Industry In Tanzania Research Articles

Avocado Production and Local Trade in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: A Case of an Emerging Trade Commodity from Horticulture

Avocado crop in Tanzania is sparingly investigated regardless of being an important fruit commodity. This study was undertaken to explore the yield and the value chain of this crop in the country. Data were collected mainly by face-to-face interviews with 275 avocado farmers, 231 avocado traders and 16 key informants. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance were used for data analysis. The average crop yield ranged from 76 to 124 kg plant−1 between regions. The average price for the farmers’ produce ranged from US$ 0.30 to 0.45 kg−1 between regions. About 72% of the farmers were dissatisfied with avocado business whereas 79% of the traders were pleased with it. A number of challenges were found hindering the development of the avocado industry in Tanzania, which in turn affects the fruit yield and the value chain. Addressing these challenges at the national, regional, district and village levels is important for improving the livelihood of Tanzanian farmers growing this crop, given the fact that a good proportion of the country’s population is employed in the agricultural sector and most of the reported challenges also affect the value chain of other crops.

Linking Quality Management Practices with Performance of Manufacturing Industries in Tanzania

Local products of manufacturing industries in Tanzania are subjected to intense competition in the markets. Product quality is one of key factors that play a considerable role for manufacturing industries to win the competitive advantage. This paper attempts to analyse the extents of quality management practices (QMP) and manufacturing performance (MP) as well as to examine the linkage between practices and performance. Data was collected from seventy-eight (78) manufacturing industries in Dar es Salaam region using questionnaires comprising of both single-item and multi-item questions. Descriptive statistics was used to quantify the extent of quality management practices and manufacturing performance (MP) of the industries. Factor analysis was used to reduce the scale items of QMP and MP into few underlying factors representing the items without loss of information. As a consequence, four QMP and two MP factors were identified. A correlation analysis was used to evaluate the effect of QMP on the performance of manufacturing industries. The findings show that most of manufacturing industries in Tanzania are large in scale and owned by private companies. Among these industries, many of them are dealing with food, beverage and tobacco products. The extent of quality management practices and manufacturing performance are favourable. Further to that, quality management practices mainly quality commitment significantly correlates with both operational and financial performance. This can be seen as a positive indication of the top management commitment in quality issues throughout the supply chain in supporting customer satisfaction, competitive advantage, flexibility in production quantity and overall product quality. Thus, local manufacturing industries should utilise the quality management and performance strengths to produce high-quality products that will penetrate into the markets. In addition, enforcement on the implementation of quality management tools and methods is required for the purpose of realising reasonable operational and financial performance while winning the competitive advantage.

Kuvaa na kuvalia: maana yake nini? Covering and Uncovering the Female Body in Tanzanian Fashion

The article takes into examination how customs, clothes and the conception of African female body have changed over time in Tanzania, highlighting the wide system of symbols that are involved in them. Starting from the assumption that clothes and body are expression of the social and cultural reality, and a means of modelling powers and relationships, the article follows linguistic, semiological and psychological analytical approaches. Particular attention is given to fashion as an emerging industry in Tanzania, revealing how fashion designers envision their endeavours as a pathway both for pursuing their passion and for revitalising failing clothing industries.

English

The leather industry is one among the most vital sectors for economic development contributing to high earnings. However, tanning of hides and skins is constrained by primitive technology and the use of hazardous chemicals that contribute to environmental pollution. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of alkaline protease on dehairing animal hides and skins under different conditions. Alkaline protease was extracted from Aspergillus oryzae MG429773 cultured by solid state fermentation with a medium containing rice husks supplemented with 1% mineral solution incubated at 30 to 35°C for 7 days at pHs ranging from 7.5 to 9.5. The filtrate was used as a crude enzyme solution and also partially purified for a dehairing bioassay. Four pieces of cattle hide and goat skin (10 cm × 10 cm) were soaked or sprayed with enzyme solutions for a maximum of 5 days. Percentages of depilation of the hides and skins were recorded at 6 and 12 h intervals. Enzyme produced by A. oryzae showed the highest dehairing activity from 15 to 20% concentration of partially purified enzyme whereby 100% of goat and cattle hairs were removed within 24 and 48 h, respectively. For 5 and 10% enzyme concentration, 93.75 and 68.75% of hide and skin depilated in 72 h, whereas for the control 0.0 to 6.5% depilation was achieved in 72 h in hide and skins, respectively. Application of the A. oryzae protease by spray method was superior over a dipping method that released hair in effluent and caused skin decay after 5 days of exposure. This study indicates that enzyme extracted from cheaply available resources is efficient for dehairing by a spray method could be a potential technology for application by local tanners to improve the leather industry in Tanzania. Key words: Alkaline protease, enzymatic dehairing, hides and skins, leather industry, fungal biotechnology.

