Inflammatory Periodontal Disease Research Articles

Chemotherapeutic Agents in Periodontics: A Review

"Selman Waksman" first used the term "antibiotic" in 1942 to refer to any material produced by a bacterium that inhibits the growth of other micro-organisms in high dilution. The pathogenic bacteria, the patient, and the medication are the three main components of the antibiotic periodontal therapy idea. Patients with attachment loss or with aggressive types of periodontitis or those with periodontitis linked with underlying medical conditions are the best candidates for systemic antimicrobial therapy. The three main objectives of Periodontal Therapy are disrupting biofilms, suppressing potential periodontal pathogens throughout the entire oral cavity, and halting the illness. The microbial etiology of inflammatory periodontal disease provides the rationale for the use of antibiotic medication in periodontal therapy. This idea is predicated on the idea that a certain bacterium causes destructive periodontal disease and that antibiotic agents can be present in humans in doses greater than those required to kill or inhibit infections. Keywords: Antibiotics, Systemic drug delivery, Local drug delivery, Periodontal therapy.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИНГИБИТОРОВ МЕТАЛЛОПРОТЕИНАЗ В КОМПЛЕКСНОМ ЛЕЧЕНИИ ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПАРОДОНТА

Periodontitis is the most common inflammatory disease that leads to the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth. Therapeutic treatments aimed at reducing the effects of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may be an effective adjunct to the treatment of periodontitis. The review examines the role of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. General information about the ability of tetracyclines to inhibit MMPs is discussed. The purpose of the study was to examine the use of MMP inhibitors as a treatment for periodontal disease. Material and research methods. A scientific review of studies was carried out in Russian and English using information portals and platforms eLIBRARY.ru, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus. The search was carried out using the following keywords: matrix metalloproteinases; oral diseases; tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Of the 55 initially identified articles, after the initial analysis, 19 publications devoted to the study of MMP inhibitors associated with periodontal diseases were selected. Results of the study. Analysis of the literature allows us to conclude that the elimination of local irritants of periodontal tissues, the use of a therapeutic and prophylactic complex of measures using MMP inhibitors will have an advantage over traditional methods of treatment, will contribute to longer remission and prevent the progression of the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues, positively influence its course and reduce treatment time. The use of metalloproteinase inhibitors is an effective therapeutic strategy in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Conclusions. The therapeutic potential of metalloproteinase inhibitors may help prevent tissue damage in inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Artificial Intelligence for Detecting Periodontitis: Systematic Literature Review

Background The determination of the diagnosis of inflammatory periodontitis is generally based on clinical examination, which is then strengthened by radiographic examination. Still, the inequality of assessment of clinical conditions, along with limitations of radiographic interpretation, makes determining the diagnosis of the periodontal disease difficult. The use of artificial intelligence as a digital system approach is believed to reduce costs, time, the need for medical services, and medical errors that may occur due to human factors. Objective This systematic review study is to analyze the use of dental and panoramic radiographs combined with the use of artificial intelligence in establishing the diagnosis of periodontitis based on the parameters of periodontal disease severity according to the 2017 American Academy of Periodontology/European Federation of Periodontology Workshop (pocket depth, clinical attachment loss (CAL) and the pattern and level of alveolar bone damage that occurs). Methods Journal searches for articles published in English were carried out through the PubMed and Scopus databases in the 2011-2021 period, using the search terms periodontitis, periodontal disease, food impaction, trauma occlusion, periapical radiograph, panoramic, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and periodontal bone loss, after going through article selection, two suitable articles were obtained. Results Two studies fell into the analyzed category. Both list periodontal bone loss as a parameter that marks periodontitis, and the use of panoramic photos in detecting this parameter assisted by Convolutional Neural Networks as artificial intelligence. Conclusion The use of panoramic radiographs and Convolutional Neural Networks as artificial intelligence that serves as a tool to detect periodontal bone damage has almost the same results as experienced clinicians In order for this method to be developed in the future to help clinicians establish the diagnosis, more clinical and image data will be required.

