Russian Industry Research Articles

Russian zirconium industry: current issues in raw material supply

The relevance of the research is connected with Russia’s long-term import dependence on zirconium raw materials.Goal of this research: to study the dynamics of commodity flows (production, import, export, consumption) of Russian zirconium raw materials; its prices (world and Russian); the raw material base of zirconium in Russia and the prospects for national production of its extraction and processing.Methods: statistical, graphic, logical.Results: Russia imports the vast majority (3.5–14.9 kt/year or 98–100 % of consumption) of consumed zircon concentrate. At the same time, almost all of the baddeleyite mined in Russia (4.0–9.3 kt/year or (96–100 % of production) is exported. Since 2018 has there been a decrease in its export supplies and an increase in the national consumption (up to 60 % of production).Russia has existing deposits, including a useful zirconium component, but all are connected with a certain economic and technological complexity in their development.In 2022, the national production of selective zircon concentrate began during the development of the Tugan titanium-zirconium deposit. This deposit covers up to 30 % of Russia’s demand for zirconium raw materials up to 2023. Furthermore, the construction of the 2-nd stage of the Tugan mining and processing plant will increase its supply to 15 kt/year. This will completely cover Russian demand for zirconium raw materials. Work is in progress on Zashikhinsky field preparation, where, in the course of enrichment of tantalum-rare-earth ores, up to 8 kt/year of zircon concentrate will be additionally extracted. The emerging trend of reducing Russia’s import dependence on zirconium raw materials, and in the future its complete elimination will allow consumption of zircon and zirconium oxides to be increased in the most demanding area of their use – for dampening the glaze of ceramic tiles. The presence of an independent and sufficient national mining base of zirconium raw materials will allow Russian production of metal zirconium, zirconium refractory and abrasive products, solid fuel energy cells and other zirconiumcontaining applications to be developed.

Overcoming problems in the development of the metallurgical industry to ensure the technological sovereignty of Russia considering the state of the mineral and raw material base

Data on the volumes of imported and exported materials of the metallurgical industry in Russia are presented. The domestic industry, despite the rich mineral resource base, depends on imported supplies for a whole list of ore concentrates, oxides and other compounds, metals, and ferroalloys, as well as for certain grades of steel and metal products, which leads to high risks in the field of the country’s security and sustainable development. The authors analyze the situation associated with the dependence on supplies of ore materials, metals, and alloys from abroad and give examples of promising technological options for the development of domestic production using Russia’s own mineral resource base.

Use of digital twins in automotive industry: Russian and foreign experience

Aim. To determine the breadth of application of digital twins in the automotive industry in Russia and abroad, and to compare the level of implementation of innovative technology in production.Tasks. To consider the general issues of digitalization of the automotive industry and the tools by which it is carried out, including such a tool as a digital twin; to characterize the problem issues that need to be solved in the production of cars with digital twins; based on the analysis of examples of digital twins in the automotive industry in Russia and foreign countries to show the level of technology development and advantages of its use.Methods. The objectives were solved by using empirical research methods, in particular based on the study of various sources of information, including the scientific works of researchers, as well as the analysis of the data obtained with subsequent conclusions.Results. Along with many other effective tools of digitalization, the digital twin helps enterprises from the automotive industry to reach a new technological level of development, optimizing production processes and increasing the competitiveness of manufactured products and companies. There are several facets of digital twin technology that enable critical tasks at every stage of vehicle design, production and testing, while reducing time and material costs. The technology is gradually beginning to be used in leading car manufacturing companies, both in Russia and abroad. Especially effective is the use of digital twins in the production of electric cars.Conclusions. Digital twins serve as an effective tool for the digitalization of the automotive industry, allowing to reduce costs and time spent on product development and production, as well as on various vehicle tests. In addition, due to the use of technology, manufacturers have the opportunity to identify new ways to improve products, expand the model range, and improve safety and comfort for customers. Due to these advantages, the technology is actively being introduced in the production of foreign and domestic cars. However, in the absence of all necessary resources in Russia, the production of cars using digital twins is not as active as in other countries.