Tariff Impact on Industrialization in Tanzania: Evidence from Edible Oil Sub-Sector

The research is financed by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture under the auspices of the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food , Germany Abstract Developing countries implement protectionist policies like imposing tariffs, with the aim of promoting domestic production. This study assesses the impact of the imposed tariffs on edible oil on Tanzania’s economy using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model (CGE). Findings from this study show that implementing the tariff intervention on the dibble oil sub-sector has two principle outcomes; first, it triggers domestic producers to supply more due to the rise in demand and prices for the commodities, thus increases domestic production to meet demand; second, it reduces imports, consequently, decreasing citizens’ welfare by limiting the availability and access options from imported commodities. Protectionist policies, when solely used as a solution to increase domestic production in a sector that is inefficient in terms of productivity, creates a supply deficit in the market, thus reducing consumers’ welfare. Therefore, to improve sustainability and increase industrial competitiveness, it is imperative to promote policies and interventions that target increasing productivity. Interventions, like the use of improved seed and other modern technologies, that reduce costs of production are critical as commodities will be sold at a slightly competitive premium or the same prices as imported commodities. Keywords: Tariff; Industrialization; Edible oil; Recursive dynamic CGE; Tanzania DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-10-02 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Impact of Logistics Distribution in Manufacturing Industries in Tanzania, a Case of Miku Investment Limited

Impact of Logistics Distribution in Manufacturing Industries in Tanzania, a Case of Miku Investment Limited

Isolation and Characterization of Flavobacteriaceae from Farmed and Wild Nile Tilapia in Tanzania.

The present study was conducted to explore the occurrence of Flavobacteriaceae in wild Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n=108) collected from Lake Victoria and farmed Nile Tilapia (n=187) collected from 12 ponds in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. The size of the ponds surveyed ranged from 130 to 150m2 . Pond parameters and fish morphometric data were recorded during sampling. In total, 67 Flavobacterium-like isolates (n=44 from farmed fish; n=23 from wild fish) were identified on the basis of colony morphology and biochemical tests. Sequences from the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene revealed that all 67 isolates belonged to the genera Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium. Based on 16S rRNA nucleotide identity, 26 isolates showed high similarity with C. indologenes (99-100% identity), 16 showed similarity to C. joostei (98-99.9%), and 17 were similar to diverse species of Chryseobacterium (97-99%). Three isolates were similar to F. aquatile and three were similar to F. indicum, with 99-100% nucleotide identity in both cases, and two isolates were similar to F. oryzae (99-100% identity). The findings obtained in this study provide a baseline for future studies and contribute to an understanding of the threats presented by the aquatic Flavobacteriaceae reservoir toward the development of healthy fish farming in Tanzania. Such knowledge is vital for the development of a sustainable aquaculture industry in Tanzania that will contribute to increased food security.

Factors for Effective Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Practice in Selected Industries in Tanzania

Abstract Nowadays, in globalization industries are adopting new techniques and tools to produce goods for sustainability. However, manufacturing industries are facing challenges to minimize operations costs, market inconsistency, competition, and everlasting demands. Lean practice helps sustainability of the industries by doing more with less resources through eliminationof non-value-added activities to maintain effectiveness and profitability. A study uses the method of survey to identify factors for effective implementation of the lean manufacturing. Two industries producing plastics, metals, textiles, woods, biscuits, and bread products were selected for the study. The results revealed that manufacturing planning and control, new product development, process and equipment, concurrent engineering, workforce management, customer relationship, and supplier relationship are positive factors for the adoption of lean practice in Tanzania. Moreover, a lean model indicates that concurrent engineering has the highest correlation to lean practice whereas new product development has the lowest significance. Thenew product development is not common because most industries have a lack of innovation, limited technology, less desire of customers on changes of product features, dearth of research and development culture, lack of desire from top management, inadequate resources, and a fear of failure for new products. It was advised that effective application of lean factors enable companies to map risk of non-value-added activities and improvebusiness value.

