Infinite Dimensional Separable Banach Space Research Articles

Causal variational principles in the infinite-dimensional setting: Existence of minimizers

Abstract We provide a method for constructing (possibly non-trivial) measures on non-locally compact Polish subspaces of infinite-dimensional separable Banach spaces which, under suitable assumptions, are minimizers of causal variational principles in the non-locally compact setting. Moreover, for non-trivial minimizers the corresponding Euler–Lagrange equations are derived. The method is to exhaust the underlying Banach space by finite-dimensional subspaces and to prove existence of minimizers of the causal variational principle restricted to these finite-dimensional subsets of the Polish space under suitable assumptions on the Lagrangian. This gives rise to a corresponding sequence of minimizers. Restricting the resulting sequence to countably many compact subsets of the Polish space, by considering the resulting diagonal sequence, we are able to construct a regular measure on the Borel algebra over the whole topological space. For continuous Lagrangians of bounded range, it can be shown that, under suitable assumptions, the obtained measure is a (possibly non-trivial) minimizer under variations of compact support. Under additional assumptions, we prove that the constructed measure is a minimizer under variations of finite volume and solves the corresponding Euler–Lagrange equations. Afterwards, we extend our results to continuous Lagrangians vanishing in entropy. Finally, assuming that the obtained measure is locally finite, topological properties of spacetime are worked out and a connection to dimension theory is established.

M-hypercyclicity of C 0-semigroup and Svep of its generator

Abstract Let 𝒯 = (Tt ) t ≥0 be a C 0-semigroup on a separable infinite dimensional Banach space X, with generator A. In this paper, we study the relationship between the single valued extension property of generator A, and the M-hypercyclicity of the C 0-semigroup. Specifically, we prove that if A does not have the single valued extension property at λ ∈ iℝ, then there exists a closed subspace M of X, such that the C 0-semigroup 𝒯 is M-hypercyclic. As a corollary, we get certain conditions of the generator A, for the C 0-semigroup to be M-hypercyclic.

On Subspace-ergodic Operators

In this paper, we define subspace-ergodic operators and give examples of these operators. We show that by any given separable infinite-dimensional Banach space, subspace-ergodic operators can be constructed. We demonstrate that an invertible operator T is subspace-ergodic if and only if T-1 is subspace-ergodic. We prove that the direct sum of two subspace-ergodic operators is subspace-ergodic and if the direct sum of two operators is subspace-ergodic, then each of them is subspace-ergodic. Also, we investigate relations between subspace-ergodic and subspace-mixing operators. For example, we show that if T is subspace-mixing and invertible, then Tn and T-n are subspace-ergodic for n∈ℕ.

Equilibria in a large production economy with an infinite dimensional commodity space and price dependent preferences

We prove the existence of a competitive equilibrium in a production economy with infinitely many commodities and a measure space of agents whose preferences are price dependent. We employ a saturated measure space for the set of agents and apply recent results for an infinite dimensional separable Banach space such as Lyapunov’s convexity theorem and an exact Fatou’s lemma to obtain the result.

Orbits of homogeneous polynomials on Banach spaces

We study the dynamics induced by homogeneous polynomials on Banach spaces. It is known that no homogeneous polynomial defined on a Banach space can have a dense orbit. We show a simple and natural example of a homogeneous polynomial with an orbit that is at the same time $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$-dense (the orbit meets every ball of radius $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$), weakly dense and such that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}\cdot \text{Orb}_{P}(x)$ is dense for every $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}\subset \mathbb{C}$ that either is unbounded or has 0 as an accumulation point. Moreover, we generalize the construction to arbitrary infinite-dimensional separable Banach spaces. To prove this, we study Julia sets of homogeneous polynomials on Banach spaces.

Hypercyclic bilinear operators on Banach spaces

We study the dynamics induced by an m-linear operator. We answer a question of Bès and Conejero showing an example of an m-linear hypercyclic operator acting on a Banach space. Moreover, we prove the existence of m-linear hypercyclic operators on arbitrary infinite dimensional separable Banach spaces. We also prove an existence result about symmetric bihypercyclic bilinear operators, answering a question by Grosse-Erdmann and Kim.