Agriculture of Mordovia in the Conditions of Reforms of the Early 1990s

Introduction. The article examines the transformation of the agricultural industry in Russia during the transition to a market economy. The essence of the reforms consisted in a comprehensive change in the entire system of agrarian relations, including land ownership and other means of production, systems of farming and economic management, the transformation of the intersectoral and territorial structure of agro-industrial production, etc. Results and Discussion. In order to form a new organizational and economic structure of the agricultural sector, at the end of 1991, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted regulations on the reorganization of collective farms and state farms and the procedure for the privatization of state agricultural enterprises. It was assumed that the arrays would be gradually withdrawn from collective and state farm land use in order to provide them to farmers without upper restrictions on the size of allotments. By 1994, more than half of agricultural enterprises in Russia had chosen new organizational and legal forms of management, and preference was given to various types of partnerships. In Mordovia most enterprises in the agricultural sector have retained their former status as a collective farm or state farm. The course of the ongoing reforms was accompanied by a decline in production, a decrease in livestock, the cost of agricultural products, sharp deterioration in the financial condition of agricultural enterprises. Even in these difficult years, when reforms were carried out inconsistently, and sometimes some attitudes contradicted others, part of the farms of Mordovia worked relatively steadily, made a profit, regularly paid salaries to employees, had a good profitability indicator. Conclusion. As a result of the reorganization of collective agricultural enterprises, a significant step was taken towards the creation of a multi-layered agrarian economy based on equality of all forms of ownership and methods of land management. However, this did not bring tangible positive results in increasing the efficiency of agricultural production in the 1990s.

PROJECT ACTIVITY OF THE CULTURAL INDUSTRY: NEW SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES

The project activity of the cultural industry can be considered as an integrative indicator of the entire social system, capable of controlling individual subsystems, such as financial, behavioral and semantic ones. The cultural system, which serves as an intermediary in the structure of the social system, is easily transferred from one subsystem to another, and with the help of training and socialization – from one personality system to another. The symbolic nature of culture gives it the ability to control other systems of action. The application of the modeling method within the framework of the sociological approach to the Russian cultural industry allows us to form a general model of the cultural industry. The use of tools of sociological analysis of the audience to understand its needs and cultural values helps to build correlations with both the production of a cultural product and its implementation. At the same time, the survey of the target audience should not be of an evaluative nature, but should proceed from the analysis of problems of concern to consumers of culture, as well as assistance in solving them by modern cultural institutions. The study of the target audience by means of sociological analysis will modernize the activities of cultural organizations, make it more effective, help both in the preparation of individual projects and in the process of ongoing activities.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОТРАСЛИ ГРУЗОВЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ПЕРЕВОЗОК И ВАРИАНТЫ ИХ РЕШЕНИЯ

Road transport is the most important part of the transport infrastructure of the Rus- sian Federation. Road transport plays an important role in the socio-economic devel- opment of the country, ensuring the satisfaction of the transport needs of the popula- tion and the economy, creating the necessary communication conditions to ensure its territorial integrity and the unity of the economic space. Road transport is of great importance for ensuring the defense capability and national security of the country. It also creates the necessary communication conditions for the use of Russia's advanta- geous geographical position, providing foreign economic relations and the possibility of integrating the country into the world economic system. The process of cargo transportation is one of the most complex processes associated with transport activities, the organization of which takes significant financial re- sources of cargo carriers. As with any other process, there are significant challenges that every trucking company faces in the transportation of goods. The article deals with the problems of regulation of the road freight transport market, which ultimately have a negative impact on the state, as they lead to incomplete payment of taxes, non-compliance with legislation, and high accident rates. Short- comings are revealed and proposals for regulating the market for the transportation of bulky and heavy cargoes are substantiated. Based on the analysis, proposals for the development of the potential of the Russian road freight industry have been for- mulated.