The Role of Green Recruitment and Selection on Performance of Processing Industries in Tanzania: A Case of Tanzania Tobacco Processors Limited (TTPL)

Environmental conservation has been a concern to many international, local organizations and individuals for Centuries. Green management initiatives become an important factor in forward-thinking business around the world as a means of combating environmental degradation caused by organizations. Industrialization has contributed to the global environmental problems we are witnessing today and Tanzania industrialization drive cannot ignore this fact. Research is one of best ways for investigating, understanding and solving problems. Although number of researches has been done on Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM), still there is no sufficient literature on the subject. To bridge this gap this study investigated the role of green recruitment and selection on performance of Processing Industries in Tanzania by using Tanzania Tobacco Processors Limited (TTPL) as a case study. The study sough to specifically assess the application of green recruitment and selection at TTPL, determining whether green recruitment and selection attract more and better job candidates, and establishing the relationship between green recruitment and selection and organizational performance. It was found that green recruitment and selection practices are in place and they contribute in attracting more qualified job candidates. The study also found a linear relationship between green recruitment and selection and performance. Further, the study recommends institutionalization of green recruitment and selection and other green HRM practices in order improve organizational performance. Regulatory and statutory bodies are recommended to ensure that green practices are put in place by organizations for organizational and environmental sustainability.

Business Performance and Management of Insurance Industry in Tanzania: A Case of Zanzibar Insurance Corporation

The study was done at Zanzibar Insurance Corporation (ZIC). The general objective was to investigate the performance of ZIC in insurance industry. Specific objectives were: To identify techniques used by Tanzania insurance business organizations to win the available market, to determine issues that are encountered by business organizations to penetrate local market; and to assess the extent problems that encountered by business organizations to penetrate local market. Case study research design was used. Qualitative research approach was used although in few cases quantitative approach was used during table analysis and computation of percentages and a sample consisted 100 respondents and were purposively as well as randomly selected. Interview, observation and documentary analysis as well as interview questions, observation schedule and documentary review schedule were data collection methods and instruments used respectively. Analysis of data was done based on research objectives. Findings indicated that the technique used included: Ensuring easy access to information, communicating change to customers, rein braising employees, using technology, developing payment agreements with customers and advertisements. Having good performance in-terms of accruing profits and increase in number of customers. Challenges which influenced ZIC included lack of enough money to keep the lights on, technology challenge, investment and economic uncertainty. Recommendations are: The ZIC should make deliberate efforts to design new techniques for ensuring effective business; the government should make improvement in the insurance policy to give much priority to local insurance companies: and other researchers to do similar researches in other organizations with the same characteristics but in different contextual environments.

Sexism, Stereotypes and Production Constraints in the Tanzania Video Film Industry

In the current neo-liberal era, it is pertinent to interrogate the role of the video film industry in transforming societies beyond patriarchal and bourgeois gender stereotypes. The video film industry is popular in Tanzania, and bongo movies appear to focus on socio-cultural and economic issues, which largely pander to stereotypes as defined by patriarchy. In this article, I investigate the claim that “there are no female producers in bongo movies”. The statement invites analysis on gender roles in the film production industry in Tanzania as well as the content of the produced films. Meetings, participant observations and interviews were used to collect data and transformative feminism was employed as a tool for analysis. The analysis forms part of the process to document women’s struggles in various fields of occupation, linking products to means of production. The findings show that there are few female ‘producers’ in bongo movies. Depicted as ‘just actors’, they are substantially influential and have exhibited extensive survival mechanisms in the constrained film production environments in which they operate.

Design of a Low-Cost Underwater LED Fishing Light Attractor

Fishermen generally use light as a common way to attract fish in the fishing industry. This study aimed to design a model of an underwater fishing using Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp which is less costful and suitable for fishermen of Tanzania. Most fishermen currently use kerosene based lamps like candela which consumes lots of energy leading to high cost in terms of money used to regenerate the energy. This running cost automatically rises up the price of fish in the market. Thus with the use of LED lamp the cost will be reduced. The findings from this study showed that the LED lamp consumes little amount of energy (energy saving) compared to candela lamp which consumes 6 liters of kerosene per 36 hours which is equivalent to three nights, while the LED lamp takes 7 batteries at once for 36 hours. The 6 liters of kerosene cost around 7 USD and that of 7 batteries cost is near 2 USD. The LED lamp can be accessed by only 15 USD the price which is nearly half the price of the candela lamp. The candela lamp in the market is sold around 31 USD. This shows that LED lamp is more efficient in terms of conserving energy and cost effective than candela lamp. It is recommended that fishermen in the fishing industry in Tanzania should employ the usage of underwater LED fishing lamps as they are energy efficient. This will help the fishermen of Tanzania to undertake the fishing activity at low cost which will result to the decrease of price of fish in the market. This shows that this LED lamp has high efficiency and effectiveness to be used by fishermen compared to traditional method used by majority of them.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Theileria parva infection in cattle in three regions of Tanzania.