The separable quotient problem for topological groups

The famous Banach-Mazur problem, which asks if every infinite-dimensional Banach space has an infinite-dimensional separable quotient Banach space, has remained unsolved for 85 years, though it has been answered in the affirmative for reflexive Banach spaces and even Banach spaces which are duals. The analogous problem for locally convex spaces has been answered in the negative, but has been shown to be true for large classes of locally convex spaces including all non-normable Fréchet spaces.For a topological group G there are four natural analogous problems: Does G have a separable quotient group which is (i) non-trivial; (ii) infinite; (iii) metrizable; (iv) infinite metrizable. Positive answers to all four questions are proved for groups G which belong to the important classes of (a) all compact groups; (b) all locally compact abelian groups; (c) all σ-compact locally compact groups; (d) all abelian pro-Lie groups; (e) all σ-compact pro-Lie groups; (f) all pseudocompact groups.However, a surprising example of an uncountable precompact group G is produced which has no non-trivial separable quotient group other than the trivial group. Indeed Gτ has the same property, for every cardinal number τ ≥ 1.

A REMARK ON THE SEPARABLE QUOTIENT PROBLEM FOR TOPOLOGICAL GROUPS

The Banach–Mazur separable quotient problem asks whether every infinite-dimensional Banach space $B$ has a quotient space that is an infinite-dimensional separable Banach space. The question has remained open for over 80 years, although an affirmative answer is known in special cases such as when $B$ is reflexive or even a dual of a Banach space. Very recently, it has been shown to be true for dual-like spaces. An analogous problem for topological groups is: Does every infinite-dimensional (in the topological sense) connected (Hausdorff) topological group $G$ have a quotient topological group that is infinite dimensional and metrisable? While this is known to be true if $G$ is the underlying topological group of an infinite-dimensional Banach space, it is shown here to be false even if $G$ is the underlying topological group of an infinite-dimensional locally convex space. Indeed, it is shown that the free topological vector space on any countably infinite $k_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}$-space is an infinite-dimensional toplogical vector space which does not have any quotient topological group that is infinite dimensional and metrisable. By contrast, the Graev free abelian topological group and the Graev free topological group on any infinite connected Tychonoff space, both of which are connected topological groups, are shown here to have the tubby torus $\mathbb{T}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}$, which is an infinite-dimensional metrisable group, as a quotient group.

A topological group observation on the Banach–Mazur separable quotient problem

The Separable Quotient Problem of Banach and Mazur asks if every infinite-dimensional Banach space has an infinite-dimensional separable quotient Banach space. It has remained unsolved for 85 years but has been answered in the affirmative for special cases such as reflexive Banach spaces. An affirmative answer to the Separable Quotient Problem would obviously imply that every infinite-dimensional Banach space has a quotient topological group which is separable, metrizable, and infinite-dimensional in the sense of topology. In this paper it is proved that every infinite-dimensional Banach space has as a quotient group the separable metrizable infinite-dimensional topological group, Tω, where T denotes the compact unit circle group. Indeed it is shown that every locally convex space, which has a subspace which is an infinite-dimensional Fréchet space, has Tω as a quotient group.

The Besicovitch–Federer projection theorem is false in every infinite-dimensional Banach space

We construct a purely unrectifiable set of finite $\mathcal H^1$-measure in every infinite dimensional separable Banach space $X$ whose image under every $0\neq x^*\in X^*$ has positive Lebesgue measure. This demonstrates completely the failure of the Besicovitch-Federer projection theorem in infinite dimensional Banach spaces.

Q-FREQUENT HYPERCYCLICITY IN AN ALGEBRA OF OPERATORS

We study a notion of q-frequent hypercyclicity of linear maps between the Banach algebras consisting of operators on a separable infinite dimensional Banach space. We derive a sufficient condition for a linear map to be q-frequently hypercyclic in the strong operator topology. Some properties are investigated regarding q-frequently hypercyclic subspaces as shown in [5], [6] and [7]. Finally, we study q-frequent hypercyclicity of tensor products and direct sums of operators.

Some new examples of universal hypercyclic operators in the sense of Glasner and Weiss

— A bounded operator on a real or complex separable infinite-dimensional Banach space Z is universal in the sense of Glasner and Weiss if for every invertible ergodic measure-preserving transformation T of a standard Lebesgue probability space (X,B, μ), there exists an A-invariant probability measure ν on H with full support such that the two dynamical systems (X,B, μ;T ) and (H,BH , ν;A) are isomorphic. We present a general and simple criterion for an operator to be universal, which allows us to characterize universal operators among unilateral or bilateral weighted shifts on `p or c0, show the existence of universal operators on a large class of Banach spaces, and give a criterion for universality in terms of unimodular eigenvectors. We also obtain similar results for operators which are universal for all ergodic systems (not only for invertible ones), and study necessary conditions for an operator on a Hilbert space to be universal.

