Infectious Skin Diseases Research Articles

Sensitivity of staphylococcus microflora of wrestlers’ skin to bacteriophages

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of bacteriocenosis of wrestlers’ skin and to determine the sensitivity of staphylococcal microflora to bacteriophages. Methods and organization of the research. The experiment involved 15 athletes aged 17-21 years engaged in national wrestling and belt wrestling. Qualifications ranged from 1st adult rank to the master of sports. We used the method of microbiological seeding on yolk-salt agar (JSA) to analyze the washes from the intact skin of the medial part of forearms of wrestlers before and immediately after training. We identified the grown colonies of microorganisms using MALDI Microflex Biotyper mass-spectrometer (Bruker, Germany). In addition to the total microbial abundance, the frequency of occurrence of hemolytic forms of bacteria on wrestlers’ skin was determined before and after training. We determined the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to staphylococcal bacteriophage and polyvalent pyobacteriophage by the diameter of the bacteria lysis zone. Results and discussion. The research revealed the following facts. 1) S. aureus appears more often than other staphylococci on the skin of the medial part of wrestlers’ forearms both before and after training. 2) We detected high frequency of occurrence of hemolytic forms of Staphylococcus bacteria, which indicates the dysbiosis of wrestlers’ skin. 3) It is more efficient to use a staphylococcal bacteriophage than polyvalent pyobacteriophage for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases of wrestlers’ skin caused by S. aureus. Conclusion. Athletes of contact sports demonstrate an increased risk of skin infectious diseases, and they need effective means of protection and prevention.

Formaldehyde as an alternative to antibiotics for treatment of refractory impetigo and other infectious skin diseases

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are an increasing problem in hospitals and in the community. This has resulted in bacterial infections such as impetigo becoming difficult to treat. Alternative treatment options are needed.Areas covered: In this paper, a past study that assessed the health burden of scabies in North Queensland is described and from it, the potential for formaldehyde as an alternative antimicrobial treatment is discussed. In doing so, antibiotic resistance, impetigo, permethrin, and formaldehyde are introduced and the current understanding and limitations of the effects of formaldehyde on humans are outlined. The limited cases of formaldehyde resistance in bacteria are also discussed.Expert opinion: Formaldehyde is currently used as a preservative in cosmetics and medicinal creams due to its antibacterial activity. It, therefore, has the potential to be used as an alternative antibacterial treatment for infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The harmful side effects of airborne formaldehyde and exposure in allergic individuals have been extensively studied. Significantly less research has been conducted on formaldehyde skin contact in healthy individuals. If formaldehyde is safe for topical use in humans, it has the potential to assist with combating antibiotic resistance.

Disease avoidance, and breeding group age and size condition the dispersal patterns of western lowland gorilla females.

Social dispersal is an important feature of population dynamics. When female mammals occur in polygynous groups, their dispersal decisions are conditioned by various female-, male-, and group-related factors. Among them, the influence of disease often remains difficult to assess. To address this challenge, we used long-term monitoring data from two gorilla populations (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) affected by infectious skin disease lesions. After controlling for other potentially influential factors, we investigated to which extent disease avoidance drives the dispersal decisions of gorilla females. We showed that the infection of a silverback of a breeding group by the skin disease increased the probability of adult females to emigrate. Moreover, adult females avoided breeding groups with a high prevalence of skin disease by emigrating from them and immigrating into healthier ones. Age of the breeding group was also an important factor. Adult females left older groups, near the end of a male tenure, to join younger ones led by younger fully grown silverbacks that could be of high reproductive and protective value. Our study highlights that, although females select for high-quality males, disease avoidance is a critical driver of their dispersion decision.

Potential Therapeutic Applications of Bee Venom on Skin Disease and Its Mechanisms: A Literature Review.

