Industry In Australia Research Articles

Telephone Survey Versus Panel Survey Samples Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior Regarding Animal Welfare in the Red Meat Industry in Australia.

Surveys are used extensively in social research and, despite a lack of conclusive evidence of their ‘representativeness,’ probability internet panel (PIP) surveys are being increasingly used to make inferences about knowledge, attitude and behavior in the general population regarding a range of socially relevant issues. A large-scale survey of Australian public attitudes and behavior toward the red meat industry was undertaken. Samples were obtained using a random digit dialing telephone survey (Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing-CATI, n = 502 respondents) and a PIP survey (PANEL, n = 530 respondents) to examine differences between the two samples regarding attitudes and behavior relating to livestock use and welfare. There was little difference in demographics between the CATI and the PANEL surveys apart from highest level of education. However, there were differences between the two samples in both attitudes and behavior toward the red meat industry after controlling for education levels. The PANEL respondents gave generally more conservative responses than did the CATI respondents in the sense that they were more positive toward the livestock industries and animal welfare within these industries. Differences were also found between the respondents of the two samples regarding behavior that relates to the red meat industry, both community and consumer behavior. PANEL respondents were less engaged in community behaviors performed in opposition of the red meat industry when compared with the CATI sample. The majority of CATI and PANEL respondents were red meat eaters and there was no difference between respondents of the two samples in relation to red meat consumption, however, there were fewer vegetarians and vegans in the PANEL survey. Possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed, however, a definitive answer will depend on further research to identify the specific psychological factors that differ between samples derived from different survey methodologies.

A SNP parentage assignment panel for the silver lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima)

The silver-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, is an important aquaculture species extensively farmed in tropical Australia and Southeast Asia to produce “South Sea” pearls. The pearling industry in Australia is in the process of implementing breeding programs targeting improved disease resistance, growth and pearl quality, and as a result genetic tools that can be readily implemented into breeding programs have been developed. However, to date there is no routine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) pedigree reconstruction tool publicly available.In this study, we isolated and assessed a panel of 934 genome-wide DArTcap™ SNPs for their utility and discriminatory power in resolving pedigree relationships in P. maxima. The panel was assessed for its power to assign parentage through in silico simulations of 1,000 progeny in a mass-spawning scenario, based on genotypes of 100 broodstock (1:1 sex ratio) and allowing for random missing genotypes in individuals (0–40%). Assignment success was then assessed across various pedigree panel sizes (25–934 SNPs ranked from the highest minor allele frequency). Simulations showed that a SNP panel comprising 50 or more SNPs had high pedigree resolution and the power to correctly assign progeny to a parent-progeny trio with 95 % confidence. In the simulation examining the effect of missing genotypes on assignment success, even where 40 % of alleles were missing in individuals only 150 SNPs were required in the panel to accurately assign parentage. Progeny from a commercial hatchery mass spawn involving 184 candidate parents were also assigned to their parents using the SNP panel and identified 79 full-sib families and genetic contributions from 33 sires and 11 dams. A highly skewed representation of family distributions in the cohort was observed which highlights the challenge of using a mass-spawning approach to the capture and identification of genetic diversity in P. maxima breeding programs.

Changing geographies of fashion during COVID‐19: The Australian case

COVID‐19 has impacted a range of industries, of which the fashion industry is no exception. Here, we examine the effects of COVID‐19 on the geographies of that industry in Australia. We use a path‐dependency framework to understand the evolution of the Australian fashion industry and to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19 as an external shock to this evolution. The Australian fashion industry has been hit particularly hard by the pandemic. Drawing upon a qualitative methodology and associated set of methods consisting of 24 semi‐structured interviews with key industry actors, we explore three key themes. First, we examine the impact of COVID‐19 on firm dynamics, investigating how fashion brands have navigated a period of significant uncertainty through a combination of highly nimble internal business practices and industry collaborations. Second, in light of unstable globalised supply chains, we consider the important role of local garment production in supporting industrial resilience. Third, we explore how changing consumption behaviours are altering the retail geographies of the Australian fashion industry in both physical and virtual spaces. Based on our analysis of preliminary results, we reflect on the suitability of an evolutionary approach in this context and outline a number of themes of future research.

