. RT-qPCR was used to longitudinally assess gene regulation of Vg, mrjp1, Rsod, AChE-2 and Trx-1 using RNA extracted from whole bee bodies. Kaplan–Meier models show that bees kept at both non-optimal temperatures (26 °C and 38 °C) were more susceptible to imidacloprid, with significantly higher mortality (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) compared to the control. At 32 °C, no differences in mortality (P = 0.3) were recorded among treatments. In both imidacloprid treatment groups and the control, the expression of Vg and mrjp1 was significantly downregulated at 26 °C and 38 °C compared to the optimal temperature of 32 °C, indicating major influence of ambient temperature on the regulation of these genes. Within the ambient temperature groups, both imidacloprid treatments exclusively downregulated Vg and mrjp1 at 26 °C. AChE-2 and the poorly characterized Rsod gene were both consistently upregulated at the highest temperature (38 °C) compared to the ideal temperature (32 °C) in all treatment groups. Trx-1 showed no effect to both temperature and imidacloprid treatments and was regulated in an age-related manner. Overall, our results indicate that ambient temperatures amplify imidacloprid toxicity and affect honey bee gene regulation.

The influence of ambient temperature and polyphenols from plant leaves on growth and the response to oxidative and nitrosative stress in African nightcrawler earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867).

Earthworms are one of the organisms that may be affected by climate change. Finding ways to help them deal with this problem is, therefore, important and necessary. The objective of this experiment was to understand the influence of ambient temperature and polyphenols from mulberry (Morus alba L.), almond (Terminalia catappa L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta (L.) Crantz) leaveson growth, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrationof the African night crawler, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867) earthworm. The earthworms were cultured in 2 different conditions of ambient temperature, and in 4 types of substrate i.e. dairy cow faeces (BS), dairy cow faeces + mulberry leaves (BS + MA), almond leaves (BS + TC), and cassava leaves (BS + ME), respectively. At week 2 of the experiment, body weight, FRAP, MDA, H2O2 and NO were measured in the earthworms. It was found that the body weight gain (BWG) of the earthworms cultured in BS at cyclical temperature (26+1oC-34+1oC-26+1oC,CyT) was higher than the constant temperature (26 ± 1°C, CoT) (P < 0.05). FRAP of earthworms cultured in BS + TC was higher than in other groups (P < 0.05). MDA of earthworms cultured at CyT was higher than ambient temperature at CoT (P < 0.05). At CyT, the MDA of earthworms cultured in BS + MA was higher than that of those cultured in BS, BS + TC and BS + ME (P < 0.05). NO of earthworms at CoT was higher than at CyT(P < 0.05). At CoT, the NO of earthworms cultured in BS + TC was lower than that of those cultured in BS + MA and BS + ME (P < 0.05). H2O2 of earthworms at CoT was higher than those at CyT (P < 0.05). The level of H2O2 of the earthworms cultured in BS + ME at CoT was higher than at CyT (P < 0.05). In addition, the H2O2 of earthworms cultured in both ambient temperatures and cultured in BS + MA was higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). These phenomena indicated that low and high ambient temperatures induced nitrosative and oxidative stress in earthworms, respectively. Mulberry leaves are toxic to earthworms. On the other hand, almond leaves could reduce nitrosative stress in earthworms. While at the CoT, cassava leaves induced the production of H2O2 in the earthworms.

EXPERIENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS CONTROL IN THE OPERATION OF PRODUCTS

The article summarizes the practical experience accumulated by the author in the application of non-destructive testing methods in the operation of aviation equipment, main gas pipelines, railway rolling stock. The main criteria for the selection of non-destructive testing methods, their applicability depending on the depth of the defect location and the maximum achievable sensitivity of the method are considered. The main advantages and disadvantages of non-destructive testing methods are indicated specific examples are given: –the influence of manufacturing defects in the material of products (main gas pipelines, railway rolling stock) on the detection of operational cracks; –an erroneous approach to ultrasonic inspection of zones of “tight” connection of two smoothly processed parts of the product and ways to eliminate such errors; –incorrect testing of the control technology, without taking into account: statistics on rejection of parts during their repair, the causes of the destruction of the part, the influence of the operating conditions of the product; the influence of ambient temperature. Recommendations are given on the search zones for operational defects of technological gas pipelines. Recommendations have been worked out to eliminate the identified shortcomings. The author gives examples of the application of non-destructive testing methods for 30 years of his practical activity.

A comparative study to determine the photovoltaic annual energy generation in the Brazilian Northeast

Renewable energy sources have been growing worldwide and solar energy is a significant part of such sources. An essential step in planning studies, including the problem of optimal location and sizing of photovoltaic (PV) generators, is estimating how much energy the panels will generate over time. For that, two aspects must be considered: the stochastic nature of the input variables and the way to calculate the generator's output power. A brief literature review identified 12 approaches to determine the PV output power. Therefore, this article compares such methods through actual meteorological data and generated energy over 1 year by a solar power plant located in a specific site in the Brazilian Northeast. An analysis is carried out on the influence of correlations between meteorological variables in estimating the generated energy. There is no comparative work in the literature on the analytical models for calculating the PV output power in conjunction with the correlation analysis. As expected, models that consider the influence of ambient temperature on output power performed better than those that do not. How the energy generated by the PV panel is estimated can influence the economic viability of a project since oversizing the PV system entails unnecessary additional costs. Monte Carlo simulations generate data samples used by the studied models for power output calculation. According to our findings, considering the correlation between meteorological variables reduces the error in estimating the generated energy by PV panels.

Study on warpage deformation of micro extrusion 3D Printing Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold and Its Optimization Method

Spinal degeneration is a major disease that affects human health. Titanium alloy, PECK, and other nondegradable materials are currently used in interbody fusion cages. It is important to develop a biodegradable biomaterial. Taking the warpage analysis in micro extrusion 3D printing of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and polycaprolactone (PCL) mixed materials as an example, the theoretical model of 3D printing part deformation is established and studied, the influence of different stress resultant forces on warpage is analyzed. The influence of layer height, ambient temperature, and other process parameters on the warpage of the finished product is quantitatively analyzed. It is proposed to increase the printing temperature appropriately and print layer thickness. The printing warpage can be reduced by reducing the end face length.

Identifying factors affecting comfort workwear for mountain tourism

The quality and comfort of clothing for people engaged in mountain tourism are influenced by the pack of clothing materials, which determine their durability and heat resistance. In practice, wear resistance and thermal insulation of clothing materials are evaluated by standard methods for single-layer materials. To solve the problem of studying the wear resistance and heat resistance of a clothing pack, we developed an experimental setup for studying the wear resistance of the clothing pack under the influence of cyclic loads and an installation for determining the heat-shielding properties of the pack of clothing materials, allowing you to reproduce both the temperature of the underwear space, as well as environmental factors. By studying the influence of wind flow, humidity and ambient temperature on the heat-shielding ability of packages of various compositions, the most rational package of clothing for mountain tourism was determined. The selected package provides a comfortable state of a person in the absence of air permeability and at a wind speed of 5 m/s; and at wind speeds of 10 m/s and 15 m/s, the temperature of the underwear space decreases. The heat protection of the clothing package is influenced by the breathing of the athlete’s body during movements. So, at ambient temperature Tok=20 °C and humidity within 60‒70 % when the breathing simulator was turned on in the underwear space, Tpp=26 °C, W=62 %, and when it was turned off, Tpp=27 °C, and the humidity value did not change. The developed experimental installations and research methods can be recommended for use at the design stage in the production laboratories of enterprises producing mountain sports clothing