Skin is larger than any other organ in humans. Like other organs, various bacterial, viral, and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer, affect the skin. Skin diseases like acne, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis often reduce the quality of life seriously. Therefore, effective treatment of skin disorders is important despite them not being life-threatening. Conventional medicines for skin diseases include corticosteroids and antimicrobial drugs, which are effective in treating many inflammatory and infectious skin diseases; however, there are growing concerns about the side effects of these therapies, especially during long-term use in relapsing or intractable diseases. Hence, many researchers are trying to develop alternative treatments, especially from natural sources, to resolve these limitations. Bee venom (BV) is an attractive candidate because many experimental and clinical reports show that BV exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer effects. Here, we review the therapeutic applications of BV in skin diseases, including acne, alopecia, atopic dermatitis, melanoma, morphea, photoaging, psoriasis, wounds, wrinkles, and vitiligo. Moreover, we explore the therapeutic mechanisms of BV in the treatment of skin diseases and killing effects of BV on skin disease-causing pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Interleukin-36 in Infectious and Inflammatory Skin Diseases.

Interleukin-36 (IL-36) comprises to a cytokine family consisting of four isoforms IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36 Ra). These IL-36 cytokines, in turn, belong to the IL-1 superfamily. The IL-36 receptor (IL-1R6) is functional as a heterodimer formed of IL-1R6 and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ are regarded as pro-inflammatory ligands and IL-36 Ra as well as IL-38 as anti-inflammatory ligands of IL-1R6. IL-36 cytokines are mainly expressed on the barrier sites of the body e.g., bronchial, intestinal, and dermal epithelium. One of their most important biological functions is the bridging of innate and adaptive immune responses. A disturbed balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory branches easily leads to inflammation of the corresponding tissue. The most prominent example for an altered IL-36 expression is the spectrum of psoriasis. In addition to inflammatory dermatoses, IL-36 also seems to play a role in infectious dermatoses. Microbial triggers, especially Staphylococcus aureus infection, increase the production of pro-inflammatory IL-36 cytokines and initiate/promote the inflammation of skin lesions. Due to the discovery of IL-36 as an important immune mediator, it has already been possible to develop important diagnostic tools for dermatitis. Not only in the field of inflammatory skin diseases, but also in pulmonary and intestinal inflammation, there is evidence that IL-36 cytokines might have diagnostic and/or therapeutic relevance.

Dermatophytosis in cats and dogs: a practical guide to diagnosis and treatment

Dermatophytosis is an infectious and contagious superficial fungal skin disease of dogs and cats. The disease is not life threatening and will resolve without intervention; however, treatment is recommended to...

In-Vivo Effectiveness of 5% Azadirachta indica Oil Cream as Anti-Scabies

Scabies is an infectious skin disease caused by mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) has the potential to be used as an anti-parasite due to the presence of azadirachtin compound that is commonly found in the seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate in-vivo effectiveness of neem oil as an anti-scabies. This study used an experimental method. The effectiveness of the cream as an anti-scabies was tested on New Zealand white rabbits which were infected with scabies. Permethrin cream was used as a positive control and cream base was used as a negative control. Cream was applied once daily and left for 8 hours. The data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney. Dermal acute irritation test was performed by applying 0.5 g cream on the rabbit dorsal. We found that 5% neem oil cream was effective as an anti-scabies with 20-21 days recovery time. The recovery time is longer than permethrin cream (7-8 days), but shorter compared to negative control with recovery time over 30 days. Primary irritation index for 5% neem oil creams was 0, indicating negligible irritation category. In conclusion, A. indica cream was effective for the treatment of scabies although its recovery time is shorter than permethrin cream. Keywords: effectiveness test, irritation test, neem oil cream, scabies

Single Clove Garlic (Allium sativum) Essential Oil as an Inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus is gram-positive bacteria that often infect the skin. S. aureus has been experiencing resistance to several antibiotics. One of the solutions to overcome the resistance is by using garlic that is believed by the society can overcome bacterial infection. The study aimed to find out the influence of the variation in concentration of local single clove garlic essential oil used on the inhibition and damage of morphological structure of S. aureus bacteria. The inhibition test was conducted using disc diffusion method. The experiment groups consisted of 1% DMSO as negative control, vancomycin 30µg/ml as positive control and single clove garlic essential oil (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and100 mg/ml) as treatment groups. The diameter of inhibition zone was measured using calipers. The morphological damage of the bacterial cells can be seen using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with magnification of 25000x. The result of Kruskal-Wallis test analysis indicated that the extract of local garlic essential oil has inhibitory activities against S. aureus bacteria (P<0.05). The damage to the morphological structure of bacterial cells with the administration of 30 µg/ml vancomycin was equal to 100 mg/ml single clove garlic essential oil extract. Single clove garlic essential oil can be used as an alternative treatment for skin infection diseases by inhibiting S. aureus growth.

