Inflectional Type Research Articles

Typologies of agreement: some problems from Kayardild

‘that rarity, nouns…, those most reluctant agreers, aggreeing in case, of all categories’ (Plank 1995: 32)In this paper I describe a number of agreement‐type phenomena in the Australian language Kayardild, and assess them against existing definitions, stating both the boundaries of what is to be considered agreement, and characteristics of prototypical agreement phenomena. Though conforming, prima facie, to definitions of agreement that stress semantically based covariance in inflections on different words, the Kayardild phenomena considered here pose a number of challenges to accepted views of agreement: the rich possibilities for stacking case‐like agreement inflections emanating from different syntactic levels, the fact that inflections resulting from agreement may change the word class of their host, and the semantic categories involved, in particular tense/aspect/mood, which have been claimed not to be agreement categories on nominals. Two types of inflection, in particular—‘modal case’ and ‘associating case’—lie somewhere between prototypical agreement and prototypical government. Like agreement, but unlike government, they are triggered by inflectional rather than lexical features of the head, and appear on more than one constituent; like government, but unlike agreement, the semantic categories on head and dependent are not isomorphic. Other types of inflection, though unusual in the categories involved, the possibility of recursion, and their effects on the host's word class, are close to prototypical in terms of how they fare in Corbett's proposed tests for canonical agreement.

Adjectival agreement vs. adverbial inflection in Balanta

Adjectives modifying singular human nouns in the Ganja dialect of Balanta bear one of two prefixes: u- and a-. It is argued that these prefixes represent two different types of inflection, agreement ( u-) and adverbial marking ( a-). Alternative analyses based on stage-level vs. individual-level interpretations of adjectives and the individual-event distinction are shown to be insufficient. Finally, the set of adjectival agreement prefixes occurring in other Balanta dialects is considered, and a diachronic explanation based on Kuryłowicz's laws of analogical change and Lass’ theory of linguistic exaptation is proposed [J Linguistics 26 (1990) 79–102].

Analyzing inflectional morphology in a spoken language translation system

At least one speech input is received and at least one token is generated from speech input. Morphemes of the tokens are reduced to at least one feature. Furthermore, an inflection type of the token is identified. At least one dictionary is searched for entries comprising features that match the features reduced from the morphemes. At least one lexical feature structure is generated for the token by inserting at least one morphological feature associated with the inflection type into the entry feature. An output is provided comprising at least one lexical feature structure.

Case inflection and nominal head marking in Dinka

Dinka, a largely monosyllabic Western Nilotic language, exhibits two types of case inflection. Firstly, there are case forms that indicate the grammatical relation of a noun phrase to the verb. These cases include the absolutive, which is morphologically unmarked, the oblique, and two locatives. The oblique is the case of, among others, a postverbal subject, while an object and a preverbal subject have the absolutive case. Secondly, there are case forms that indicate the relation between the head and the modifier in a complex noun phrase. A modifier follows the head, and Dinka is head-marking in the sense that a noun takes a special (case ) form when modified by, for instance, a demonstrative, a possessor noun phrase or a relative clause, a form that I label construct state. There are two different construct states, and the choice between them depends on the type of the modifier. Moreover, a possessor noun phrase has the oblique case. Case inflection is almost exclusively root-internal, i.e. non-linear, the inflections being expressed by alternations in vowel length, vowel quality, tone, and the root-final consonant. The same means are used in number inflection. Nevertheless, nouns have a clearly stratified morphology.

Effects of wall compliance on the hydrodynamic stability and transition delay of a wall-jet flow

The purpose of the present work is to examine the possibility of transition delay in plane wall-jet flows using a compliant surface. Because the wall-jet first becomes unstable with respect to the inflectional type instability, the main focus of the study is concerned with the effect of a compliant wall on the ‘inviscid mode’ of the wall-jet. As a starting point, a simple model of an inviscid shear layer over a compliant surface is analyzed. Unlike the case of a shear layer over a rigid boundary, a surface induced instability may occur, in addition to the existing inviscid type instability. Nevertheless, a set of parameters is found for which the growth rate of both instability modes is completely suppressed. In addition, an exchange between the two modes is found. Similar effects are found in the wall-jet case. Accordingly, a set of optimal surface parameters for which the maximum growth rates of both modes are significantly less than the maximum growth rate of the ‘inviscid mode’ in the case of a rigid wall, is found. Because such sets of optimal parameters can be obtained for the entire range of Reynolds numbers where the ‘inviscid mode’ is the only existing unstable mode in the rigid boundary case, transition delay can be achieved.