Ticks and tickborne diseases (TBDs) are serious constraints to cattle production in Tanzania and other tropical and subtropical countries. Among the TBDs, East Coast fever (ECF) is the most important as it causes significant economic losses to the cattle industry in Tanzania. However, control of ECF in Tanzania has continued to be a challenge due to inadequate epidemiological information. The main objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological situation of Theileria parva infections in cattle kept under pastoral and agro-pastoral farming systems in Mara, Singida, and Mbeya regions of Tanzania. Blood samples were collected from 648 cattle in the three regions. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using T. parva-specific primers targeting the 104-kD antigen (P104) gene. In addition, information was collected on the possible risk factors of T. parva infection (animal age, region, animal sex, tick burden, tick control method, and frequency of acaricide application). The prevalence of T. parva across the three regions was 14.2%. There was variation in prevalence among the three regions with Mara (21.8%) having a significantly higher (p=0.001) prevalence than the other regions. Moreover, Mbeya exhibited relatively lower prevalence (7.4%) compared to the other regions. Factors found to be significantly associated with an animal being PCR positive for T. parva were region (p=0.001) and tick burden (p=0.003). Other factors were not found to be significant predictors of being PCR positive for T. parva. The present study showed high variation in tick burden and T. parva prevalence across the regions. Therefore, different strategic planning and cost-effective control measures for ticks and T. parva infection should be implemented region by region in order to reduce losses caused by ticks and ECF in the study area.

Analysis of delays in Tanzanian construction industry

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to develop theoretical underpinnings using TCE, and second, to run the analysis using an advanced tool such as structural equation modeling (SEM).Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted in the construction industry in Tanzania. A questionnaire-based survey method was used. A total of 308 respondents participated in the study. The relationships between the cause and effect factors were analyzed using SEM.FindingsThe important findings are as follows:cost overrun can be explained by consultant-related and material-related factors; disputes can be explained by cost overrun; arbitration can be explained by consultant-related, cost overrun, and dispute factors; litigation can be explained by client-related, disputes, and arbitration factors; and abandonment can be explained by consultant-related, external-related, disputes, arbitration, and litigation factors.Originality/valueThe main contributions of this study are theoretical development and comprehensive analyses of “cause” and “effect” factors of delays in the construction industry.

Piracy, politics and control: The paradox of Tanzania’s Kiswahili video film tax stamps

Abstract The growth of the Kiswahili video film industry in Tanzania has generally been hit hard by piracy and copyright infringements. As a result, the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA), a state agency charged with the responsibility of tax collection, stepped in and introduced tax stamps in 2013 to minimize the problem of piracy and foster censorship as part of efforts aimed at formalizing the local video film industry. This article examines the enforcement of this regulatory measure. Specifically, it looks at the background to the problem, the execution process, and the politics inherent in the enforcement of the anti-piracy initiative. Using the crime pattern theory, the article analyses the piracy occurrence in the video film industry and the attendant mitigation measures. It looks at the genesis of tax stamps in relation to piracy and censorship and interrogates the legitimacy of the process as well as its purported intention in relation to quality control and improvement. Its major thrust is to establish whether tax stamps can regulate piracy, increase artists’ income, formalize the sector and broaden the tax base – or whether the measure is just a political gimmick in response to politically-charged statements and manoeuvres.

English

Manufacturing industries contribute about 8% of the gross domestic products (GDP) whereas leather and textile industries supply 18% employments of manufacturing industries in Tanzania. Manufacturing industries merely depend on agriculture for raw materials and other inputs. However, processing of leather and textiles requires a lot of inputs, many of them supplied from agricultural produce and some are imported from developed nations. In vast developing countries, including Tanzania, manufacturing industries are constrained by limited production technology and the allied costs than raw materials. The conventional processing of leather and textiles requires immense technological investment that is associated with high production cost. In Tanzania, inputs such as soaking, bating and tanning agents for tannery industries are expensive and sometimes not readily available due to importation costs. On the other hand, management of waste effluents from leather and textile processing is the major impediment for development of these industries. However, natural processing of covering materials by using fungal biotechnology is of great concern in Tanzania to avert the prevailing constrains. The application of fungal based biotechnology would reduce production cost and health consequences resulting from chemicals, particularly, chromium. The effects of toxic chemicals from leather and textile industries would be mitigated by employing non-viable Aspergillus biomass in the industrial processes. This would minimize production of the harmful wastes from the industries. As a result, leather and textile production would be achieved at low cost, without hazardous waste production, resulting to safer products for both human and the environment. This review evaluates current production of leather and textile industries and highlights the potentials of microbial biotechnology. Key words: Biotechnology, Aspergillus, leather and textile, industrial effluents, agriculture.

Sustainability and Long Term-Tenure: Lion Trophy Hunting in Tanzania.