Development of “Deskab” as an instrument to detect scabies for non-medical personnel in Indonesia

Scabies is one of the most prevalent infectious skin diseases in Indonesia, especially in boarding schools. Diagnosis of scabies can be made using the four cardinal signs through anamnesis and simple physical examination. The high incidence of scabies requires collaboration between various parties to diagnose and treat scabies. “DeSkab” (scabies detection form) is a form containing questions for non-medical personnel to detect scabies before being confirmed by trained medical personnel. Face and content validity of “DeSkab” is first established by boarding school’s supervisors, experts in community medicine, and dermatovenereologists. To establish reliability, study is conducted in Al-Hidayah Islamic Boarding School, Indonesia. Six non-medical personnel were chosen to examine 81 students of the boarding school using “DeSkab”. Each student is examined by three non-medical personnel, then confirmed through an examination by dermatovenereologists. Result of McNemar test shows that scabies detection by five nonmedical personnel have no statistically significant difference compared to the dermatovenereologist (McNemar test value of P>0.05). Based on this result, “DeSkab” proves to be an option for non-medical personnel to use as an instrument for detecting scabies in Indonesia.

Comorbidities as Risk Factors for Acute and Recurrent Erysipelas

BACKGROUND:Erysipelas is a common infectious skin disease. A typical feature of erysipelas, especially on the lower limbs, is the tendency to reoccur and the study aimed to define the comorbidities associated with it.AIM:We aimed to investigate systemic and local comorbidities in patients diagnosed with erysipelas on the lower limbs.MATERIAL AND METHODS:We conducted a retrospectively-prospective, population-based cohort study which included all patients diagnosed with erysipelas on the lower limbs, during two years. Patients were divided into two groups: patients with first episode and patients with recurrent erysipelas. These two groups were compared, with particular emphasis on systemic and local comorbidities.RESULTS:The study included 313 patients, of which 187 with the first episode of erysipelas and 126 with a recurrent. Regarding the analyzed systemic risk factors, the recurrent erysipelas was significantly associated with obesity (p < 0.0001), insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (p = 0.0015), history of malignant disease (p = 0.02) and tonsillectomy (p = 0.000001). For a p-value < 0.0001, significantly more frequent finding of peripheral arterial occlusive disease, chronic oedema/lymphoedema, fungal infections of the affected leg and chronic ulcer was confirmed in recurrent erysipelas. Neuropathy had 23% of the recurrent cases and 8.6% in patients without recurrence, and the difference was found to be significant for p = 0.0003. The only dissection of the lymph nodes was found more frequently in recurrent erysipelas (p = 0.017), but no associations with other analysed local surgery on the affected leg. Patients with recurrent erysipelas had ipsilateral coexisting dermatitis p = 0.00003 significantly more frequent. Minor trauma often preceded the first episode of erysipelas p = 0.005.CONCLUSION:Identification and treatment of modifiable risk factors are expected to reduce the risk of a subsequent episode of erysipelas on the lower limbs.

Decrease in Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in the Lalo District of B\xe9nin (West Africa)