Supervision of zemstvo sanitation on the living and working conditions of industrial workers in the Katerynoslav province

The article, within the framework of regional history, studies the problem of sanitary supervision of industrial workers who lived and worked in the territory of the Katerynoslav province of the Russian Empire. The role of Russian colonization in the life of the Ukrainian population has been evaluated. Working and living conditions of industrial workers and the most common sanitary problems that arose in their everyday life were revealed on the basis of the historical sources study of the Zemstvo of the Katerynoslav province. Positive and negative factors and results of cooperation between sanitary doctors and industrial workers are outlined. It is shown that a significant number of Russian industrialists who organized their enterprises in Ukrainian lands were not interested in providing decent living conditions for the workers of their enterprises, if this could hinder their profits. The practical task of the study is to expand the knowledge about the past of the ordinary inhabitants of the region, their contemporary life, to form in readers an idea of the historical development uniqueness of their own region within the framework of general Ukrainian history.

Import from Germany as a Factor of Transport Crisis of Russian Empire during First World War

Import from Germany as a factor in the transportation crisis of the Russian Empire during World War I examines the importation of German transportation vehicles and equipment into Russia during the five years leading up to the First World War. Utilizing statistical data from German customs, this study sheds light on the extent to which German production contributed to Russian imports. Special attention is given to the presence of German automobiles in the Russian automobile fleet by 1914, as well as the consequences of prewar dependence on German machinery and other equipment. New sources, including materials from Russian and German periodicals, German customs statistics, and documents from the Federal Archives of Germany (Bundesarchiv), are introduced to provide a more complete understanding of the transportation crisis of 1916—1917. It is noted that Germanmade automobiles made up a significant portion of the Russian army’s vehicle fleet. The study concludes that dependence on German imports for industrial consumption undermined the potential of Russian industry, preventing it from increasing production sufficiently during the war years to meet transportation needs and contributing to the crisis.

Перспективы использования предиктивной аналитики в строительстве

In an era when the amount of data is growing exponentially, it becomes impossible to effectively process them with the old methods. As a result, there is a growing need to introduce new technologies for processing and analyzing data in all areas of activity, where the construction industry is no exception. One of the innovative ways to use data is predictive - predictive or predictive analytics.
 The article gives an idea of the problems and prospects for the use of predictive analytics in the construction industry in Russia.
 A review of publications presented in the RSCI - a bibliographic database of scientific publications, mainly by scientists from the Russian Federation and CIS countries, was carried out for the keywords "predictive analytics" and "construction", however, the analysis of published materials for the period from 2011 to 2023 was carried out. showed that only 7 publications were recorded for the specified keywords, which indicates that research in this direction is still of a pioneering nature.
 At the same time, it should be noted that the publications deal with drilling issues or are related to energy supply processes. Only 1 work seems interesting within the framework of the presented article, where predictive analytics is applied to preventive maintenance.
 The analytics of the construction industry market by respondent companies (organizations of architecture, engineering and construction) is presented.
 Analyzed existing services and platforms, including the function of predictive (forecast) analytics. It is noted that the departure of foreign vendors motivated Russian developers to quickly approach the issue of import substitution, and in 2022 a number of domestic companies presented their developments with the functionality of predictive analytics.

Challenges and Prospects of Developing Industrial Sector in Russia in Conditions of Economic Sanctions

The article describes the research dealing with trends formed in Russian industry in conditions of sanctions. Based on results of analyzing business activity of industrial enterprises factors were ranged, which limit production growth in organizations of manufacturing and mining sectors. The author revealed the impact of economic situation uncertainty on behavior of economic entities, development strategy, finance resources distribution, the level of investment activity of enterprises, as well as on the structure of finance sources of investment. In the structure of factors limiting production growth special attention was paid on home demand insufficiency, which was thoroughly studied. The author also investigated dynamics of consumer demand based on comparative assessment of retail turnover parameters, the rate of real incomes and structure of using them by the population in times of sanction introduction in 2014, 2015 and 2022. The article provides figures of the level of import-dependence in certain industries and results of pursuing policy of import-substitution. Typical problems of sectoral manufacture were identified by using the example of light industry. Distribution of entrepreneurs by fields of economic activity was analyzed and comparative analysis of sectoral structure of manufacturing enterprises in Russia and overseas countries was carried out. The author came to the conclusion that in conditions of economic sanctions in order to eliminate disproportion in industry Russia shall intensify state regulating functions and develop the system of macro-economic planning based on inter-sectoral balance.

