Symptoms Of Infestation Research Articles

Evaluation of rice for resistance to pink stem borer ( Sesamianonagrioides Lefebre)

The pink stem borer ( Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebre) is one of the most important rice pests in the Mediterranean area. The objective of this study was to identify rices resistant to pink stem borer and to determine plant characteristics associated with resistance. A total of 257 rice lines was evaluated in the field under natural infestation conditions during 1997 and 1998. The comparison between years was based on nine rice cultivars (Baldo 363, Koral, Ariete, Loto, Senia, Thaibonnet, Cigalon, Makedonia and Dion) which were common in the experimentation of both years and were used as control. A randomized complete block design with two replications was used for evaluation. The number of stems and panicles with infestation symptoms by the pink stem borer was measured at maturity. The infestation percentage of the plants varied from 0 to 89%, and on the average, it was higher in 1998 compared to 1997. The lines exhibited considerable variation in heading day (HD, 50–110 days), plant height (HT, 50–170 cm) and stem diameter (SD, 3–8 mm). The infestation was significantly correlated with HD, HT and SD. The ratio of plants with stem damage to those with panicle damage varied from 0.2 (Harra) to 11 (CT-13) but in the majority of lines it was less than 3. Eleven resistant lines (CI 1992K15, YRL-196, Colina, Frances, Niva, SB 1086, SB 428, SBSS 82, Lampo, IR-28, and IR-30), with infestation percentage less than 10%, were identified. These might be useful sources of resistance for rice breeding programmes in Mediterranean countries.

Enterobius vermicularis and finger sucking in young Swedish children

Objective-To study the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis and its association with finger sucking in young Swedish children.Design-Cross-sectional survey with a questionnaire for symptoms of infestation with Enterobius vermicularis, and the children's habit of finger sucking (including fingernail biting). Perianal tape-test for identification of eggs of Enterobius vermicularis.Setting-Primary care, day-care centres, and schools in a Swedish middle-sized town (approx. 80 000 inhabitants).Participants-172 children of both sexes, 4–10 years old.Main outcome measures-The prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis and its association with finger sucking.Results−21% of the children were symptom-free carriers of Enterobius vermicularis, and finger sucking was strongly associated with a positive tape-test (p=0.01).Conclusion-More children than previously known seemed to be symptom-free carriers of Enterobius vermicularis. Finger sucking should be considered when treating infested children and especially those with relapsing symptoms.

A New Species of Eocincticornia Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Eucalyptus fasciculosa in South Australia

ABSTRACTA new gall midge species, Eocincticornia malarskii, is described from galls on Eucalyptus fasciculosa F. Muell. from South Australia. Detailed descriptions of the larva, pupa, male, female and infestation symptoms are given. the new species is compared to E. australasiae Felt, the only other known species of the genus.

The “Nuisance” Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Molluscum Contagiosum, Scabies, and Crab Lice

Although molluscum contagiosum, scabies, and infestation by crab lice do not carry the requirements of partner notification or other long-term consequences, they are among the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease. Molluscum contagiosum is a benign viral infection of the skin epidermal layer, most often transmitted by intimate skin-to-skin contact. The lesions often resolve spontaneously over time, but patient discomfort or social reasons may require destructive removal of the lesions. Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The victims continually itch, especially at night, and often seek over-the-counter topical remedies before seeing a clinician. Once a correct diagnosis is made, successful resolution of this disease and its itching can be achieved. Head and pubic lice account for most of the more than three million cases of louse infestation treated in the United States each year. Symptoms of infestation generally include itching that leads to scratching, erythema, irritation, and inflammation. A careful diagnosis followed by disinfection, symptomatic treatment, and psychologic support should result in a complete cure with no long-term effects.