BackgroundBuruli ulcer (BU) is a chronic, necrotizing infectious skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. In recent years, there has been a decrease in the number of new cases detected. This study aimed to show the evolution of its distribution in the Lalo District in Bénin from 2006 to 2017.MethodsThe database of the BU Detection and Treatment Center of Lalo allowed us to identify 1017 new cases in the Lalo District from 2006 to 2017. The annual prevalence was calculated with subdistricts and villages. The trends of the demographic variables and those related to the clinical and treatment features were analysed using Microsoft Excel® 2007 and Epi Info® 7. Arc View version® 3.4 was used for mapping.ResultsFrom 2006 to 2017, the case prevalence of BU in the Lalo District decreased by 95%. The spatial distribution of BU cases confirmed the foci of the distribution, as described in the literature. The most endemic subdistricts were Ahomadégbé, Adoukandji, Gnizounmè and Tchito, with a cumulative prevalence of 315, 225, 215 and 213 cases per 10,000 inhabitants, respectively. The least endemic subdistricts were Zalli, Banigbé, Lalo-Centre and Lokogba, with 16, 16, 10, and 5 cases per 10,000 inhabitants, respectively. A significant decrease in the number of patients with ulcerative lesions (p = 0.002), as well as those with category 3 lesions (p < 0.001) and those treated surgically (p < 0.001), was observed. The patients confirmed by PCR increased (from 40.42% in 2006 to 84.62% in 2017), and joint limitation decreased (from 13.41% in 2006 to 0.0% in 2017).ConclusionThis study confirmed the general decrease in BU prevalence rates in Lalo District at the subdistrict and village levels, as also observed at the country level. This decrease is a result of the success of the BU control strategies implemented in Bénin, especially in the Lalo District.

Scale-up your reptile knowledge

Dr Simon Girling, Head of Veterinary Services at the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, provides a comprehensive review of infectious skin diseases of reptiles.

TRICHOPHYTOSIS IN BEEF CATTLE

Trichophytosis is one of the most common skin diseases in cattle.Trichophytosis is a transmissible infectious skin disease caused most often byTrichophyton verrucosum with spores which can remain alive for years in a dryenvironment. This is a zoonotic disease, as it can equally infect people and animals.The infection spreads rapidly, and this fungal disease leads to certain economiclosses. Direct contact with infected animals is the most common method of spreadingthe infection. During this research, beef cattle aged 4 months were transported fromsouthern Serbia to the part of Vojvodina - Mačva. One month after the transportation,the characteristic gray-white round changes occured on the skin of beef cattle.Affected animals from five individual farms did not receive any treatment, whileanimals from other five farms were treated with Decanol® solution. As a conclusion,application of therapy or vaccination along with a high quality diet is the best wayto to suppress triphophytosis.

Determining the prevalence of infectious skin disorders encountered in children: Prospective observational assessment

Background: Infectious skin disorders (ISDs) are commonly seen in pediatric emergency departments (PED), however the exact frequency is unknown. Skin infections in pediatric age group have a different clinical course and treatment as compared to adult, so it is studied separately as Pediatric dermatology. Aim: The present study aims to determine the prevalence and types of infectious skin disorders (ISDs) seen among children attending the Department of Dermatology, Chandulal Chandrakar Memorial Medical College, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India.Methods: This is a prospective study; various dermatoses were studied in pediatric patients up to 14 years of age over a period of 1 year. All patients were divided into four different study groups: 1 to 6 years and 7 to 14 years.Results: Among the 600 pediatric skin infection patients, bacterial infections (210, 35%) were highest in number followed by fungal (198, 33%) and viral infections (54, 9%). Of the bacterial infections, impetigo was the predominant one contributing to 134(22.33%) cases. Other bacterial infections were furunculosis (64, 10.67%) and pyogenic abscess (12, 2%).Dermatophytosis (102, 17%) attributed the major bulk of cases of fungal infections. Pityriasis versicolor (20, 3.33%) and candidiasis (76, 12.67%) were the other superficial fungal infections recorded in the study. Most prevalent viral infection was Molluscum contagiosum (33, 5.5%) followed by wart (12, 2%) and pityriasis rosea (9, 1.5%). Scabies (96, 16%) and pediculosis (42, 7%) were the two entities in the infestation group. Conclusion: Our data reveal the extremely high frequency of ISDs seen at the PED, underlying the need for closer cooperation between dermatologists and pediatricians.

Современные особенности эпидемиологии зооантропофильных дерматомикозов, микозов стоп и кистей, онихомикозов в г. Новосибирске

The reporting forms No. 9 called “Information on the incidence of sexually transmitted infections and infectious skin diseases” of regional observation, approved by Russian Federal State Statistics Service were analyzed in order to study the modern features of the epidemiology of trichomycoses and foot mycoses in Novosibirsk during 2009–2018. There has been an increase in the primary incidence of mycoses of the feet and hands; trichophytoses and onychomycoses, as well as a decrease in this indicator among patients with microsporia in the reviewed period in Novosibirsk. The onychomycoses took the leading position in the structure of dermatomycoses, mycosis of the feet and hands was the second one, microsporia — the third one, trichophytosis — the last. The gender-age ratio of patients showed that women older 40 years suffered from onychomycoses more often, women older than 40 years had mycosis of the feet and hands, also female children aged from 0 to 14 years had microsporia, male children aged from 0 up to 14 years had trichophytosis.