Pathogenetic strategies for addressing periodontal morphological and functional disorders in plaque-induced gingivitis

Relevance. Plaque-induced gingivitis represents the initial phase of periodontal diseases and a significant medical and social challenge within global healthcare frameworks, particularly prevalent among younger people.Demographics. This prevalence arises from its multifactorial etiology, complex developmental mechanisms, and notable pathogenetic features, most evidently microcirculatory disruptions leading to tissue hypoxia. Addressing these pathological conditions requires the development of novel diagnostic methodologies and therapeutic interventions to prevent further complications.Materials and methods. The study encompassed 54 subjects with an average age of 22.5 ± 1.7 years. The control group included 34 participants (GroupI), and the comparison group 20 participants (Group II). Group II received vacuum laser therapy in conjunction with Mexidol-based dressings, noted for their antihypoxant and antioxidant properties.Results. Evaluations conducted post-treatment indicated enhancements in both arterial and venous capillary functions. Amid the antioxidant and antihypoxant treatment regimen, capillary diameters were reduced to match those observed in the control group.Conclusion. Regimen implemented in this study was clinically and functionally effective in a combined treatment protocol involving vacuum laser therapy on periodontal tissues of plaque-induced gingivitis patients. This regimen is recommendable as a corrective measure for microcirculatory disturbances within the scope of managing inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Development, Evaluation, and Molecular Dynamics Study of Ampicillin-Loaded Chitosan-Hyaluronic Acid Films as a Drug Delivery System.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory periodontal disease defined by the progressive loss of tissues surrounding the tooth. Ampicillin is an antibiotic for managing and treating specific bacterial infections, including periodontitis. Periodontal pockets occur due to periodontal disease progression and act as a natural reservoir that is easily reachable for the insertion of a delivery system, and the amount of drug to be released has a major role in the efficiency of treatment of the disease. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), particularly those based on chitosan and hyaluronic acid combinations, offer a promising avenue to overcome the challenges associated with drug delivery. These complexes are both biodegradable and biocompatible, making them an optimal choice for enabling targeted drug delivery. This study centers on developing and assessing the structure and dynamic attributes of a drug-PEC system encompassing ampicillin and chitosan-hyaluronic acid components, which represents a targeted drug delivery system to better alleviate the periodontitis. To achieve this goal, we conducted experiments including weight and drug content uniformity, swelling ındex, drug release %, FT-IR and SEM analyses, and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on the drug PECs loaded with ampicillin with varying amounts of hyaluronic acid. All simulations and the experimental analysis suggested that increased HA amount resulted in an increase in drug release % and swelling index. The simulation outcomes provide insights into the nature of the drug and PEC interactions alongside transport properties such as drug diffusion coefficients. These coefficients offer valuable insights into the molecular behavior of ampicillin-PEC drug delivery systems, particularly in the context of their application in periodontitis treatment.

The Influence of Orthodontic Treatment on Periodontal Health between Challenge and Synergy: A Narrative Review.

By correctly repositioning teeth, orthodontic therapy improves both the function and appearance of an occlusion. The relationship between teeth and the tissues that surround and support them significantly influences these alterations. With ever more adults seeking orthodontic care, orthodontists are increasingly seeing patients with periodontal issues. Concerns about the patient's appearance, such as uneven gingival margins or functional issues caused by inflammatory periodontal diseases, should be accounted for when designing orthodontic treatment plans. Furthermore, orthodontics may increase the chances of saving and recovering a degraded dentition in cases of severe periodontitis. Today, general dentists, dontists, and orthodontists play integrative roles that enable them to achieve the best possible results for their patients. This review will improve the results of interdisciplinary treatments and increase cooperation between dental specialists by drawing attention to the essential connection between orthodontics and periodontics in regular clinical practice.

Associations between single and multiple dietary vitamins and the risk of periodontitis: results from NHANES 2009-2014.

Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory periodontal disease that has an impact on the overall quality of life. Although several studies have indicated an association between individual vitamin intake and periodontitis risk, the associations of the multivitamins with periodontitis risk remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the joint effect of multivitamins (including vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K) on periodontitis. For this cross-sectional study, data were collected from participants aged ≥ 30 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009-2014 (n = 9,820). We employed weighted multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate the single association between individual vitamin intakes and periodontitis, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) models to assess the joint effect of nine vitamins on periodontitis. The overall prevalence of periodontitis was approximately 35.97%. After adjustment of covariates, vitamin B6 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72-0.94] and vitamin E (OR = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.69-0.92) were negatively related to the likelihood of developing periodontitis, respectively. The result of three models indicated that, mixture of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K had a significant negative combined effect on the risk of periodontitis. In the BKMR model, when all remaining vitamins were at their median levels, the periodontitis risk decreased with increased concentration levels of vitamin E and vitamin B2. WQS analysis indicated the highest weighted chemical was vitamin E, followed by vitamin B12 and vitamin D. In the qgcomp model, vitamin E received the highest negative weights for the periodontitis risk, followed by vitamin B2 and vitamin D, respectively. Both dietary vitamin B6 and vitamin E were associated with decreased odds of periodontitis. Additionally, the mixture-exposed analyses consistently showed the negative correlations between nine dietary vitamins mixtures and periodontitis.