Ammonia volatilisation from grazed, pasture based dairy farming systems

ContextA key pathway for nitrogen (N) loss, which is poorly quantified in livestock farming systems with grazing, is the ammonia (NH3) volatilisation that occurs from fertilisers, soils, fresh and stored animal excreta. ObjectiveThis study used farm systems modelling to understand, the likely losses of N via NH3 volatilisation from different farming systems in diverse locations throughout the geographical extent of the dairy industry in Australia. MethodsThe systems model DairyMod was used to simulate daily water, energy and N cycles in representative farming systems. DairyMod simulated the flows of N through soils, pastures, feed, animals throughout the whole farm system in order to sensibly simulate the volatilisation from fertilisers, soil and animal excreta across 18 locations. Results and conclusionsAverage annual NH3volatilisation for the years 2000–2019 was 40 kg N/ha but varied greatly from 10 to 97 kg N/ha depending on year, location and farming system. Across all locations, volatilisation was higher in Spring > Winter > Autumn > Summer. Across the 18 locations annual volatilisation was, on average, 51% greater from the livestock excreta source than from the fertiliser N source, which was 22% greater than from soil N sources over the long term assess how N losses volatilised. Heterogeneity was a feature as the amount of volatilisation changed between seasons and N sources but with no obvious trends across all locations or systems when averaged over all years. Supplemental forage feeding with grass silage made up between 10 ± 6% of total intake on a dry matter basis, but by substituting this for low protein maize silage, the overall diet N concentration was reduced from 3.0% to 2.4% which in turn caused a 47% reduction in volatilisation, from 56 to 30 kg N/ha/year, improvement in whole farm nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 65% from 31 to 60 g milk MS/g N-NH3 volatilisation and milk production was uncompromised overall. SignificanceThis is the first study to produce realistic losses of ammonia losses from pasture based dairy farming systems in Australia. The findings indicate if addressed at the whole farm scale, farm NUE can be improved significantly but this needs to be understood in the broader context of the farming system. Due to the highly heterogenous nature and responses of farming systems that include grazing animals, a pervasive and inflexible one-size-fits-all approach by policy to modifying dairy systems to improve environmental air quality would be implausible.

Unlocking the Secrets of Terminalia Kernels Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

In recent years, the native food industry in Australia has increased in both value and volume due to the discovery of a wide range of phytochemicals (e.g., vitamin C, polyphenols) that have potential health benefits. Thus, plant organs and tissues of these native plants are used in a wide range of applications. In particular, the kernel of a native plum, the Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana, Combretaceae) is considered to be rich in lipids and other phytochemical compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of NIR spectroscopy to analyze and characterize kernel samples and tissues of wild harvest fruit samples. The Fourier transform near-infrared reflectance spectra of cracked kernels, seeds cover tissues, and dry powder Kakadu plum kernels were acquired. Both principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to analyze and interpret the spectral data. A correct classification rate of 93%, 86%, and 80% was achieved for the identification of kernel provenance using all tissues, seed coats, and the whole nuts, respectively. The results of this study reported for the first time the analysis of Kakadu plum kernels and their tissues using NIR spectroscopy.

Financial reporting and valuation treatment of property assets by not-for-profit operators

ABSTRACT The continued presence of not-for-profit (NFP) operators in the residential aged care (RAC) and retirement village industry in Australia adds to its complexity and diversity. This is an industry focused on the delivery of services through specialised property assets, which often have histories going back decades. NFP operators have greater flexibility in financial reporting when compared to for-profit operators, and the paper examines the accounting treatment and measurement of value in financial reporting of property assets by this group. Considerable diversity in classification and treatment of property assets was noted, plus a strong reliance on directors’ valuations. Both RAC and retirement villages have been the subject of government inquiries at the Commonwealth and state levels, which have focused on the financial performance of the industry. The diversity in financial reporting has implications for the transparency of the financial performance of the industry.

