Abductive Research Articles

The Role of Abductive Thinking in K12 Skill Development Process: Example of Mathematics Lesson

Bu çalışmanın amacı, beceri geliştirme sürecinde abdüktif düşünmenin üst düzey düşünme sürecine nasıl yardımcı olduğunu ve öğrenme deneyimlerinin daha verimli, etkili ve kalıcı hale gelmesine nasıl katkı sağladığını açıklamaktır. Bu bağlamda K12 Beceri Çerçevesi: Türkiye Bütüncül Modeli çerçevesinde, K12 Beceriler Çerçevesi Öğretim Tasarımı Modeli temel alınarak belirlenen eğilimler ve dört ana kategoride özetlenen becerilere odaklanan bir beceri geliştirme süreci tasarlanmıştır. Beceri geliştirme için seçilen özel alan, 8. sınıf matematik alt öğrenme alanında “İrrasyonel Sayıların/Tam Kare Olmayan Sayıların Yaklaşık Karekökünü Hesaplama” alanıdır. Bu becerilerin gelişimi için örnek bir ders planı oluşturularak, öğrencilerin bu becerileri nasıl geliştirebilecekleri konusunda rehberlik etmek amaçlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte birkaç bütünleşik beceriyi içeren bir ara düşünme becerisi olarak tanımlanan abdüktif düşünme becerisinin kullanımı ve geliştirilmesi, söz konusu eğilim ve becerilerin geliştirilmesi noktasında, anlama ve anlamlandırma sürecine katkı sağlayacaktır.

Pengaruh Manajemen Hybrid Learning dan Fasilitas Belajar Terhadap Kepuasan Mahasiswa

The urgency of this research is the need to test the effect of postgraduate elementary education postgraduate student satisfaction analysis on hybrid learning management and learning facilities. The aim of this research is to determine (1) the influence of hybrid learning management on student satisfaction, (2) the influence of learning facilities on student satisfaction, and (3) the influence of hybrid learning management and learning facilities on student satisfaction. This research is a type of ex post facto quantitative research, methodologically it is experimental research which also tests hypotheses but does not carry out treatment. Research procedures include (1) potential and problems, (2) problem formulation, (3) theoretical basis, (4) hypothesis formulation, (5) data collection, (6) instrument testing, (7) data analysis, (8) conclusions. The research population was 300 students from the Postgraduate Basic Education Study Program (S2) with a sample of 50. The research results concluded that hybrid learning management had an effect on student satisfaction (0.000< 0.05), learning facilities also had an effect on student satisfaction (0.001< 0, 05), hybrid learning management and facilities simultaneously influence student satisfaction. The results of the multiple determination coefficient test show a value of 0.823, which means that the hybrid learning management variables and student learning facilities have an influence of 83% on student satisfaction. In the future, it is hoped that there will be an increase in the quality of infrastructure for managing hybrid learning so that services to students can be optimal.

Аргументация и съдебна реторика: абдуктивното разсъждение и абдуктивни схеми в наказателното производство

Abstract: Human thought makes sense of the phenomena, processes and states of affairs of existence by means of its ability to form judgments (inferences). Since existence is vast and knowledge about it is always limited in terms of time, place, and possibility, the human mind derives its knowledge about the world around it (makes sense of it) precisely on the basis of the available set of time, information, and possibilities. In a criminal proceeding, the object of conceptualization (knowledge), based on a known (limited) set of information (evidence), is an event that occurred in the past - human behaviour that society has elevated as a crime. Since the time of Aristotle and Antiquity it has been known that knowledge follows the formula “from the known to the unknown”. Such is basically the formula embodied in abductive reasoning, as a third type of reasoning along with deductive and inductive reasoning. It is this type of reasoning that has been studied theoretically in the context of criminal law. The aim is to bring out the specificities of abductive reasoning and abductive schemes through the methods of desk research, critical reading and comparative analysis of various basic theoretical publications. The research questions are oriented towards the establishment of basic propositions and specific manifestations in the national context in Bulgaria in the field of criminal law and judicial rhetoric. Keywords: abduction, abductive reasoning, abductive schemes, inference, best explanation, hypothesis, justification, proof, criminal process. Rhetoric and Communications Journal, issue 58, January 2024