Endodontic-periodontal continuum of tooth: Systematic literature review

INTRODUCTION. The pathogenetic relationship between periodontal and pulp diseases was first described by Simring and Goldberg in 1964. Since then, the term “endodontic-periodontal” lesion (or “endo-perio”) has been used to describe lesions caused by inflammatory products found to varying degrees in both the periodontal and dental pulp tissues. The pulp and periodontium have embryonic, anatomical and functional relationships. The simultaneous presence of changes in pulp tissue and inflammatory periodontal diseases can complicate diagnosis and treatment planning. The etiology, pathogenesis and treatment methods of endodontic-periodontal lesions can vary from quite simple to relatively complex aspects. Knowledge of the basis of concomitant inflammatory processes in the pulp and periodontium is important for making the correct diagnosis.AIM. Carry out a systematic analysis of the literature and summarize the available data on etiopatogenetic relations, diagnostic features and clinical history of endodontic periodontal dental lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A systematic literature analysis was carried out, as well as a manual search in the databases PubMed, Google Search, eLibrary, disserCat, Cyberleninka. Among national and foreign publications corresponding to the topic of this review, 28 publications were selected for systematic analysis, the results of literature review are presented in this article.CONCLUSION. This systematic review found that dental anatomy and the etiology of endodontic periodontal lesions are the basis for difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with endo-periodontal lesions. Determining the prevalence of infection and the individual characteristics of EPP pathogenesis in patients in this group remains a challenge. In the future, it is necessary to develop new methods of diagnosis, prophylaxis and complex treatment of combined periodontal tissue and tooth pulp, which will improve the prognosis of treatment of injured teeth in the long term.

TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES USING LOW-INTENSITY MAGNETIC LASER RADIATION

The major dental diseases, dental caries and chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, belong to infectious diseases in their pathogenesis, and their development and progression are due to a disruption of the host-microbe system balance. There is much evidence that when the normal composition of the oral microbiota is compromised and the content of conditioned or conditionally pathogenic microorganisms increases quantitatively or qualitatively, the severity of dental pathological processes increases, the effectiveness of dental treatment decreases, and the predisposition to disease relapse increases.

Comorbidity of periodontal diseases and atopic dermatitis

Summary. Currently, the relationship between periodontal diseases and somatic pathology has been proven. Studies on the relationship between periodontal diseases and atopic diseases are few, which determines the relevance of this study.
 Purpose of the study. To characterize the relationship between inflammatory periodontal diseases and atopic dermatitis.
 Methods. Using the citation-analytical databases PubMed, Google Scholar and eLibrary, 26,470 full-text publications on the research topic were found from 2016 to 2023.
 Results and discussion: An analysis of literature data was carried out to study the relationship between inflammatory periodontal diseases and atopic dermatitis. The presence of oral pathology in patients with atopic diseases can, on the one hand, lead to a worsening of the course of the atopic disease, and on the other hand, an atopic disease can contribute to the development of oral diseases. After conducting a literature search and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the sample, complete overlap of the research topics was found in only 3 publications. The data obtained turned out to be contradictory, since two publications established a direct connection between periodontitis and atopic dermatitis, and one publication did not. In publications touching on the research topic on certain aspects, the possible mechanisms of comorbidity of periodontal diseases and atopic diseases are characterized and opinions are presented on the existence of a feedback or direct relationship between these pathologies.
 Conclusion: To date, the periodontal status of patients with atopic dermatitis remains poorly understood, and the evidence linking oral diseases to it is ambiguous. The presented studies partially confirmed the direct connection between periodontal diseases and atopic dermatitis, but the hygiene hypothesis, according to which there is an inverse relationship between periodontal diseases and atopic diseases, was not confirmed.