On the relation between V-to-I and the structure of the inflectional paradigm

In this paper an account is provided of the trigger for V-to-I movement. This account explains why relatively rich inflection involves a distinct inflectional node in the clausal structure whereas relatively poor inflection is base-generated on the verb (Rohrbacher 1999), without having to assume that there are two fundamentally different types of inflection. I will argue that there is not a direct causal connection between rich inflection and V-to-I but, rather, that the two are related because having V-to-I andnot having rich inflection are alternative ways of avoiding a violation of the same constraint, namely a general constraint that disfavours complex structure below the word (X 0 ) level. This constraint is a ranked, violable constraint, as in the optimality-theoretic conception of grammar. Its interaction with two other relevant constraints, which concern economy of movement and realisation of the input in the output, will account for the fact that languages can vary in their tolerance level for the amount of inflection on unmoved verbs. The analysis thus explains why no single definition of richness can exactly divide the V-to-I languages from the non-V-to-I ones. It will also account for the English ‘V-to-I for auxiliaries only’ puzzle.

Bounds for maps of an interval with one critical point of inflection type. II.

Recently quite a few papers appeared proving complex bounds, local connectivity of Julia sets, absence of invariant linefields and quasisymmetric rigidity for real polynomial maps. Let us first discuss the unimodal case. In 1990 Martens [Ma] proved that there are real bounds for a certain sequence of first return maps to suitable central intervals. In 1990 Sullivan showed that if the unimodal maps are real analytic, infinitely renormalizable and have bounded combinatorics, then their first return maps extend to the complex plane as polynomial-like maps, see [Su] and also [MS]. In 1994 the present authors proved that all real analytic unimodal maps allow such polynomial-like complex extensions for the ‘non-central’ first return maps. The proof even gave explicit numerical lower bounds for the moduli of certain annuli, [LS1]. For the quadratic case, different proofs were later provided by [GS1], [LY]. For the smooth case see [Ko]. In 1996 Sands, see [Sa], improved our numerical bounds for maps of the form g(x ) so that the Schwarzian derivative of g is negative. This polynomial-like structure is one of the main ingredients in many recent results on smooth unimodal maps. For example, it is heavily used in the proof

1905 主流中の変動に対するはく離せん断層の応答

When the periodic velocity fluctuation is introduced in a mean flow, the separation flow changes in various manners. This report concerns with the "flapping" motion of the separation shear layer by means of the phase averaging of instantaneous velocity profiles over the separation region. In order to know the principal motion of the velocity profile precisely, wavelet transform is used. The shapes of profile are quite different at each phase and with the frequency of the fluctuation. When the suitable frequency was chosen, the phase averaged velocity profile is changing periodically between the profile of "inflection type" and "boundary layer type".

343Wavelet変換を用いた変動はく離流れの位相平均解析

When the periodic velocity fluctuation is introduced in the mean flow, the separation flow changes in various manners. This report concerns with the “flapping” motion of the separation shear layer by means of the phase averaging of instantaneous velocity profiles over the separation region. In order to know the principal motion of the velocity profile precisely, wavelet transform with Morlet wavelet is used. The shapes of profile are quite different at each phase and with the frequency of the fluctuation. When the suitable frequency was chosen, the phase averaged velocity profile is changing periodically between the profile of “inflection type” and “boundary layer type”.