Думи на водещите броя

Issue 58, January 2024 is thematically situated in the areas of rhetoric, argumentation and philosophy. There are eight scholarly articles, divided into two sections: Rhetoric and Argumentation and Philosophy, Communication and Society. The two authors (Ulrike Nespital and Christian Heiliger) of the article “Efficacy Study for Co-Teaching in Practices in Rhetoric and Natural Sciences” are from Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany. They present the results of a study on rhetoric and more specifically on the formation of presentation skills in students studying technical subjects and science. Hilda Narch is from the Modern University for Business and Science, Lebanon and in her article “Crisis Management Communications System” she presents a theoretical overview of basic concepts related to crisis communication management. This continues a steady tradition of the journal publishing articles by authors from universities in other countries; these are scholars who are established in a particular academic field and who share their expertise as teachers and researchers. Six authors are from Bulgarian educational institutions and research units: Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, University of National and World Economy, NATFA “Krastio Sarafov”, the American University in Bulgaria – Academic Library, etc. Argumentation as part of the rhetorical heritage is presented in the context of judicial rhetoric; the author Metin Ibriyamov focuses on abductive reasoning and abductive schemes in criminal proceedings; he provides a theoretical overview, presents examples and reaches reasonable conclusions on their use. Two of the articles include the results of an analysis of political rhetoric, in particular presidential and presidential candidate rhetoric, exhibited during debates. Maglena Gurkova provides a rhetorical analysis of the pre-election debate between Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen held on 3 May 2017; she examines the history, organisation, media context, participants' behaviour, argumentation and non-linguistic means. Maryana Mihaylova analyses presidential candidate debates in Bulgaria in 2016, in particular a televised debate between Rumen Radev and Tsetska Tsacheva, and focuses on the non-verbal communication of presidential contenders in the country. The verbal part of both articles is illustrated with visual elements from the debates, which contributes to a quick and accurate decoding of the presented conclusions. Nora Goleshevska is the author of the scientific publication “Giorgio Agamben’s The language of philosophy and the language of poetry: The world in crisis”. The text is an interesting syncretic version, namely a translational commentary, which is an in-depth analysis and translation of Agamben's text entitled “Quando la casa brucia” (“When the house burns”). In this way, the reader has the opportunity to validate the scholarly analysis with the original text of Giorgio Agamben, one of Italy's most renowned contemporary philosophers, translated into Bulgarian. Stoyanka Delibeeva studies scientific publications and normative documents that refer to a topical issue and studies the influence of language learning and multilingual practices on positive identifications with the European Union at the secondary school stage in Bulgaria. The novelty of the article is to establish the affordances of Q-methodology for the implementation of research in this area. Radina Damyanova presents the results of a content analysis of social networks used by academic libraries in Bulgaria and summarizes the results in tables and charts, presenting an up-to-date picture and recommendations for improving the work of these institutions in understanding the opportunities of reaching different audiences in a fast, effective and contemporary way. The issue is interesting and useful in that it brings together both theoretical overviews and methodological statements; both interpretations from a scientific perspective and results from analyses implemented with contemporary methods.

A holistic approach to implementing artificial intelligence in radiology

ObjectiveDespite the widespread recognition of the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, its implementation is often limited. This article aims to address this implementation gap by presenting insights from an in-depth case study of an organisation that approached AI implementation with a holistic approach.Materials and methodsWe conducted a longitudinal, qualitative case study of the implementation of AI in radiology at a large academic medical centre in the Netherlands for three years. Collected data consists of 43 days of work observations, 30 meeting observations, 18 interviews and 41 relevant documents. Abductive reasoning was used for systematic data analysis, which revealed three change initiative themes responding to specific AI implementation challenges.ResultsThis study identifies challenges of implementing AI in radiology at different levels and proposes a holistic approach to tackle those challenges. At the technology level, there is the issue of multiple narrow AI applications with no standard use interface; at the workflow level, AI results allow limited interaction with radiologists; at the people and organisational level, there are divergent expectations and limited experience with AI. The case of Southern illustrates that organisations can reap more benefits from AI implementation by investing in long-term initiatives that holistically align both social and technological aspects of clinical practice.ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of a holistic approach to AI implementation that addresses challenges spanning technology, workflow, and organisational levels. Aligning change initiatives between these different levels has proven to be important to facilitate wide-scale implementation of AI in clinical practice.Critical relevance statementAdoption of artificial intelligence is crucial for future-ready radiological care. This case study highlights the importance of a holistic approach that addresses technological, workflow, and organisational aspects, offering practical insights and solutions to facilitate successful AI adoption in clinical practice.Key points1. Practical and actionable insights into successful AI implementation in radiology are lacking.2. Aligning technology, workflow, organisational aspects is crucial for a successful AI implementation3. Holistic approach aids organisations to create sustainable value through AI implementation.Graphical

A Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT)-Powered Chatbot as a Simulated Patient to Practice History Taking: Prospective, Mixed Methods Study.