Optimisation of the composition of safe dental gel with IL-1β antagonist for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases

Aim. The study aims to develop the composition of the oromucosal gel with the IL-1β interleukin antagonist for complex treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted based on the Department of Medicines Technology of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University and the Training Medical and Laboratory Center of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. As an active component, in the recipe of oromucosal gel, used antagonist of the interleukin IL-1B. Excipients: D-panthenol (the plasticizer), carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (the viscosity modifier and mucoadhesive component), Tween-80 (the enhancer absorption), benzalkonium chloride (the preservative), sodium hydrophosphate + citric acid (the phosphate buffer solution), purified water. The experiments used existing and auxiliary ingredients of pharmaceutical purity, which were obtained from Sinbias LLC, Istok-Plus LLC, LLC “Mobile Medical”. For the design of the experiment, the methodology of the response surface (Box-Behnken Design) is used: Na CMC, Tween-80, D-panthenol; and four answers: pH, viscosity test, system type, mucoadhesive properties. Research methods: rheological research (viscosity test, amplitude test, frequency test, mucoadhesive test, thixotropy test) performed in oscillation mode on the modular compact Rheometer Anton Paar MCR 302 (CP50-1 SN71317), which, compared to cylindrical devices, requires a much smaller amount of gel sample and allows the planned tests in the oscillation mode, the temperature in the experiments was provided with a built-in thermostat (Peltier Temperature Control, C-PTD 200). Pharmaco-toxicological studies were conducted on 46 white outbred rats of both sexes, weighing 160–180 grams, which were received from Vivarium by the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology. The studies were performed on enough animals, all manipulations were carried out by the provisions on the use of animals in biomedical experiments. The results of the study were calculated using the standard statistical package of the Statistica for Windows 13 (StatSoft Inc., No. JPZ804I382130ARCN10-J), as well as SPSS 16.0, Microsoft Office Excel 2003. Results. According to the design of the experiment, it is established that the components of the system do not change the value of pH in experimental oromucosal gels (6.5500 ± 0.0334). The Anova for Quadratic Model statistical analysis data certify the significant impact of Na CMC, and Tween-80 factors on the viscous characteristics of oromucosal gels (F-value > p-value). Comparison of mucoadhesive characteristics of the studied samples of oromucosal gels was made using dynamic mechanical analysis and the results of statistical analysis of ANOVA for Quadratic Model highlight the significant influence of Na CMC, D-panthenol, Tween-80. Optimized oromucosal gel test data is obtained that its structure is restored after the applied effort, namely the restoration of the structure after 10 seconds occurs by 69.5 %, after 30 s by 76.1 %, after 180 s by 85.4 %, after 180 s which allows to predict the stability of the dosage form, both after manufacture and after use. Conclusions. The composition of the oromucosal gel of anti-inflammatory action with the IL-1β interleukin antagonist for the complex treatment of inflammatory diseases of periodontal is developed. The optimized composition of the oromucosal gel obtained has satisfactory performance of kinetic stability and thixotropic properties. The developed gel for dentistry meets all the requirements for harmlessness and safety for dosage forms of this group toxicity, lack of local irritant and allergic action.

Phthalate exposure aggravates periodontitis by activating NFκB pathway

BackgroundPhthalates are widely used plasticizers, which were identified as risk factors in the development of many human diseases. However, the effects of phthalates in the periodontitis are unknown. We aimed to investigated the relationship of periodontitis and phthalate exposure as well as the underlying mechanisms. Materials and methodsUnivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were employed to evaluate the association between phthalate metabolites and periodontitis. The generalized additive model and piecewise logistic regression were conducted to investigate the dose-response relationship. Cell and animal models were used to explore the role and mechanism of DEHP in the development of periodontitis. Transcriptome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, western blot, immunofluorescence and mice model of periodontitis were also employed. ResultsMEHP (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24), MCPP (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00–1.17), MEHHP (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.08–1.29), MEOHP (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.07–1.29), MiBP (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.04–1.28), and MECPP (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.09–1.32) were independent risk factors. And MEHHP, the metabolite of DEHP, showed the relative most important effects on periodontitis with the highest weight (0.34) among all risk factors assessed. And the increase of inflammation and the activation of NFκB pathway in the periodontitis model mice and cells were observed. ConclusionExposure to multiple phthalates was positively associated with periodontitis in US adults between 30 and 80 years old. And DEHP aggravated inflammation in periodontitis by activating NFκB pathway.