Recent progress in the pathophysiological role of interleukin-19

Cytokine signal is essential for the biological function including development, maintenance of homeostasis and progression of disease. There are growing evidences that signaling via pro-inflammatory cytokines underlie a variety of immunological diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic syndromes, in which cytokine signals are known as a potential therapeutic target of antibody drugs. In contrast, anti-inflammatory cytokines, which is represented by IL-10, largely contribute to suppression of inflammation and restoration of injured tissues. IL-19 is a member of IL-10 cytokine family, which comprises IL-20 cytokine subfamily with IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26. IL-19 is produced by myeloid and epithelial cells with stimulation of bacterial components and cytokines. Although IL-19 has been originally recognized as a potential Th2-related cytokine, in recent researches, it has been reported that this cytokine upregulates Th17 response to reflect and promote progression of Th17-related disease including psoriasis. On the other hand, IL-19 has anti-inflammatory effects on inflammatory diseases such as infectious skin disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, IL-19 may exert pleiotropic effects dependent on the pathological mechanism of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize recent studies about IL-19 and introduce the pathophysiological and therapeutic role of IL-19 in inflammatory diseases.

A modern view on diagnostics and treatment of onychomycoses (literature review)

This article provides an overview of current data on the diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis. Fungal infection is the cause of 50 % to 60 % of all nail diseases. In other cases, nail diseases are non-fungal in nature and are caused by various pathological processes, including chronic and infectious skin diseases, chronic somatic lesions, endocrine and psychological disorders caused by hereditary, occupational and traumatic factors. Onychomycosis constitutes a significant part of the pathology of nails, according to numerous researchers, onychomycosis accounts for about 20 % of all diseases of the nails. Known pathogens of onychomycosis are usually divided into three groups: dermatophytes, yeast-like fungi of the Candida species, and mold fungi. According to preliminary studies, dermatophytic onychomycosis accounts for up to 83 % of all infectious lesions of the feet nails and more than 50 % of the nails of the hands. Mixed infections are becoming increasingly important in the etiology of onychomycosis. Data has appeared on mixed dermatophytic-bacterial and dermatophytic-viral onychomycoses. Laboratory diagnostics are based on traditional methods: microscopic examination of pathological material and cultural studies, as well as modern methods (PCR diagnostics). Molecular genetic research showed the high sensitivity of this PCR method, which allows researchers to confirm the diagnosis of onychomycosis in just a day and reveals a larger percentage of patients with onychomycosis compared to traditional methods were able to, thus this indicates the need to revise existing approaches to laboratory diagnosis. Currently, there are a large number of methods for treating onychomycosis. Etiotropic therapy is the only effective approach in the onychomycosis treatment. The main types of therapy are local therapy, systemic and combined. Higher therapeutic efficacy of combination therapy is associated with different routes of antifungal drugs, their synergistic action, the possibility of using drugs with various differing mechanisms of action and, consequently, the expansion of the spectrum of action, the creation of a high concentration of antifungal drugs in the nail plate and surrounding tissues, and the removal of a significant mass of the spreading infectious agent. In addition, the advantage of combination therapy in the treatment of onychomycosis is shorter therapy duration, and therefore a reduction in the likelihood of side effects, as well as epidemiological and economic efficiency, and a high cosmetic effect. Key words: onychomycosis, polymerase chain reaction, systemic and topical antimycotics, combination therapy. For citation: Kutasevych YF, Oliinyk IO, Ishcheikin KY, Bilozorov OP, Mashtakova IO, Zimina TV, Suprun KH, Chekhovska HS. A modern view on diagnostics and treatment of onychomycoses (literature review). Journal of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. 2019;25(3):313–20