The algebraic size of the family of injective operators

Abstract In this paper, a criterion for the existence of large linear algebras consisting, except for zero, of one-to-one operators on an infinite dimensional Banach space is provided. As a consequence, it is shown that every separable infinite dimensional Banach space supports a commutative infinitely generated free linear algebra of operators all of whose nonzero members are one-to-one. In certain cases, the assertion holds for nonseparable Banach spaces.

Hypercyclic orbits intersect subspaces in wild ways

Let T:X→X be a hypercyclic operator of an infinite dimensional separable Banach space X. By modifying a construction of Grivaux, we will show that the T-orbit of a hypercyclic vector can intersect certain closed vector subspaces of X in many strange ways. Moreover, the set of visiting times of the orbit to the subspace can also be quite exotic, especially when the operator satisfies a stronger form of hypercyclicity. As a by-product, we will improve and/or supply new proofs to some of the recent results about subspace-hypercyclicity.

Maximal L2 regularity for Ornstein–Uhlenbeck equation in convex sets of Banach spaces

We study the elliptic equation λu−LΩu=f in an open convex subset Ω of an infinite dimensional separable Banach space X endowed with a centered non-degenerate Gaussian measure γ, where LΩ is the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator. We prove that for λ>0 and f∈L2(Ω,γ) the weak solution u belongs to the Sobolev space W2,2(Ω,γ). Moreover we prove that u satisfies the Neumann boundary condition in the sense of traces at the boundary of Ω. This is done by finite dimensional approximation.

Renormings concerning the lineability of the norm-attaining functionals

We prove that if a Banach space admits a biorthogonal system whose dual part is norming, then the set of norm-attaining functionals is lineable. As a consequence, if a Banach space admits a biorthogonal system whose dual part is bounded and its weak-star closed absolutely convex hull is a generator system, then the Banach space can be equivalently renormed so that the set of norm-attaining functionals is lineable. Finally, we prove that every infinite dimensional separable Banach space whose dual unit ball is weak-star separable has a linearly independent, countable, weak-star dense subset in its dual unit ball. As a consequence, we show the existence of linearly independent norming sets which are not the dual part of a biorthogonal system.

Nonseparable closed vector subspaces of separable topological vector spaces

In 1983 P. Domanski investigated the question: For which separable topological vector spaces E, does the separable space Open image in new window have a nonseparable closed vector subspace, where \(\hbox {c}\) is the cardinality of the continuum? He provided a partial answer, proving that every separable topological vector space whose completion is not q-minimal (in particular, every separable infinite-dimensional Banach space) E has this property. Using a result of S.A. Saxon, we show that for a separable locally convex space (lcs) E, the product space Open image in new window has a nonseparable closed vector subspace if and only if E does not have the weak topology. On the other hand, we prove that every metrizable vector subspace of the product of any number of separable Hausdorff lcs is separable. We show however that for the classical Michael line \(\mathbb M\) the space of all continuous real-valued functions on \(\mathbb M\) endowed with the pointwise convergence topology, \(C_p(\mathbb M)\) contains a nonseparable closed vector subspace while \(C_p(\mathbb M)\) is separable.

A relaxation result for state constrained inclusions in infinite dimension

In this paper we consider a state constrained differential inclusion ˙ x ∈ Ax + F (t, x), with A generator of a strongly continuous semigroup in an infinite dimensional separable Banach space. Under an inward pointing condition we prove a relaxation result stating that the set of trajectories lying in the interior of the constraint is dense in the set of constrained trajectories of the convexified inclusion ˙ x ∈ Ax + coF (t, x). Some applications to control problems involving PDEs are given.

Operators Approximable by Hypercyclic Operators

We show that operators on a separable infinite dimensional Banach space $X$ of the form $I +S$, where $S$ is an operator with dense generalised kernel, must lie in the norm closure of the hypercyclic operators on $X$, in fact in the closure of the mixing operators.

An existence result for quasiequilibrium problems in separable Banach spaces

We establish the existence of solutions for a quasiequilibrium problem in the context of infinite-dimensional separable Banach spaces. To this purpose, we use a fixed point technique which is based on the notion of inside point of a convex set that appeared in 1956 in a paper by E. Michael [12]. As particular case, we provide the existence of a generalized Nash equilibrium requiring the lower semicontinuity of the strategy map and the closedness of the fixed point set.