Finite-state abstractions on Arabic morphology

There has been much interest recently in two-level and associative models for handling morphologically rich inflectional languages. Such models are claimed to have advantages over generative, rule-based approaches in terms of not just conceptual appropriateness but also computational efficiency. The claim with regard to the former is that, whilst generative approaches to morphology may well be useful for inflectionally simple natural languages such as English (where most of the processing is carried out at the sentence level, with dictionaries and lexicons being accessed to identify secondary inflectional information once primitive words are found), this approach is not at all suitable for inflectionally rich languages where grammatical information is carried not by the combination or pattern of distinct and separate words which make up the sentence but by the combination or pattern of inflections within a ‘word’ where, for instance, there are no clear boundaries between morphological constituents. The claim with regard to the latter is that many generative approaches to natural language are inefficient and, in some cases, computationally intractable, because of the heavy memory and processing demand placed on implementing actual models based on these approaches for anything more than a constrained fragment of a language. This paper describes an application of finite-state automata for Arabic noun inflections which leads to abstractions based on network topology as well as the form and content of network arcs. The idea of specific automata for specific inflection types inheriting some or all of the nodes, arc form and arc content of abstract automata representing more abstract classes of inflection is also introduced. This can lead to novel linguistic generalities and applications, as well as advantages in terms of procedural efficiency and representation.

Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Radial Liquid-Film Flow on a Rotating Disk 4th Report, Linear Stability.

The laminar flow in the radial liquid-film flow on a rotating disk has velocity profiles with a kind of three-dimensional boundary layer. The linear stability of the flow was analyzed, with the effects of Coriolis force and streamline curvature taken into account. In the experiment, the frequency of disturbance was detected through wall pressure and the direction of propagation of the spiral vortices was obtained by measuring the angle of distortion of the disturbance waves on the liquid surface. The results of the stability analysis showed that the instability of the flow changes, with an increase in the effect of disk rotation on the flow, from a viscous to an inflectional type : the weak three-dimensionality of the velocity profile causes a decrease in the amplification factor of disturbance, suppressing the transition accordingly, whereas the strong three-dimensionality promotes the transition because of the inflectional instability. The results of the stability analysis were in reasonably good agreement with the experimental results.

Ribulose Bisphosphate-Induced, Slow Conformational Changes of Spinach Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Cause the Two Types of Inflections in the Course of Its Carboxylase Reaction1

The cause of the inflection in the course of the carboxylase reaction and the changes in the functioning form of spinach ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO) during the reaction were elucidated by relating the activity to the protein conformation of RuBisCO using a fluorescence probe, 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene sulfonate. The activity of RuBisCO in the linear phase was 50 to 60% of that in the initial burst at 0.5 to 1.0 mM ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) and 65 to 80% at 2 to 5 mM RuBP. The amount and the progress of the decrease in the activity during the reaction had a close relationship to a change in the protein conformation of RuBisCO. The enzyme, the substrate binding sites of which were masked beforehand with carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate, still showed a change of its protein conformation upon addition of RuBP, suggesting that RuBisCO has two (substrate and regulatory) RuBP-binding sites per RuBisCO promoter. RuBisCO required over 2 mM RuBP for binding on the regulatory sites. Both sites also bound 6-phosphogluconate. When both sites were masked with 6-phosphogluconate beforehand, the course of the subsequent carboxylase reaction was linear with time. From these results, I propose that the inflection in the course of the reaction of spinach RuBisCO is a hysteretic response of the enzyme to RuBP bound to both substrate and regulatory sites.

Mechanism and kinetics of hydrochloric acid initiated ?-caprolactam polymerization

A mechanistic scheme is suggested for lactam polymerisation initiated by hydrochloric acid on the basis of the general mechanism put forward earlier by Bertalan et al. According to this mechanism during the polymerization conditions are created which can initiate further polymerizations resulting in a characteristic inflection type kinetic curve. Experimental results can be well interpreted qualitatively on the basis of this mechanism, and therefore it can serve as a starting point also for a quantitative kinetic model.