Infestation byDelia fabriciiHolmgren (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Smooth Meadow-grass (Poa pratensisL.) Grown for Seed Production in Northern Norway

Abstract Delia fabricii larvae infested about 20% of the shoots of Poa pratensis grown in sparse stands for seed production at Bardu (69° N). Infestations originated from overwintering eggs, beginning when grass growth started in the spring. Each larva fed on several shoots. At pupation about 50% of the shoots were damaged. Early symptoms of infestation were red and wilting central leaves followed by dying shoots. At the lowest infestation rate in the laboratory, i.e. about 15% of the shoots infested, the number of generative shoots, vegetative shoots, and the seed yield were reduced by 67%, 22% and 40%, respectively, as compared with the uninfested plant material. At the highest infestation rate, i.e. about 77% of the shoots infested, the corresponding reductions were 95%, 83% and 92%. The number of emerged adults decreased at the highest infestations, probably due to larval intraspecific competition.

Factors influencing the effectiveness of Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) in the control of Carduus thistles

Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curcilionidae), a European weevil introduced for the biological control of Carduus thistles, was initially released in 1974 and has become established in Virginia, USA. Studies were conducted to examine the impact of the weevil on Carduus thistles in the field in spring and winter, and in the laboratory. Variables included two thistle species, two thistle sizes and three larval densities. Response of the thistle to larval infestation was influenced by thistle growth, thistle size and larval density. Thistle rosettes grown in the laboratory had the greatest percentage of plants developing necrosis (99%) with none recovering fully; the plant centre died in 89%, and 31% died completely, whereas no field-grown plants died. Spring rosettes developed the next largest percentage of necrosis (85%) and of death of centre (28%), but had the highest percentage of plants recovering (80%). Overwintering thistles developed the least amount of necrosis (43%) and of dead centres (2%), but had a lower recovery rate (61%) than spring thistle rosettes. Neither spring nor overwintering rosettes died even at the highest infestation level (50 larvae). Appearance of symptoms of infestation in overwintering thistle rosettes was influenced by plant species, plant size and rate of larval infestation. Thistle species was not a factor determining when laboratory rosettes manifested symptoms of infestation, and larval density did not influence spring rosettes. Small laboratory thistle rosettes were killed by infestations of 30 larvae (42%) and 50 larvae (100%). Although T. horridus larvae do not kill the majority of the thistles that they infest, they do weaken them by destroying crown tissues. The effectiveness of T. horridus may be greatly enhanced by the joint use of other stress factors.

Trixacarus caviae Fain, Howell & Hyatt 1972 (Acari: Sarcoptidae) as a cause of mange in guinea-pigs and papular urticaria in man

The clinical symptoms of infestation with Trixacarus caviae in guinea-pigs are described. In general large areas of thickened, denuded skin, with a heavy secondary bacterial infection, and sometimes neurological signs, are observed in mangy cases. Antiparasitic therapy was successful with one or several washings with 0.15% trichlorphon or 0.07% lindane solutions. Histological examination of the skin of mangy guinea-pigs revealed acanthosis, pronounced thickening of the epidermis and increased indentations of the cutis. The mites were embedded in epidermal debris in the folds of the skin. They were often found in the superficial part of the hair follicles. Inflammation of the subcutis was pronounced. Healthy guinea-pigs developed mild signs of mange approximately 10 days after exposure by skin contact to heavily infested animals. These experimentally infested guinea-pigs recovered without treatment. An itching papular urticarial condition in three human patients was found associated with trixacariasis of guinea-pigs. The lesions were usually located on the skin areas in frequent contact with the infected animals. This human affliction cleared after terminating contact with the mangy pig or after antiparasitic treatment of the animal.

Some Aspects of the Biology of the Raspberry Leaf and Bud Mite (Phyllocoptes (Eriophyes) GracilisNal.) Eriophyidae in Scotland

SummaryIn Scotland the raspberry leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes (Eriophyes) gracilis ) is widespread on cultivated and wild raspberries. However, feeding damage to leaves and fruits is usually observed only on raspberries grown in sheltered situations, where mites tend to aggregate. Female mites overwinter in the buds, under bud scales or in petiole scars. In the spring they disperse to the emerging foliage of the fructo-canes where they feed and lay eggs. Populations reach a maximum on the fructo-canes in mid-July, when the first fruits are maturing, and on the primo-canes in late September. Migration to the overwintering sites begins in late September. Cultivars differ in the extent to which they support overwintering populations and show symptoms of infestation.