Development of the clean hydrogen industry in Australia – a regulatory and fiscal roadmap for the fuel of the future

As Australia moves toward decarbonisation across all of its sectors, the production and use of clean hydrogen have emerged as a clear alternative. It is versatile, storable, transportable and, ultimately, a fuel source that is carbon free. Funding and policy announcements across State and Federal Governments for the hydrogen industry have built momentum in recent years, with projects already underway to address new uses for hydrogen, which are looking to improve the economics of production to meet the expected future demand not only here in Australia but also internationally. So, how can Australia lead the global shift to hydrogen and what is the regulatory and fiscal infrastructure needed to drive the development of the hydrogen industry in Australia? The key issues to be considered include the following: The need for government funding for development of the future uses of hydrogen to help build confidence and stimulate investment across the supply chain to enable commercialisation; Establishing an attractive investment environment for projects in Australia – not only the production of hydrogen but also for the supply chain infrastructure; Development of a certification scheme and Australia’s role in setting regional and/or international standards and Policy settings, including the necessary regulatory and fiscal reforms, relevant to support the period of transition to green hydrogen.

Part IIIB - Why there is no economic case for additional access regulation

Australia's competition laws include a general access regime for monopoly infrastructure (Part IIIA of the Competition and Consumer Act). Recently, there have been calls to extend this law - through a new 'Part IIIB'. This paper considers the proposed amendments and finds that there is no economic case for change. Proponents of reform argue that the existing law has a gap. Our analysis shows that this is wrong and the current law can deal with both vertically integrated and separated facilities. We show that the current 'declaration criteria' identify both the relevant infrastructure services and the circumstances when regulatory action is warranted. We also consider if there are either competition problems or economic distortions due to investment ‘hold up’ that could be fixed by Part IIIB? For competition, we conclude that any relevant concerns are already addressed by Part IIIA. For investment ‘hold up’ we note that this is a broad issue that arises in many industries. At best, Part IIIB would crowd out preferred business-to-business solutions to the hold-up problem. At worst, Part IIIB would create, rather than reduce, economic distortions. Overall, we find that the case for further access regulation through a Part IIIB has not been established. Given Part IIIA, there is no regulatory gap for monopoly infrastructure industries in Australia that could be fixed by the proposed Part IIIB. Put simply, Part IIIB is a solution in search of a problem.

An Architecture to Facilitate Security Assurance and Legal Compliance for Call Auditing in the Wholesale Electricity Market

The auditability of telephone call records plays an essential governance role in the electricity industry in Australia as non-compliance with the Australian National Electricity Rules can lead to financial charges and result in developing a poor reputation. The existing telephone call recording processes using manual logbook entries or a recording system without verification and auditing capabilities are labour-intensive and prone to human error. This study is motivated to address this real-world problem by designing a system that streamlines telephone call audit processes. This can be verified with digital technologies to meet security requirements as well as legal requirements stipulated by the Australian National Electricity Rules. In meeting security and legal compliance requirements of the Australian National Electricity Rules, this study develops a novel approach using the Clark-Wilson Integrity Model and blockchain technology for an automatic telephone call audit system with security provisions to prevent unauthorized access to and manipulation of telephone call records nationally. Although the application of blockchain has generated great interest in other areas, few studies have been conducted on its application to auditing. This study uses the Clark-Wilson Integrity Model to verify metadata records’ integrity at the systems where metadata are generated. The proposed architectural design not only enhances data integrity and confidentiality but also enables the automatic execution of telephone call audit processes for auditors. The auditing system we propose presents a higher level of security compared to the existing system.

Fighting with “the tyranny of Distance”: History of transport in Australia

Transport plays a vital role in the development of state of Australia. Transport can be compared with arteries of different industries of different types of economy. This infrastructure is especially important for Australia which has a great territory and low density of its population. That’s why the development of transport despite the remoteness of the continent from the Old World went parallel but sometimes even ahead of Europe. For the first time in Ukrainian science, an attempt has been made to investigate at the interdisciplinary level the formation of Australian state with the help of transport. Events are presented in chronological order because the very history of the discovery of the continent began from sailboats. Sailboat transport at the time of the discovery of Australia and the transportation of the first convicts, their supervising soldiers and administration together with free settlers from The Great Britain arrived on sailboats. The use of sailboats in transport along the coast of Australia is also clarified as well as hunting for whales, the future visits to the Pacific Islands and transportation from there valuable species of wood. The transition to steam shipping and later to motor shipping is distinguished, subsequently to motor shipping, innovative port changes of the coast of Australia for better floating and for better placement of cargo on steamers and their uploading taking into account the cost of human labour, of appropriate mechanisms and devices. Features of Australian river navigation are also considered. The development of land transport is studied. It is proved that the development of rail transport in the XIX st. became an important link in the transport system of Australia. Its advantages and obstacles which for many years stood in the way of development are allocated. The problems of different gauge in each Australian state are analysed and the difficulties of overcoming them are emphasized. Road transport and road construction have come out in Australia at a rapid space. It was found that road construction for Australian society was not only economic but also of great social importance because the soldiers who returned to their homeland from the First World War had their jobs on road constructions. The origin and development of aviation on the fifth continent are analysed. The figures of aviation designers are singled out. They pioneered aviation industry in Australia. Conclusions are drawn that this industry became dominant in Australia now.