Predicting The Course Of Localized Periodontitis Of Traumatic Etiology After Complex Treatment

Due to the noteworthy prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases among the population, especially in older age groups, the problem of providing timely and quality care to prevent severe complications leading to tooth loss becomes urgent. Conventional approaches to treatment are not always successful and do not necessarily provide a lasting effect. Therefore, predicting the outcome of the disease is a critical task. Material and Methods — We performed examination of 169 individuals and treatment of 126 patients aged 45-75 years with mild to moderate localized periodontitis of traumatic etiology (LPT) were performed. We employed clinical, radiological, and functional methods of examining periodontal condition, and investigated laboratory blood parameters (complete blood count, C-reactive protein). To assess the body’s adaptive resources, the entropy of the leukocyte blood count was calculated, and risk factors for the occurrence of LPT were assessed. Predicting the course of LPT based on changes in clinical and radiological indicators was accomplished by assessing treatment outcomes and calculating a prognostic score. Results — Patients exhibited a noteworthy prevalence of somatic pathology, with cardiovascular diseases (RR=2.32), anemia (RR=2.26), and gastrointestinal tract disorders (RR=1.88) emerging as predominant conditions (p<0.001). The duration of the disease exceeding three years was associated with a 2.06-fold increase in the risk of developing moderate-grade LPT (p=0.017). With a concentration of C-reactive protein in the range of 3-10 mg/L, the risk of developing moderate-grade LPT increased 1.74-fold (RR=1.74; p=0.0022). The intense type of adaptive reaction of the body was detected in 30.4% and 50.7% of cases with mild and moderate grades of LPT, respectively, increasing the risk of a more severe grade by 1.8 times (p=0.0026). Pronounced local changes in the bone tissue of the alveolar process were observed 1.6-2 times more often in cases of moderate periodontitis vs. mild LPT (p=0.0035). Microcirculation in the inflammation zone decreased by 32% and 50.1% with mild and moderate grade of the disease, respectively (p<0.001). Splinting of teeth in the area of the pathological focus during treatment led to improved clinical indicators vs. the control group (p=0.012). Conclusion — Based on the study results, the prognosis for the course of LPT was most significantly influenced by the following factors: the concentration of C-reactive protein, the grade of LPT, the entropy of the leukocyte blood count, changes in the alveolar bone of the jaw, the duration of the disease, the history of previous periodontal treatment, and tooth splinting. Calculation of a prognostic score for the treatment outcome of LPT allows to qualitatively assess the clinical situation and identify a group at risk of an adverse treatment outcome.

Clinical and laboratory substantiation of the effectiveness of professional oral hygiene in preparation for orthopedic treatment with the use of fixed structures of dentures.

Вackground: To extend the service life of fixed orthopedic structures of dentures, it is necessary to conduct professional oral hygiene (PGPR) before orthopedic treatment based on changes in the cytokine profile in the gingival fluid (J).
 Аims:The aim of the study was to assess the nature of changes in the cytokine profile in the gingival fluid during orthopedic treatment with the use of fixed denture structures before and after the PGPR
 Material and methods of research: The examined patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 patients with intact periodontitis 10 people; group 2 patients with mild periodontitis 10 people; group 3 patients with moderate periodontitis - 10 people. The examination was carried out before the installation of fixed orthopedic structures, before, and a week after PGPR. Six mediators of immunoregulatory processes, interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin 1-beta (IL1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a); chemokines (IL8, MCP1); vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF, were quantified in J samples by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay
 .Results: In patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases, a high content of IL1, IL6, IL8, MCP1, as well as VEGF was found in J compared with the group of examined individuals without inflammatory periodontal diseases. After PGPR, in patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases, there was a drop in the content of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the blood and the level of VEGF.
 Conclusions: A decrease in the content of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and VEGF in J after the PGPR procedure leads to the blockade of inflammatory and destructive processes in periodontal tissues and allows the introduction of personalized practice of preparing supporting teeth in the oral cavity for permanent prosthetics