Implementation of “digital twin” technology within the thermo-elastic distortion testing of a precision carbon fiber reflector for the spacecraft antenna subsystem

Mirror antenna subsystems (AS) with the deployable reflectors are important integral parts of the telecommunication spacecraft payloads and provide reception and transmission of the information in a given service area [14]. The reflector design shall provide strength and stiffness, specified radiofrequency (RF) characteristics and antenna pattern boresight error of the AS. Performance compliance shall be approved in the frame of ground experimental testing, and thermo-elastic distortion (TED) testing to assess their effect on the antenna pattern boresight error is the part of the ground testing. This testing is hard to carry out because of the following aspects resulting in lack of the guaranteed achieved criteria to assess the test results: considerable difference of thermal and physics behavior between carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) filler and epoxide component and the steep CFRP anisotropy result in increased variation of the layer strain-stress state and internal stresses which make the design behavior undefined under thermal environment; it is almost impossible in the frame of the testing to implement and maintain the real map of the thermal fields of specified accuracy on the large-sized object due to the fact that the temperature in a giant thermal chamber is extremely varying; in the frame of testing it is possible to carry out few optical measurements for the deformed reflector surface points which are not enough to provide the required level of confidence for geometric parameters variation; the test lasts 50 days and requires cost-intensive chamber exploitation, huge power consumption operating fluid rate (liquid nitrogen), expensive equipment providing thermal modes. Development and implementation of the cutting-edge digital twin technology is the effective method to address TED testing issue. The main idea of the technology is to substitute real object to be tested with digital model verified based their parameter compliance using convergence criteria. The paper presents technology block diagram, convergence criteria and correlation technique of the predicted and measured TED cases. Evaluation data of the deformed reflector effects on AS RF performances are given and demonstrate that performances comply with the specified requirements and qualify successfully the digital twin technology under real testing. The digital twin was successfully implemented in 2019 year in JSC RESHETNEV in the frame of reflector TED testing for RF antenna subsystem with shaped antenna pattern for Express-AMU7 spacecraft, which was launched and accepted for the flight operation in 2021. This is the first time in the Russian space industry tests using the digital twin technology of a domestic reflector for RF space AS with parameters at the imported analogues level have been successfully qualified. The qualification of this technology will ensure the competition of domestic high-tech developments and will solve the problems of import substitution and increase the share of the Russian component in the global space telecommunications market.

Opportunities for the development of banking potential in the conditions of functioning of Novikombank

The purpose of the work is to study and identify the specifi cs of the banking potential of JSC JSCB "Novikombank" as a reference bank for the development of the Russian industrial complex. The results of Novikombank’s interaction with line ministries and departments, companies in the real sector of the economy, including organizations of the Rostec State Corporation, are summarized and systematized. On the basis of the study, the conclusions are summarized that the new model of fi nancial development of JSC JSCB "Novikombank" makes it possible to improve the processes of harmonization of the principles of lean production and consumption in the industrial production of "Rostec" Group organizations. The calculations of the dynamics and structure of the key performance indicators of Novikombank, including: the analysis of the quality of bank assets and loan portfolio. At the same time, the results of the rating assessment of the creditworthiness of JSC JSCB "Novikombank" according to accredited rating agencies presented in the article are of great importance. Conclusions and scope of the results: Formulated the definition of Novikombank’s banking potential as "a set of economic, fi nancial and managerial advantages of banking activities focused on credit diversification and balanced fi nancial intermediation in the provision of state support measures to the subjects of Russian industry". The article draws a number of conclusions about the further improvement of the banking potential of Novikombank, which has incentives for fi nancial growth through the use of internal reserves to optimize the loan portfolio. Eff ective redistribution of cash fl ows allows the bank under study to diversify the instruments of fi nancial support for manufacturing companies that contribute to the increase in gross value added when creating civilian products and products of the Russian military-industrial complex.