It is argued that trophy hunting of large, charismatic mammal species can have considerable conservation benefits but only if undertaken sustainably. Social-ecological theory suggests such sustainability only results from developing governance systems that balance financial and biological requirements. Here we use lion (Panthera leo) trophy hunting data from Tanzania to investigate how resource ownership patterns influence hunting revenue and offtake levels. Tanzania contains up to half of the global population of free-ranging lions and is also the main location for lion trophy hunting in Africa. However, there are concerns that current hunting levels are unsustainable. The lion hunting industry in Tanzania is run by the private sector, although the government leases each hunting block to companies, enforces hunting regulation, and allocates them a species-specific annual quota per block. The length of these leases varies and theories surrounding property rights and tenure suggest hunting levels would be less sustainable in blocks experiencing a high turnover of short-term leases. We explored this issue using lion data collected from 1996 to 2008 in the Selous Game Reserve (SGR), the most important trophy hunting destination in Tanzania. We found that blocks in SGR with the highest lion hunting offtake were also those that experienced the steepest declines in trophy offtake. In addition, we found this high hunting offtake and the resultant offtake decline tended to be in blocks under short-term tenure. In contrast, lion hunting levels in blocks under long-term tenure matched more closely the recommended sustainable offtake of 0.92 lions per 1000 km2. However, annual financial returns were higher from blocks under short-term tenure, providing $133 per km2 of government revenue as compared to $62 per km2 from long-term tenure blocks. Our results provide evidence for the importance of property rights in conservation, and support calls for an overhaul of the system in Tanzania by developing competitive market-based approaches for block allocation based on long-term tenure of ten years.

Load and Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli from Fresh Goat Meat in Arusha, Tanzania

Given the potential public health risks associated with a burgeoning goat meat industry in Tanzania, we estimated the load of Escherichia coli and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains for goat meat by using a cross-sectional study design (June to July 2015). Five large (n = 60 samples) and five small (n = 64 samples) slaughterhouses were sampled over a period of four to six visits each. Meat rinsate was prepared and plated onto MacConkey agar, and presumptive E. coli colonies were enumerated and reported as CFU per milliliter of rinsate. In total, 2,736 presumptive E. coli isolates were tested for antibiotic drug sensitivity by using breakpoint assays against 11 medically important antibiotics. E. coli was recovered from almost all the samples (96.8%), with counts ranging from 2 to 4 log CFU ml-1, and there was no significant difference (P = 0.43) in recovery according to facility size (average, 3.37 versus 3.13 log CFU ml-1, large and small, respectively). Samples from large facilities had relatively higher prevalence (P = 0.026) of antibiotic-resistant E. coli compared with small facilities. This was mostly explained by more ampicillin (30.1 versus 12.8%) and amoxicillin (17.6 versus 4.5%) resistance for large versus small facilities, respectively, and more tetracycline resistance for small facilities (5.6 versus 10.6%, respectively). Large slaughter operations may serve as foci for dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria via food products. More effective hygiene practices during slaughter and meat handling would limit the probability of transmitting antibiotic-resistant E. coli in goat meat.

Cotton and textiles industries in Tanzania: the failures of liberalisation

ABSTRACTThis article uses the story of cotton cultivation in Tanzania to analyse critically the processes of liberalisation and expose the failure of markets to reward quality production. It starts by summarising the technological requirements to grow the crop. It then shows how cotton was central to industrialisation, in Britain and elsewhere. In Tanzania, cotton is grown on small farms and so the article then summarises how small farmers make choices and minimise risks. This creates the context for outline histories, first of cotton growing, and then of textile industries in Tanzania, before turning to the impact of structural adjustment and liberalisation in the late 1980s and 1990s which led to increases in production but losses in quality and price. The article draws conclusions from this about the role of agriculture in processes of economic transformation and the need for institutions which represent the economic interests of small farmers.

The Role of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) in Leveraging ICT in Tanzania

Information Communication Technology (ICT) plays a significant role on enhancing service delivery and provision. To fully benefit from ICT, however, access to a reliable Internet connection is required. In Tanzania, like in many other countries, Internet connections are provided by Telecom companies where customers and providers enter in some sort of an agreement. This agreement is called Service Level Agreement (SLA). SLA specifies obligations of service providers and customers and hence it is a tool to ensure customers get value-for-money and hence they receive quality and reliable services. Thus, poor written or poor implementation of SLAs can have a potential impact on the use of ICT and subsequently to socio-economic developments. This article presents findings from a study conducted to assess the effectiveness of SLAs in Telecom industry in Tanzania. The study discusses findings from the study focusing on determining the roles SLAs plays on nurturing effort to take advantage of ICT in Tanzania.