Epithelial-derived interleukin-23 promotes oral mucosal immunopathology

At mucosal surfaces, epithelial cells provide a structural barrier and an immune defense system. However, dysregulated epithelial responses can contribute to disease states. Here, we demonstrated that epithelial cell-intrinsic production of interleukin-23 (IL-23) triggers an inflammatory loop in the prevalent oral disease periodontitis. Epithelial IL-23 expression localized to areas proximal to the disease-associated microbiome and was evident in experimental models and patients with common and genetic forms of disease. Mechanistically, flagellated microbial species of the periodontitis microbiome triggered epithelial IL-23 induction in aTLR5 receptor-dependent manner. Therefore, unlike other Th17-driven diseases, non-hematopoietic-cell-derived IL-23 served as an initiator of pathogenic inflammation in periodontitis. Beyond periodontitis, analysis of publicly available datasets revealed the expression of epithelial IL-23 in settings of infection, malignancy, and autoimmunity, suggesting a broader role for epithelial-intrinsic IL-23 in human disease. Collectively, this work highlights an important role for the barrier epithelium in the induction of IL-23-mediated inflammation.

ROLE OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS IN THE DENTAL PRACTICE

Laboratory methods play a crucial role in dental practice, as the state of a patient's oral cavity frequently mirrors disruptions in metabolic processes within the body, and can also provide insights into potential pathology affecting individual organs and systems.
 The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of employing laboratory methods in patients with periodontal tissue diseases.
 We conducted examinations on 35 patients diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis of degrees II and III, along with 15 patients diagnosed with chronic catarrhal gingivitis. Additionally, a control group comprising 15 patients diagnosed solely through clinical examination methods with generalized periodontitis was included in the study.
 All patients underwent a comprehensive evaluation, including general and biochemical blood tests. The investigation of periodontal pocket contents involved cytological and microbiological analyses, employing the method of successive serial rinses.
 The patients diagnosed with generalized periodontitis have demonstrated a slight elevation in leukocyte count to 10-12*109/l upon the assessment of the general clinical blood test, indicating an exacerbation of the pathological process in periodontal tissues.
 Furthermore, patients with generalized periodontitis have exhibited leukocyte migration in oral fluid exceeding 120, signifying disease exacerbation. Cytological examination of periodontal pocket contents revealed a notable presence of epithelial cells.
 In the microbiocenoses of both gingival and periodontal pockets, representatives of aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms were predominant. Among patients diagnosed with catarrhal gingivitis, these microorganisms constituted 74.25% of the microbiota, while in those with generalized periodontitis, they accounted for 62.70%. During periods of exacerbated periodontitis, there was an increase in the proportion of anaerobes within the microflora of periodontal pockets, rising from 23.15% to 29.40%.
 Research results have shown that patients with inflammatory and inflammatory-dystrophic periodontal diseases experience dysbiosis of gingival and periodontal pockets, characterized by a decrease in the antagonism of symbiont bacteria to pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The correct interpretation of laboratory studies carried out over time has not only diagnostic and prognostic significance, but is decisive in the choice of adequate treatment.

LOCAL RISK FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of gingivitis associated with dental biofilm and to investigate the influence of local risk factors on the development of inflammatory process in the gums in children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: 117 children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years at the Dental Medical Centre of the Bogomolets National Medical University were examined. All participants were examined for periodontal status, state of oral hygiene, and local risk factors for periodontal diseases. Results: A high prevalence of gingivitis associated with dental plaque (89.7%) was found in children and adolescents aged 12-17 years. The overwhelming majority of them (71.4%) had gingivitis caused by dental biofilm and local risk factors. The prevalence of malocclusions and anomalies of individual teeth was 60%. Carious tooth lesions and poor-quality proximal restorations were detected in 37.1% of participants. Violations of the rules of individual hygienic care of the oral cavity were observed in 54.3% of patients. Conclusion: Local risk factors lead to a significant deterioration in periodontal health in childhood and adolescence, especially in the case of their combined adverse effects. Significant predictors of gingivitis include the accumulation of microbial biofilm and tartar due to poor oral hygiene, dentoalveolar anomalies, carious cavities and proximal restorations, irregular toothbrushing and poor interdental hygiene. The high prevalence of gingivitis necessitates the priority development of primary prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases in children and adolescents.