A zero-carbon, reliable and affordable energy future in Australia

Australia has one of the highest per capita consumption of energy and emissions of greenhouse gases in the world. It is also the global leader in rapid per capita annual deployment of new solar and wind energy, which is causing the country’s emissions to decline. Australia is located at low-moderate latitudes along with three quarters of the world’s population. These factors make the Australian experience globally significant. In this study, a fully decarbonised electricity system is modelled together with complete electrification of heating, transport and industry in Australia leading to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. An energy supply-demand balance is simulated based on long-term (10 years), high-resolution (half-hourly) meteorological and energy demand data. A significant feature of this model is that short-term off-river energy storage and distributed energy storage are utilised to support the large-scale integration of variable solar and wind energy. The results show that high levels of energy reliability and affordability can be effectively achieved through a synergy of flexible energy sources; interconnection of electricity grids over large areas; response from demand-side participation; and mass energy storage. This strategy could be a rapid and generic pathway towards zero-carbon energy futures within the Sunbelt.

The goat industry in Australia: Using Bayesian network analysis to understand vulnerability to a foot and mouth disease outbreak

Australia’s goat industry is one of the largest goat product exporters in the world, managing both farmed and wild caught animals. To protect and maintain the competitive advantage afforded to the Australian goat industry by the absence of many diseases endemic elsewhere, it is important to identify the vulnerability of producers to livestock disease incursions. This study developed a framework of producer vulnerability built from the beliefs and practices of producers that may impact on their likelihood of exposure and response capacity to an emergency animal disease (EAD), using foot and mouth disease as a model. A cross-sectional questionnaire gathered information on producer/enterprise demographics, animal health management and biosecurity practices, with 107 participating in the study. The biosecurity measures that were most commonly implemented by producers were always using animal movement documentation for purchased stock (74.7 %) and isolating new stock (73.1 %). However, moderate to low uptake of biosecurity protocols related to visitors to the property were reported. Response capacity variables such as checking animals daily (72.0 %) and record keeping (91.7 %) were reported by the majority of respondents, with 40.7 % reporting yearly veterinary inspection of their animals. Using the vulnerability framework, a Bayesian Network model was developed and populated by the survey data, and the relationships between variables were investigated. Six vulnerability profiles were developed, with three levels of exposure (high, moderate, low) and two levels of response capacity (high, low), as described by producer demographics and practices. The most sensitive exposure variables on producer vulnerability included implementation of visitor biosecurity and control of feral animals. Results from this study can inform risk based perspectives and decisions around biosecurity and surveillance resource allocation within the goat industry. The results also highlight opportunities for improving Australia’s preparedness for a future EAD incursion by considering producer behaviour and beliefs by applying a vulnerability framework.

The violent-care of dingo conservation breeding

In 2019, a wild-born dingo pup named Wandi was taken from the Victorian high country to the Australian Dingo Foundation to become a part of their breeding program. Wandi was chosen because he was identified as a ‘rare’ ‘alpine’ dingo. At the point at which Wandi was handed over to the ADF, he became a captive dingo and will likely never be released. Wandi is one of thousands of dingoes who are bred and sold each year by the dingo breeding industry in Australia – both for zoos and wildlife parks to exhibit, and as privately owned ‘pets’. None of these dingoes can ever be released. Dingo captivity is often justified by dingo breeders as a necessary part of ‘essential’ conservation to combat the possible ‘extinction’ of the dingo. In this article, I question this assumption and demonstrate how it perpetuates and energises historically constructed distinctions between dingo ‘types’ (such as ‘alpine’ and ‘pure’). Here, I mobilise Thom van Dooren’s concept of ‘violent-care’ to better understand the contradictory ways in which dingoes experience life and captivity in Australia: ‘rare’ but a ‘pest’, charismatic and newsworthy but also imprisoned, evincing popular sentiments of affection and forced into captive breeding. I work with these contradictions every day as the founder of Sydney Fox and Dingo Rescue (SFDR). As dingo advocates, we have a responsibility to examine the violence dingoes experience as a result of captivity and the ‘logics’ and discourse that drive that violence, as van Dooren writes: ‘[w]hen the ‘logics’ that structure violence (or care for that matter) go unexamined, they become both invisible and commonsensical’ (van Dooren, ‘A Day with Crows’ 3).