Communication is a core competency of medical professionals and of utmost importance for patient safety. Although medical curricula emphasize communication training, traditional formats, such as real or simulated patient interactions, can present psychological stress and are limited in repetition. The recent emergence of large language models (LLMs), such as generative pretrained transformer (GPT), offers an opportunity to overcome these restrictions. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of a GPT-driven chatbot to practice history taking, one of the core competencies of communication. We developed an interactive chatbot interface using GPT-3.5 and a specific prompt including a chatbot-optimized illness script and a behavioral component. Following a mixed methods approach, we invited medical students to voluntarily practice history taking. To determine whether GPT provides suitable answers as a simulated patient, the conversations were recorded and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. We analyzed the extent to which the questions and answers aligned with the provided script, as well as the medical plausibility of the answers. Finally, the students filled out the Chatbot Usability Questionnaire (CUQ). A total of 28 students practiced with our chatbot (mean age 23.4, SD 2.9 years). We recorded a total of 826 question-answer pairs (QAPs), with a median of 27.5 QAPs per conversation and 94.7% (n=782) pertaining to history taking. When questions were explicitly covered by the script (n=502, 60.3%), the GPT-provided answers were mostly based on explicit script information (n=471, 94.4%). For questions not covered by the script (n=195, 23.4%), the GPT answers used 56.4% (n=110) fictitious information. Regarding plausibility, 842 (97.9%) of 860 QAPs were rated as plausible. Of the 14 (2.1%) implausible answers, GPT provided answers rated as socially desirable, leaving role identity, ignoring script information, illogical reasoning, and calculation error. Despite these results, the CUQ revealed an overall positive user experience (77/100 points). Our data showed that LLMs, such as GPT, can provide a simulated patient experience and yield a good user experience and a majority of plausible answers. Our analysis revealed that GPT-provided answers use either explicit script information or are based on available information, which can be understood as abductive reasoning. Although rare, the GPT-based chatbot provides implausible information in some instances, with the major tendency being socially desirable instead of medically plausible information.

Nurses' perspectives on patient involvement in an emergency department – An interview study

BackgroundPatient involvement in healthcare decisions is key to patient-centred care, and it is an area subject to continuous political focus. However, patient-centred care and patient involvement are challenging to implement in an emergency department (ED) setting, as EDs tend to focus on structures, processes, and outcomes. This study explored nurses’ perspectives on patient involvement in an ED setting. MethodThis study applied an explorative design and conducted focus group interviews to generate data; abductive reasoning was chosen as the analytical method. Two focus groups were held in February 2021, each including six ED nurses. ResultsFour themes were generated: notions of patient involvement, significant factors, ED culture, and management. Nurses considered patient involvement an optional add-on and, to some extent, a matter of tokenism carried forward by managers who are afraid of complaints and bad media coverage. Patient involvement in the form of providing information to patients was considered important yet less critical than life-saving and technical tasks. ConclusionED nurses’ perspectives on patient involvement are particularly influenced by the technical and life-saving culture in an ED. Information provision is considered patient involvement and is decided and administered by nurses.

Examining interdependencies among solution dimensions for sustainable development in SMEs based on Industry 4.0 concept