Common Sense and Terminology

In spite of numerous suggestions' and recurrent discussions, the bewildering profusion and confusion of conflicting and overlapping grammatical terms used in the teaching of German2 are still unresolved problems in our profession and in language teaching in general. This confusion is not surprising when we remember the diverse origins and ages of the most frequently used terms in the inventory of our grammatical terminology. Roman grammarians translated Greek terms and adapted them to Latin, yet not always correctly. Accusative, for example, is a two-thousand year old mistranslation.3 The advantage of Latinbased terminology is its internationality, but many terms are not descriptive enough and have become fossilized, as, for instance, from Latin articulum meaning 'little joint.' While the terms continued to be used, grammatical theory underwent a number of changes. 18th century grammarians, for example, considered the (< Latin nomen'name') as the most important part of speech (therefore it is das Hauptwort, Nennwort, Dingwort and capitalized in German), but today we view the (< Latin verbum 'word') as the core of German syntax. Another source of terms used in German textbooks are English translations of German coinages, primarily of those by Jacob Grimm (17851863) who created, for example, the dichotomy of stark 'strong' and schwach 'weak' to name classes of verbs as well as types of nominal and adjectival inflections. These terms were contradictory from their very inception: Strong verbs are characterized, among other features, by len/ at the end of the past participle, while weak denotes nouns and adjectives inflected with /(e)n/.4 Thirdly, structural, applied and generative linguists have suggested numerous words during the last fifty years, such as (noun) determiner, limiting word, primary and secondary adjective declension or verb phrase and noun phrase. These terms have, however, only been sporadically used in textbook descriptions of German morphology and syntax. It is not surprising that teachers and students alike are frustrated in such a terminological labyrinth. This article is a plea for another attempt to improve and streamline the grammatical terminology in German pedagogy. In a society where scientific investigation and electronic communication predominate, outsiders of our profession may, with some justification, accuse us of being steeped in tradition, unscientific and incapable of describing our own professional field: language. Inside our profession, communication is quite often hampered by the lack of agreement on the most appropriate terminology. We readily accept the fact that the German language has changed during the course of its history as is evidenced by glossaries for relatively recent works, such as those by Goethe. We also, even if

Personal Names and German Noun Inflection

References Adelung, Johann Christoph. 1782. Umständliches Lehrgebäude der Deutschen Sprache. 2 vols. Leipzig, Breitkopf. Aichinger, Carl Friedrich. 1754. Versuch einer teutschen Sprachlehre. (reprinted Hildesheim/New York, Olms, 1972) Bach, Adolf. 1952. Deutsche Namenkunde. vol. 1.1 Baesecke, Georg, 1918. Einführung in das Althochdeutsche. Braune, Wilhelm and Hans Eggers. 1975. Althochdeutsche Grammatik. 13th ed. Duden. Grammatik der deutschen Gegenwartsprache. 1973. 3rd ed. by P. Grebe, et al. Franck, J. 1909. Altfränkische Grammatik. Gottsched, Johann Christoph. 1762. Vollständigere und Neuerläuterte Deutsche Sprachkunst, ed. by Herbert Penzl (Ausgewählte Werke, vol. 8, parts 1–3) Berlin/New York, de Gruyter, 1978–1980. Jellinek, Max Hermann. 1913–1914. Geschichte der neuhochdeutschen Grammatik von den Anfängen bis auf Adelung. Kehrein, Joseph. 1854–1856. Grammatik der deutschen Sprache des fünfzehnten bis siebenzehnten Jahrhunderts. 3 parts (reprinted Hildesheim 1968). Leys, Odo. 1966. “Der Eigenname in seinem formalen Verhältnis zum Appellativ”. In: Beiträge zur Namenforschung 1966, pp. 113–123. Müller-Fraureuth, Carl. 1895. Die deutsche Grammatik des Laurentius Albertus. (Ältere deutsche Grammatiken in Neudrucken III) Paul, Hermann, Hugo Moser, and Ingeborg Schröbler. 1969. Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik. 20th ed. Penzl, Herbert. 1982. Frühneuhochdeutsch. Eine Einführung in die Sprache. (Germanistische Lehrbuchsammlung) Bern, P. Lang, forthcoming. Pfleiderer, W. 1903. “Die Sprache des jungen Schiller in ihrem Verhältnis zur neuhochdeutschen Schriftsprache”. In: Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 28, pp. 346ff. Popowitsch, J.S.V. 1754. Die nothwendigsten Anfangsgründe der Teutschen Sprachkunst. Vienna. Weidling, Friedrich. 1894. Die deutsche Grammatik des Johannes Clajus. (Ältere deutsche Grammatiken in Neudrucken II) Wilmanns, W. 1909. Deutsche Grammatik. III. 2nd part.