The prevalence of dental diseases and medical and social characteristics in young people

BACKGROUND: Despite ongoing treatment and prevention programmes, the prevalence of dental diseases remains high, particularly in young people. The prevalence of oral diseases is influenced by several socioeconomic factors, including age, place of residence, fluoride intake, individual oral care, diet and general somatic disease. The study of these factors is an urgent issue in dentistry.
 AIM: To study the medical and social characteristics of young people and their effect on the prevalence of dental diseases.
 METHODS: The oral cavities in 917 patients aged 18–44 years who had no history of dental treatment for at least 6 months were examined. The indices of DMF, Silness–LÖe, Green–Vermillion, PMA, CPITN, detection of noncarious lesions of teeth, malocclusion and diseases of the pulp, periapical tissues and periodontal were determined. To establish the influence of social and hygienic factors on the condition of the oral cavity, the survey responses of the study participants were analysed.
 RESULTS: In young people, the rates of dental caries, diseases of the pulp and periapical tissues and inflammatory periodontal diseases were 94.2%, 47.4% and 86.8%, respectively. Among the medical and social factors determining the high prevalence of dental diseases, unsatisfactory hygienic condition of the oral cavity, visits to the dentist less than once a year and professional oral hygiene less than once a year should be noted.
 CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of dental diseases in young people requires a differentiated approach to therapeutic and preventive measures, using medical and social factors.

Periodontal disease indicators in adults with and without physical activity: a comparative analysis

Introduction: The intriguing link between periodontal disease severity and physical activity remains largely understudied, particularly in the Saudi Arabian population. Thus, the current research was intended to ascertain the effect of physical activity on the prevalence and indicators of periodontal diseases. Materials: The cross-sectional approach with convenience sampling was applied to the recruitment of 160 adult subjects attending gymnasiums, sports clubs, malls, primary health centres, and community dental health programs. Based on IPAQ scores, the participants were split into two distinct groups: a physically active group and a physically inactive group. The two study groups were compared with one another in terms of recorded parameters. The gathered data subsequently underwent statistical processing using SPSS 20.0. Results: Of the 160 subjects, 66.87% (n = 107) had gingivitis and 33.12% (n = 53) periodontitis. A lower mean PI (1.62±0.31) was observed in the physically active group compared to the physically inactive group (6.91±1.12). The physically active group had a mean BI of 19.01±4.53 and the inactive group 69.98±9.29. For physically active and inactive groups, mean PD measurements were 2.49±0.33 mm and 4.61±0.07 mm, respectively.Physically active individuals had a significantly lower mean CAL (2.98±0.88 mm) compared to the inactive group (5.37±1.02 mm). Parametric variances between groups are statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Insufficient engagement in physical activity has undeniably been identified as a risk factor for the development and severity of periodontal disease, marked by escalated indicators of gingivitis and periodontitis. The study findings unequivocally endorse the adoption of a consistent physical activity regimen as strategic initiatives to proactively address the incidence of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Many patients with different psychophysical characteristics seek periodontal therapy at dental clinics. This study alerts clinicians to the impact of physical inactivity in a wide-spectrum population and helps identify periodontal risk in sedentary patients. It also aids in treatment planning for these periodontally risky, physically inactive people. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.23 (Special Issue) 2024 p.S20-S25

Histological changes in the structural components of the gums in lipopolysaccharide periodontitis

Summary. Inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues are one of the most important problems in dentistry. There is a strong connection between periodontal pathology and inflammatory diseases of the stomach. The aim of the study – to investigate pathomorphological changes in rat periodontal tissues with generalized lipopolysaccharide periodontitis associated with chronic atrophic gastritis. Мaterials and Methods. The experiments were performed on white outbred male rats weighing 160–180 g. 30 animals were used during the work. The tested animals were divided into the following groups: I – intact rats (control); II – animals with a model of generalized lipopolysaccharide periodontitis. For a morphological study of the periodontium, a fragment of the upper jaw was isolated. Histological preparations were studied using an SEOSCAN light microscope. Such classical research methods make it possible to study the structure of tissues, as well as the nature and depth of morphological changes, the sequence of development of destructive and regenerative processes. Results and Discussion. It has been established that with generalized lipopolysaccharide periodontitis, a reorganization of all structural components of the gum tissue occurs. It is manifested by changes in the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the gums, an increase in the stratum corneum, a decrease in the spinous layer, expansion of intercellular spaces, growth of lymphocytic infiltration, swelling of the connective tissue of the mucous membrane, expansion, blood filling of veins and hemocapillaries, cells of the walls of fibrous structures. Conclusions. Concomitant chronic atrophic gastritis significantly aggravates the pathomorphological picture of periodontitis induced in animals by the endotoxin of gram-negative microflora lipopolysaccharide.