PurposeIn the context of promoting sustainable development in SMEs, the present study aims to investigate the relationship among solution dimensions based on the Industry 4.0 (I4.0) concept.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs a comprehensive methodology that includes a systematic literature review, workshop, grounded theory and interpretive structural modeling. Various dimensions concerning I4.0 sustainability are tested and evaluated using a questionnaire design followed by hypothesis formulation. Further, grounded theory is used to extract the key solution dimensions that capture the essence of I4.0 implementation in SMEs. Finally, the solution dimensions for I4.0 sustainability are modeled using the ISM approach to understand the structural interdependencies among them, and Matrice d'Impacts Croisés Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) analysis is done to understand the driving and dependence power among these dimensions.FindingsThe study identified 14 solution dimensions for the implementation of I4.0 in SMEs for sustainable development. Out of the 14 solution dimensions, human resource training programs (D4) appear at level 11, followed by top management commitment (D1), strategic collaborations (D3) and coordination among key stakeholders (D5) at level 2 in the hierarchical interpretive structural modeling (ISM) model. Also, these dimensions have an effect size of more than 0.50 which indicates a substantial correlation between the sustainability dimensions and Industry 4.0 implementation in SMEs.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the overall goal of fostering sustainability within the SME sector, which can pave the way for various stakeholders for the successful implementation of I4.0 sustainable solution dimensions.

Studi Literatur: Teknik Audit Investigatif Dalam Pengungkapan Money Laundering Dari Perspektif Akuntan Forensik

Forensic accounting and investigative auditing are disciplines used when investigating complex cases of fraud related to the law. It contains investigative audit techniques that can help forensic accountants in their implementation. In Indonesia, investigative audits are more often associated with solving corruption cases, one of which is money laundering. So in this research the author wants to find out what investigative audit techniques are most effective in uncovering money laundering cases based on the perspective of forensic accountants. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method. Based on the results of the analysis, the results of the investigative audit stages were predication, hypothesis formulation, data gathering, data reliability testing, data analysis, calling for interviews and interrogation, loss calculation, and reporting. Then it was also concluded that in theory and practice no investigative audit technique was chosen as the most effective technique. Because beforehand forensic accountants need to consider the matters and characteristics of money laundering cases, only then determine which investigative audit techniques will be used.

Semantic Code Refactoring for Abstract Data Types

Modifications to the data representation of an abstract data type (ADT) can require significant semantic refactoring of the code. Motivated by this observation, this paper presents a new method to automate semantic code refactoring tasks. Our method takes as input the original ADT implementation, a new data representation, and a so-called relational representation invariant (relating the old and new data representations), and automatically generates a new ADT implementation that is semantically equivalent to the original version. Our method is based on counterexample-guided inductive synthesis (CEGIS) but leverages three key ideas that allow it to handle real-world refactoring tasks. First, our approach reduces the underlying relational synthesis problem to a set of (simpler) programming-by-example problems, one for each method in the ADT. Second, it leverages symbolic reasoning techniques, based on logical abduction, to deduce code snippets that should occur in the refactored version. Finally, it utilizes a notion of partial equivalence to make inductive synthesis much more effective in this setting. We have implemented the proposed approach in a new tool called Revamp ‍ for automatically refactoring Java classes and evaluated it on 30 Java class mined from Github. Our evaluation shows that Revamp can correctly refactor the entire ADT in 97% of the cases and that it can successfully re-implement 144 out of the 146 methods that require modifications.

COMPOSITION AND HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHRUSH-TREE COMPONENT OF A SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FOREST - SDTF

The objective was to evaluate the floristic composition and horizontal structure of a shrub-tree fragment of Tropical Seasonally Dry Forest - (SDTF), of conserved Caatinga, in the municipality of Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. Located at the Prof. Ignácio Salcedo, at the National Institute of the Semi-Arid Region – (INSA) / Ministry of Science, Technology and Information – (MCTI). In a transect of (50 m x 100 m), with 50 plots of (10 m x 10 m), individuals and stems with CBH ≥ 6 cm were measured. The presence of 2.602 individuals ha-1, with 3.210 stems ha-1, distributed in 17 families, 34 identified genera, 1 unidentified genus and 16 species. The most important families in number of species and individuals were Fabaceae and Apocynaceae, mainly due to the occurrence of the species Cenostigma nordestinum Gagnon & G.P.Lewis and Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. & Zucc., respectively. The relevance of the two species with the highest density was perceived in relation to the basal area, which corresponded to 2.12 m2 ha-1 and 1.26 m2 ha-1, respectively, which showed the main contribution of the mentioned families, the area studied in terms of its diversity, was considered a normal pattern with a higher average value of 2.42 nats ind-1, when compared to some studies in the literature. In view of this, this study constitutes basic tools for its management and conservation, enabling the adoption of correct practices, comparisons between and within forest communities, in addition to giving rise to the formulation of hypotheses for other studies.