Direct computation of the dyadic autocorrelation function

An efficient method for computing the dyadic-time-shift invariant autocorrelation function is presented. The algorithm is based upon recognition of the symmetry properties of the ‘inflection types’ which occur in a mod 2 addition table.

A Note of the Latin Granicies 'Border' and the -(it)ies Formations in the Corpus of Medieval Latin in Polan

The Polish medieval Latin corpus is a specific collection of texts created during the Middle Ages in the Polish lands. The language itself had a special status as it was no longer the native language of any specific population. Consequently, it underwent changes in the lexicon to the extent that both Latin forms were transferred into Polish and the Polish ones into Latin. Such is the case with the word granicies ‘border’ which was transferred from the Polish word granica ‘border’. The baffling thing is that the transfer itself created a word within the non-productive Latin fifth declension. The purpose of the present article is to try to explain why it was transferred to this specific type of inflection.

Noun Morphology in Romanian

0. This paper is a morphophonemic and morphemic study of a class of Romanian words defined by their inflectional behavior as nouns. The point of departure is an array of isolated examples in phonemic form; the result is a classification of nouns by morphological types and a morphemic formula. The corpus from which the examples are drawn consists of Romanian texts' interpreted with the aid of native speakers, supplemented with utterances by the speakers themselves.2 The underlying phonemic analysis is the author's. Phonemic data are here given for orientation only; they do not pretend to be a complete presentation of Romanian phonology. The phonemes of standard Romanian3 are the following: SYLLABIC: two front vowels /i e/, three central vowels /i a a/, and two back vowels /u o/, of which /i i u/ are high, /ea ~/ are mid, /a/ is low; NONSYLLABIC: six labial consonants /p b f v m w/, eight alveolar consonants /t d c s z n 1 r/, five palatal consonants /6 g A j/, and three velar consonants /k g h/; ACCENTUAL: one stress /'/ and three pitches /1 2 3/;4 JUNCTURAL: one phraseinternal juncture /+/ and three phrase-final junctures /I II ./. The language has phonological words, defined as free forms with a single stress, e.g. /kibriturile/ 'the matches', /deobi66j/ 'usually', /umpri6ten/ 'a friend'. It also has morphological words; without recourse to syntax one can isolate four classes by the type of inflection which they exhibit in paradigms: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs.5 We are here concerned exclusively with nouns.

Unaaliq and Proto Eskimo III: Synchronic Notes

Previous articleNext article No AccessUnaaliq and Proto Eskimo III: Synchronic NotesMorris SwadeshMorris Swadesh Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by International Journal of American Linguistics Volume 18, Number 2Apr., 1952 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/464152 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Richard Warner The Relationship between Language and Disease Concepts, The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 7, no.11 (Jan 1995): 57–68.https://doi.org/10.2190/6CEK-XU4J-HYF0-9GCP

The Tenses of Ugaritic

THE DECIPHERMENT of the Ras Shamra alphabet is one of the recent achievements in the field of Oriental studies. Following the completion of this task,1 the interpretation of the available texts will occupy Semitists for some time to come. All interpreters, from the very outset, face the intricate problem of the meaning which is to be assigned to the different inflectional types of the verb in the new language. Both types so familiar from the other Semitic languages, qtl and yqtl, recur. But the student who approaches the Ugaritic epics with West Semitic, or even Hebrew, grammar in mind is startled by the fact that the long narrative passages they contain are for the most part in the -imperfect (yqtl) and sporadically in the perfect (qtl). Furthermore, he finds the perfecte (qtl) apparently also outside narration. His amazement results from a wrong attitude. The new language, in spite of its close relationship to Canaanite, must be explained from within itself. The evidence of the texts, when evaluated without prejudice, warrants the conclusion (which in fact has already been drawn by others2 that in Ugaritic the theme yqtl serves as the preterite in the narration and that qtl is limited to