Control of Larvae of Oestrus ovis in Sheep with Systemic Insecticides

sheep. This parasite is found in sheep of all breeds, and in Texas more than 90 per cent of all adult sheep have been reported to be infested (Cobbett and Mitchell, 1941). Several methods of controlling these larvae have been used. DuToit and Clark (1935) achieved control by penetrating the bones of the skull and injecting materials such as carbon bisulfide, carbon tetrachloride, or tetrachloroethylene into the sinuses. Another treatment has been injecting equal parts of carbon disulfide and mineral oil into the nasal passages (Gildow and Hickman, 1931). Cobbett (1940a, b) found that forcing a 3 per cent solution of saponified cresol (lysol) up the nasal passages under pressure was effective against firstinstar larvae. Smith and Young (1959) reported that injections of 4 cc of 4 per cent lindane into each nostril of bot-infested sheep relieved symptoms of infestation. Recently, cattle grubs (Hypoderma spp.) have been effectively controlled by certain chemicals that act systemically-that is, chemicals that are transported by the circulatory system of the host and kill parasites feeding on or in it. Peterson et al. (1958) reported that one of these compounds, Ronnel (O,O-dimethyl 0(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate) administered orally at 110 mg per kg, was systemically effective against first-instar 0. ovis, though not against second and third instars. Another systemically active insecticide, dimethoate (O,O-dimethyl S-(Nmethylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate), was reported by Peterson et al. (1959) to be highly effective against all larval stages when injected intramuscularly at a dosage of 25 mg per kg. Chavarria and Carrillo (1959) found oral dosages of Dipterex as low as 70 mg per kg to be effective against all larval stages. At the Kerrville, Texas, laboratory a large number of compounds have been found to be

Cysticercus Cellulosæ—Its Radiographic Detection in the Musculature and the Central Nervous System

1. A brief outline of the life history, development, distribution, frequency and microscopic characters is given. 2. The initial symptoms of infestation are rarely recognised: there is a long latent period from infestation until the cysts are recognised as subcutaneous nodules or accidentally by radiography. 3. The cysts of Cysticercus Cellulosae cannot be recognised radiographically until calcification has commenced within them. It is rare to see radiographic evidence under 5 years from the date of infestation. 4. The radiographic appearances of the early stages of calcification suggest that the calcium is first deposited in the residue of the fluid contents around the scolex; at this stage the cysts appear to be larger than the fully calcified cysts, for they undergo considerable shrinkage during calcification. The disposition of the calcium within the cyst accounts for variation in the radiographic appearances. 5. The fully calcified cysts appear as elongated ovoid opacities in the long axes of the musc...

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON THE PRE-ADULT LARVAE OF THE BULB NEMATODE ANGUILLULINA DIPSACI (KÜHN, 1858) GERV. AND v. BEN., 1859, IN RELATION TO TIME AND MOISTURE

In a moist environment, a minimum exposure of 120 min. at 110–113°F. is required to destroy pre-adult larvae of the bulb nematode Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn, 1858) Gerv. and v. Ben., 1859, but progressively shorter exposures are required as the temperature is raised. At 116.5–118.5°F. the lethal exposure is 60 min. and at 118.5–120°F. an exposure of 30 min. is required.In a dry environment exposures of 150 min. to temperatures as high as 140°F. are not lethal to pre-adults and the heat treatment does not affect their ability to induce the characteristic symptoms of infestation in barley seedlings.The pre-adults are more resistant to heat than any other stage in the life history of the nematode.The data suggest that the ineffectiveness of the standard hot water treatment when applied late in the season is due to the fact that the major development of pre-adults takes place after the bulbs are lifted, and also because the masses of dormant pre-adults are often well isolated from the moisture of the bath by the bulb scales and corky basal plates, and are more resistant to heat in a dry, compared with a moist, state. It is recommended that the hot water treatment be employed not later than four weeks after lifting when the lifting is done as soon as the foliage dies down.A pre-soak is suggested as a possible means of increasing the effectiveness of the standard hot water treatment.