A Pragmatist Interpretation and Defense of Entity Realism

This paper offers a pragmatist interpretation of Ian Hacking’s version of entity realism, and shows that such an interpretation enables the view to withstand a number of objections. Specifically, the paper shows Hacking’s rejection of a representationalist epistemology, which realist critics unjustifiably attribute to him, and shows his endorsement of a Deweyan pragmatist epistemology instead. If the interpretation is correct, the objections (a) that entity manipulation is theory-laden, (b) that the concept of home truths cannot do the work Hacking envisioned, (c) that entity realism is a form of inference to the best explanation (IBE), (d) that some real entities aren’t manipulable, and (e) that some non-real entities are manipulable, lose much of their force. Objections (a), (b), and (c) rest on a metaepistemological misunderstanding, while objections (d) and (e) are addressed with (pragmatist) clarifications. This paper also offers a novel pragmatist argument for entity realism: the argument from technology. The argument from technology maintains that the reality of the entities that constitute our technologies is a precondition for those technologies’ meaningful use. In this case, entity realism remains a more viable perspective on science than is commonly acknowledged.

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ АНАЛІТИЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДІАГНОСТИКИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article presents an improved concept of analytical support for diagnosing the economic security of enterprises. The object of research is the economic security of enterprise. The study aims to develop a concept of analytical support for diagnosing the economic security of enterprises. The developed concept consists of two main components: the process of diagnosing the economic security of enterprise and elements of the system of theoretical and cognitive categories of the diagnostic process. The elements of the system of theoretical and cognitive categories of the diagnostic process include the following: ontological category, methodological category, axiological category, epistemological category, and pragmatic category. Ontological category – this category defines the fundamental concepts, terms and system of knowledge related to the subject of research. The methodological category outlines the principles, methods and approaches to diagnostics. The axiological category considers the ethical values and principles that should be followed and taken into account during the diagnostic process. The epistemological category defines the nature, sources, and limitations of knowledge about the object of study, as well as the rationale for choosing data sources for conducting economic security diagnostics. The pragmatic category focuses on practical aspects and actions aimed not only at diagnostics but also at a set of measures aimed at stabilizing the state of the enterprise, its sustainable development, and achieving the required level of economic security. The diagnostic process includes six consecutive stages: identification of a threat to economic security, formation of hypotheses, data collection, data analysis, confirmation or rejection of the hypothesis, development, and implementation of measures to stabilize the enterprise, and evaluation of the economic efficiency of the measures taken. The article highlights the interrelationships between the stages of the diagnostic process and the elements of the categories, as well as between the object under study and stakeholders. It is emphasized that the developed concept is a comprehensive and balanced approach that provides a systematic analysis of the enterprise, identifies threats to economic security and overcomes them, which will contribute to the stable and efficient development of the enterprise.

Развитие подходов к установлению причины пожара: от начала 20 века до наших дней

Purpose. The article examines the evolution of approaches to determining the immediate cause of fires in Russia based on a retrospective analysis of scientific and methodological works from 1906 to the present. It is revealed that currently, the basis for reasoning aimed at establishing the cause of a fire is the abductive method, in which hypotheses about their probable causes are formulated based on known consequences. At the same time, a complex of organically interconnected signs of a fire manifests and changes depending on the stage of fire development; it can arise under the influence of various causes and, significantly, reflect the peculiarities of the object's reaction to the fire. In this regard, there is a need to develop more advanced approaches to forming versioning conclusions when establishing the cause of a fire during fire-technical expertise, which would minimize the limitations described above. To develop such an approach, a retrospective analysis of activities for establishing the cause of a fire was carried out, as well as the analysis and selection of logical methods for its determination. Methods. The scientific basis of the research was provided by system analysis, methods of information synthesis, and expert analysis. Findings. The analysis showed that from 1906 to 2018 in our country the main method of investigating the circumstances related to the occurrence of fires is abductive reasoning (versioning analysis). There is a database in which each specific cause of a fire is implicatively linked to a set of signs arising in a fire that occurred for this reason. Research application field. The obtained results can be used in further development of methods for identifying the cause of fires. Conclusions. The study showed that the abductive approach to proposing versions of the causes of fires in the 20th–21st centuries has proved to be productive; the probability of abductive conclusions increased in various directions (through computer modeling – scenario approach, in technical aspects – involving physico-chemical analysis, etc.). Schemes for conducting versioning research to establish the cause of a fire at the initial and modern stages have been developed. The development of methods for identifying the cause of fires may consist of expanding and detailing the theoretical basis of versions, improving mathematical models and their informational support, as well as developing algorithms for comparing theoretical and factual bases of versions to form an expert conclusion – versioning conclusion.