ANALYSIS OF MORBIDITY BY INFECTIOUS DERMATOSIS OF THE POPULATION OF KRASNODAR REGION IN THE LAST 5 YEARS

Aim. The aim was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of dermatomycosis and scabies in Krasnodar region, to identify the tendencies and the development trend of the epidemiological situation, as well as the main directions of work retrospectively and in the dynamics of 2013-2017.Materials and methods. Statistical data forms №9, №34 in the last five years, which shape the incidence of contagious dermatoses in Krasnodar region, were used in the study. The morbidity rate of the population of the region is indirectly linked to macroeconomic and social objective and subjective processes in the society.Results. The analysis of the incidence of infectious skin diseases (hereinafter – ISD) shows a negative trend for scabies and major dermatomycosis, with the exception of mycosis of the feet and hands, in the studied five-year period. Structural analysis shows the ratio of sex-age categories of patients with different nosologies: the prevalence of the feet and hands mycoses in adult female patients and microsporia in male children. The link between the number of cases of contagious skin diseases and the territorial gradation of patients was considered. Conclusion. A retrospective analysis of the epidemiological situation of dermatomycosis and scabies in Krasnodar region was conducted. Gender, age and territorial aspects of contagious dermatoses, and the development trends were identified over the analyzed period. The factors contributing to the spread of contagious dermatoses were studied: climatic features of the southern region of the Russian Federation, migration flows, and socio-economic declines. The prospects of preventive work include raising public awareness and joint activities with non-medical services with an emphasis on active detection.

Pattern of Skin Diseases in Patients Attending OPD of Dermatology and Venereology in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Background: Skin diseases account for a higher proportion of outpatient department in developing countries including Bangladesh.Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of skin diseases in patients attending OPD of Dermatology and venereology in a tertiary care hospital.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient department of medical college hospital of Kishoreganj in Bangladesh from 2013 to 2016 for a period of four (4) years. All the patients at any age and sex who were attended in the OPD of the hospital selected as study population. Only newly diagnosed cases were included in the study. The socio-demographic profiles and diseases pattern were recorded in a data sheet. Diagnosis was made on clinical basis by expert dermatologist. Lab investigations were restricted to the cases where it carried diagnostic importance.Result: A total number of 119228 patients (near about 82/day) were recruited for this study. Out of them 57825 (48.5%) cases were male and 61403 (51.5%) cases were female. Infective diseases were more common than non-infective diseases which were (65409; 54.9%) and (53819; 45.1%) cases respectively. In cases of infective diseases; parasitic, fungal, bacterial, viral, sexually transmitted infection and other nonspecific infections were 20408(31.2%), 17464(26.7%), 12166(18.6%), 8503(13.0%), 3597(5.5%) and 3271(5.0%) respectively. Out of 20408 parasitic diseases of which 20061(98.3%) cases were scabies and 1347(1.7%) cases were pediculosis. Out of 17464 fungal diseases tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, candidiasis, onychomycosis and pityriasis versicolor were found in 2655(15.2%) cases, 3737(21.4%) cases, 3423(19.6%) cases, 3127(17.9%) cases, 1031(5.9%) cases and 3492(20.0%) cases respectively. Out of 12166 bacterial diseases Impetigo was found in 4745(39.0%) cases, pyoderma in 4282(35.2%) cases, folliculitis in 3103(25.5%) cases, leprosy in 24(0.2%) cases and skin TB in 12(0.1%) cases. Among the viral diseases verruca was found in 4056(47.7%) cases. In case of non-infective diseases, eczema, papulo-squamous disease, acne, urticarial, drug reaction, vitiligo, chronic arsenicosis, neoplastic skin disorder, genodermatoses and others were 16953(31.5%), 9903( 18.4%),7696( 14.3%), 8019( 14.9%), 4682( 8.7%), 2099( 3.9%), 269(0.5%), 161(0.3%), 431(0.8%) and 3606( 6.7%) respectively.Conclusion: In conclusion, we found that a huge burden of skin diseases are present in the OPD. Infective skin diseases mostly bacterial and parasitic still predominant in Bangladesh though it is less frequent in developed countries.Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2018;4(2): 116-122

Nanomedicine Advances in Topical Infective and Non-Infective Skin Diseases Therapy

Nanomedicine Advances in Topical Infective and Non-Infective Skin Diseases Therapy