Battle for the boot: trademarks and competitiveness in the global UGG boot industry, 1979-2019

Purpose Despite its Australian birthplace, the ugg boot industry is now fully dominated by one American company, and the Australian ugg boot industry has been frozen out of global trade. This study aims to consider the impact on the competitive advantage of culturally distinctive but not new, intellectual property (IP) through the historic lens of the Australia–USA battle over the UGG boot trademark. Design/methodology/approach This study uses trademark applications, court documents, annual reports and brand reports to trace the history of the change and growth of the ugg boot industry from a small cottage industry in Australia to a billion-dollar monopoly controlled by an American company. Findings Court documents and trademark applications from 1979 to 2019 indicate that Australian firms underestimated the cultural differences between the USA and Australia and thus failed to adequately protect the generic word “ugg” in foreign markets where it was considered to be distinctive, rather than generic. Practical implications The paper highlights the importance of the first-mover advantage that can be conferred upon a firm by IP that is not new. Trademarks must be distinctive, rather than new, but properly used, they can offer substantial global competitive advantages to firms. Originality/value The in-depth analysis of the development of the UGG brand highlights the importance of intangible barriers in global business. The impact on the competitive advantage these intangible barriers gave US firms over Australian firms in the worldwide sheepskin boot market is discussed.

Social License and Animal Welfare: Developments from the Past Decade in Australia.

Simple Summary“Social license to operate” (SLO) is the process by which a community grants or withholds permission to an industry to conduct its business. This article describes how animal welfare has recently become arguably the most crucial consideration underpinning SLO for Australian animal use industries in the past decade. Such industries include animal racing, wildlife harvesting, and the farming and live export of livestock. We posit that these industries are at risk of loss of SLO unless policies shift to proactive engagement with stakeholders and transparent monitoring of animal welfare outcomes. “Social license to operate” (SLO) refers to the implicit process by which a community gives an industry approval to conduct its current business activities. It has become an important focus for many natural resource management fields (especially mining), but there is less awareness of its role in animal use industries. This article describes how animal welfare has recently become arguably the most crucial consideration underpinning the SLO for Australian animal use industries. It describes several industries in Australia that have faced animal welfare scrutiny in the past decade (2010–2020) to illustrate how persistent issues can erode SLO, lead to regulatory bans, and decimate previously profitable industries. Industries described include the live export of livestock, greyhound and horse racing, kangaroo harvesting, and dairy and sheep farming. In these cases, there has been intense public discourse but little scholarly progress. This article examines factors that may have contributed to these developments and suggests approaches that may assist these industries in maintaining their SLO. Animal welfare has become a mainstream societal concern in Australia, and effective management of the community’s expectations will be essential for the maintenance of SLO for many animal use industries.

A Study Investigating How the Characteristics of High Reliability Organisations Can Be Measured in the Construction Industry in Australia.

Construction activities involve a lot of risk as workers are exposed to a wide range of job hazards, such as working at height, moving vehicles, toxic substances, and confined spaces. The hazards related to a construction project are mostly unpredictable because construction projects move quickly due to project deadlines, and changing work environments. As a result of this, the industry accounts for one of the highest numbers of work-related claims, and the fourth highest incidence rate of serious claims in Australia. This research investigates how key safety management factors can measure the characteristics of high reliability organisations (HROs) in the construction industry in New South Wales Australia. To address the problem, a model is presented that can predict characteristics of HRO in construction (CHC). Using structural equation modeling (SEM), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the model and measurement instruments are tested and validated from data collected from construction workers. The results identified the factors that effectively measure CHC, and the findings can also be used as a safety management strategy and will contribute to the body of knowledge in research.