The Role of Electronic Sports as a Moderator on the Causal Relationship Between Alexithymia and Social Loneliness in High School Students (Khorasan Razavi)

Background and Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the impact of alexithymia on social loneliness in high school students with the moderating role of electronic sports and to present a model. Methods and Materials: This research is descriptive-survey in strategy and causal in hypothesis formation. Data collection involved standard questionnaires used in reputable international and domestic studies, including the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Lee and Hyun Social Loneliness Scale, and the Electronic Sports Scale. To assess the construct validity of the questionnaires, first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analyses were utilized. The internal reliability of the questionnaire items was measured using Cronbach's alpha, which, as observed in this study, exceeded 0.7, indicating acceptable reliability. The statistical population comprised all male high school students in District 2 of the Mashhad Education Department. For empirical and practical investigation, a sample of 400 male students was selected. In this study, SPSS version 25 was used for descriptive statistics and examining the relationships between research variables, while Smart PLS version 3 was used for structural equation modeling to design the research model. Findings: The findings indicated that alexithymia, external-oriented thinking, and difficulty in describing feelings all significantly affect social loneliness. Additionally, the findings showed that electronic sports do not have a moderating effect on the causal relationship between alexithymia and social loneliness. According to the results, the SRMR fit index was 0.078, which is below the 0.08 threshold at the 0.05 significance level, indicating that the structural model of the research has a good fit. Conclusion: The study confirms that alexithymia significantly impacts social loneliness among high school students. However, electronic sports do not moderate this relationship. These findings suggest that enhancing emotional awareness and expression skills may reduce social loneliness in students.

Protein structures unravel the signatures and patterns of deep time evolution.

The formulation and testing of hypotheses using 'big biology data' often lie at the interface of computational biology and structural biology. The Protein Data Bank (PDB), which was established about 50years ago, catalogs three-dimensional (3D) shapes of organic macromolecules and showcases a structural view of biology. The comparative analysis of the structures of homologs, particularly of proteins, from different species has significantly improved the in-depth analyses of molecular and cell biological questions. In addition, computational tools that were developed to analyze the 'protein universe' are providing the means for efficient resolution of longstanding debates in cell and molecular evolution. In celebrating the golden jubilee of the PDB, much has been written about the transformative impact of PDB on a broad range of fields of scientific inquiry and how structural biology transformed the study of the fundamental processes of life. Yet, the transforming influence of PDB on one field of inquiry of fundamental interest-the reconstruction of the distant biological past-has gone almost unnoticed. Here, I discuss the recent advances to highlight how insights and tools of structural biology are bearing on the data required for the empirical resolution of vigorously debated and apparently contradicting hypotheses in evolutionary biology. Specifically, I show that evolutionary characters defined by protein structure are superior compared to conventional sequence characters for reliable, data-driven resolution of competing hypotheses about the origins of the major clades of life and evolutionary relationship among those clades. Since the better quality data unequivocally support two primary domains of life, it is imperative that the primary classification of life be revised accordingly.

Effectiveness Analysis and Optimization Path of AI Tutoring Models in Foreign Language Learning Applications

Abstract The advent of informatization and intelligent systems in education holds substantial practical importance. This study focuses on evaluating the application effects of an AI tutoring model in extralinguistic learning, using a middle school as a case study. Two parallel classes were selected to design teaching experiments aimed at assessing the AI tutoring model’s efficacy by comparing students’ language performance before and after its implementation. Furthermore, factors influencing the willingness to use the AI tutoring model were identified, leading to the construction of a structural equation model and the formulation and testing of related hypotheses. Results indicate that the AI tutoring model significantly enhances students’ language learning outcomes, with a performance increase of 12.02 points post-instruction, which is 10.19 points higher than that observed in the control group. Variables such as performance expectation, hedonic motivation, willingness to communicate, and interaction with AI demonstrated a positive and significant impact on attitudes (p < 0.05). They indirectly fostered a sustained desire to engage with the AI tutoring model. This research offers valuable insights for the future effective integration of AI into extralinguistic educational contexts.