Fitting In and Fighting Out

This study explores and problematises the various challenges six non-native English-Speaking Teachers (NNESTs) faced in the ESL teaching profession. The purpose of this study was to increase an in-depth understanding of non-native English speaking teachers in terms of their perceived and actual employability, students’ perceptions of them, and the discriminatory practices they are often reported to be subjected to in the ESL industry in Australia. The number of international students studying ESL at Australian language centres has increased significantly in recent years and a concurrent increase in trained NNESTs seeking employment in these centres necessitates this study. The findings revealed that the participants still face challenges to some extent in the ESL teaching profession in Melbourne and their teaching approaches are impacted by their linguistic and educational experiences. The study also found that, contrary to popular belief, NNESTs do not use the so-called ‘traditional’ teaching approaches while teaching, despite their own learning of English through such approaches. As well, far from seeing it as a disadvantage, these teachers often utilise their non-native status as a positive source of inspiration to encourage ‘non-native’ students in the classroom. As data in the study indicates, the participants’ pedagogical approaches have been influenced by their past linguistic, educational, and cultural experiences, this understanding will help these programs become better attuned to teachers’ experiences and backgrounds and encourage NNES future teachers to examine their varied experiences in relation to theories of language acquisition, language teaching and curriculum design.

CSIR and Australian industry: 1926–49

The primary function of CSIR, founded in 1926, was to promote primary and secondary industries in Australia. In its first decade, CSIR developed a successful model for delivering research of benefit to the primary sector. The period from the late 1930s was characterised by the expansion of CSIR, notably into secondary-industry research, and its wide-ranging and effective response to the industry and government demands during the Second World War. In the post-war years CSIR placed increasing emphasis on longer term, underlying research, as the way to benefit Australian industry. This shift raised problems for technology transfer to the secondary industry sector; it also shaped the agenda of CSIR’s successor organisation, CSIRO, in the decades after its formation in 1949.

A hover view over Australia's Hydrogen Industry in recent history: The necessity for a Hydrogen Industry Knowledge-Sharing Platform

The hydrogen industry in Australia has gained tremendous momentum in 2018 and after the publishing of the National Hydrogen Roadmap. In this study, a comprehensive review of the recent history of hydrogen-related activities and publications, as well as hydrogen funding programs and the funded projects, was conducted. Most of these activities were tabulated and discussed from the perspective of sorting, documentation, and contrast. The broad picture indicates the need and necessity of a unified national database for the hydrogen industry landscape. An innovative modular online (web-based) crowdsourced database platform is introduced in this paper as the “Australia Hydrogen Industry Knowledge-Sharing Platform” to include all hydrogen-related activities in Australia. This web-based platform will be presented in the form of a business to generate revenue to offset operation and maintenance costs and ensure the system updating. This study will not only guide the Australian governments and/or stakeholders to develop a hydrogen economy for the future but also other countries to promote their hydrogen industry.

Transcriptome Response of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to a New Piscine Orthomyxovirus

Pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV) is an emerging pathogen of concern to the salmon industry in Australia. To explore the molecular events that underpin POMV infection, we challenged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts in seawater via cohabitation. Tissue samples of the head kidney and liver were collected from moribund and surviving individuals and analyzed using transcriptome sequencing. Viral loads were higher in the head kidney compared to the liver, yet the liver presented more upregulated genes. Fish infected with POMV showed a strong innate immune response that included the upregulation of pathogen recognition receptors such as RIG-I and Toll-like receptors as well as the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (MX, ISG15). Moribund fish also presented a dramatic induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to severe tissue damage and morbidity. An induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes (B2M) and markers of T cell-mediated immunity (CD8-alpha, CD8-beta, Perforin-1, Granzyme-A) was observed in both moribund fish and survivors. In addition, differential connectivity analysis showed that three key regulators (RELA/p65, PRDM1, and HLF) related to cell-mediated immunity had significant differences in connectivity in “clinically healthy” versus “clinically affected” or moribund fish. Collectively, our results show that T cell-mediated immunity plays a central role in the response of Atlantic salmon to the infection with POMV.