Orthodontic tooth movement: theories and the history of understanding

In this study, a literature review was conducted to examine the main hypotheses and theories explaining the mechanism of orthodontic tooth movement. For a long period of time, people have made attempts to explain the nature of the biological process responsible for possibility of artificial tooth displacement. Along with the development of methods of laboratory investigation, more and more facts about the periodontal tissues’ response to exogenous mechanical stimuli have been revealed to the scientific community. This, in turn, led to the formation of many theories and hypotheses to explain the mechanism of orthodontic tooth movement. Although a wealth of information concerning the biological processes occurring during exposure to orthodontic appliances is now known, no one is yet able to describe the exact mechanism that triggers these processes. Current studies focus on several morpho–biological theories of orthodontic tooth movement, which indicates that there is a cognitive interest in this topic among orthodontists.

Сучасна парадигма безпеки управління розвитком складних ієрархічних систем

The restructuring of the national economy, the processes of transformation taking place in it, actualize the problems of controlled vector development of complex hierarchical systems in the economy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the theoretical and methodological aspects of the development of complex hierarchical systems (CIS) in the economy in the context of unpredictability and stochasticity of the external and internal environment, as well as the uneven development of socioeconomic processes that require controlled vector development. It is the controllability of the vector development of the CIS that makes it possible to ensure the security of the processes of non-linear development of the CIS. The object of the research is the processes of non-linear development of the CIS in the conditions of unpredictability, stochasticity of the external environment and uneven development of socioeconomic processes caused by globalization transformations of the world economy. The study used general and special methods to achieve the goal and solve the tasks. The general methods include the abstract and logical method, which was used to explain the theoretical foundations of the security of the development of complex hierarchical systems, and the methods of theoretical generalization, system and behavioral-economic analysis, which helped to formulate the qualitative goals and objectives of the CIS, identify the problems of managing controlled dynamic processes, conduct a critical analysis of development concepts and find out the genesis of approaches. Special research methods include system-structural analysis, which was used for the formation, selection and implementation of hypotheses, construction of forecasts, and the system approach and methods of analysis and synthesis, which helped to identify and aggregate the qualitative characteristics of the concept of management of secured development of CIS. As a result of the application of these methods, a synergistic approach to the management of CIS processes was achieved and the problems related to stochasticity and uncertainty of the external and internal environment, uneven development of socioeconomic processes and other factors affecting the security of the development of the intellectual economy are addressed. The influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on the development of CIS is substantiated. A methodology based on process-functional management has been proposed to analyze the level of development of the CIS, which can help to increase the efficiency of the use of production resources. The conception of modeling mechanisms for the development of information security systems (ISS) based on the transformation of management processes and investment processes has been developed.

Hard to explain? – rozumowania abdukcyjne w prawniczych wnioskowaniach o faktach

The purpose of the article is to apply the concept of abductive reasoning in the description and evaluation of legal inferences about facts. The reflection is conducted in the field of philosophy of law and methodology of science. Based on a critical analysis of the literature I present both Charles Sanders Peirce’s inferential theory of abduction and Peter Lipton’s ‘inference to the best explanation’ (IBE) theory. In colloquial philosophical discourse those terms are sometimes used interchangeably. I argue that, although it is a significant simplification, IBE in principle fits into the broad meaning of abduction which I adopt in the present article. Using the work of Mariusz Urbański and Atocha Aliseda I apply IBE to the explanatory-deductive model of abduction. I utilize abduction understood in this way in the field of law. Based on the review of Polish philosophical and legal literature and the results obtained from the LEX database I show that the concept of abduction is unpopular in the legal doctrine. The main thesis is that abduction in the broad sense offers a significant value added in the description of non-deductive inferences and provides more precise criteria for assessing the quality of reasoning than concepts existing in Polish legal doctrine regarding non-deductive inferences. In the same time it exhibits essential features of those concepts. The analysis allows to examine and determine the relationship between the theories of abduction, IBE and the concepts found in Polish philosophical literature and legal doctrine. Its conclusions allow to introduce these new concepts into the philosophical and legal debate and – also – to describe and evaluate legal non-deductive inferences about facts in a more plausible way. The result gives hope for the methodological strengthening of both the process of making factual findings and the assessment of evidence.