Tourism Industry of Russia During the Crisis of 2022

Until March 2020, one of the developing sectors of the national economy of Russia was the tourism industry. The covid-19 pandemic, measures to protect the population from this virus, and Western sanctions have led Russia's tourism to a deep crisis. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the unfavorable conditions for the functioning of the tourism industry in Russia due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Western sanctions. The task of the work is to consider and show ways out of the difficult conditions created by Russian tourism, paying attention to the development of domestic tourism, support for outbound and inbound tourism. The prevailing unfavorable conditions gave a strong impetus to the development of domestic tourism. To do this, the Russian Government is taking certain measures to develop domestic tourism, such as cashback, the law on zeroing the VAT rate for hotels, which makes tourists' accommodation in them more affordable. The Government of the Russian Federation adopts the State Program "Tourism Development" and the National Project "Tourism and the Hospitality Industry.

Exploring the ethics of political PR professionals using moral foundations theory.

This paper offers a multidimensional theoretical scheme to analyze professional ethics in the field of political public relations. We suggest investigating the decisions of these professionals using moral foundations theory because human ethical reasoning is contextual, and the examination of ethics in a one-dimensional manner as previous researchers have done overlooks the complexity of the moral choices that such professionals make. The prospects of the proposed theoretical approach are demonstrated on 16 interviews with post-soviet Russian political PR industry leaders that were conducted from March 2018 to April 2020. Our empirical findings show that Russian political PR specialists employ all moral foundations, however, in their narratives the "care/harm" and "authority/respect" foundations were not mentioned very often. Overall, this paper makes a critical contribution to research on professional ethics in political public relations, and it provides important insight into the specifics of moral reasoning in the Russian political PR industry that is insufficiently described in the current literature.

The Spread of Street Basketball in Russia

The article presents a brief history of the spread of street basketball in Russia. It is shown that the popularity of street basketball is growing every year and unites more and more people in Russia, especially in large cities of the country, such as Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Novosibirsk, Tyumen, etc. The <i>purpose </i>of this study is to briefly study the history of the origin of streetball in Russia, and to show the spread of street basketball in the country. <i>Methods: </i>In my study, I used questionnaires and interviews that took place in an anonymous form among schoolchildren from different cities of Russia. In a total sample of 186 schoolchildren (Moscow: n=73, 17 girls, 53 boys; age 14.8+0.4 years; Rostov-on-Don: n=62, 21 girls, 41 boys; age 14.1+0.3 years and Gorno-Altaisk: n=51, 12 girls, 39 boys; age 14.3+0.2 years) I conducted a survey of schoolchildren, which touched upon the topics of direct participation of schoolchildren in streetball, the interest of schoolchildren in the development of streetball at school, the impact of the game on health, well-being and the level of aggressiveness. <i>Result. </i>The survey showed that schoolchildren in large cities of Russia are more interested in the spread and development of basketball than their peers in regional cities and towns. However, despite this, streetball is becoming more and more popular in the country every year. <i>Conclusion: </i>Thus, streetball has turned from a simple street game into a giant sports industry in Russia. Sports organizations have been established in Russia (the Street Basketball Association and the Russian Basketball Federation), which actively organize annual championships in the country. Moreover, street basketball is now being actively introduced into the system of physical culture of school education in Russia. However, streetball has a different development on the territory of Russia. In large cities, it has received great development. In small towns and villages, streetball is less developed. At the same time, the popularity of street basketball in Russia is growing and is explained by its accessibility to all segments of the population, entertainment and simple rules of the game.

The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?

Despite the urgent need to reduce coal consumption to mitigate climate change, coal has received renewed interest as a source of energy due to the perfect storm of climate, health, geopolitical and energy crises. Post-COVID recovery boosted global coal production and Asian coal consumption. Because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, coal saw a rise in demand in Europe to replace sanctioned natural gas and oil. Combined with volatile prices, these developments highlight profound uncertainties for the world's coal exporters. This paper focuses on Russia, which so far has been the world's largest fossil fuel exporter and third-largest coal exporter and where the coal sector is the backbone of several regional economies and local communities. Using the Triple Embeddedness Framework (TEF), the paper reviews internal and external pressures on the Russian coal industry and evaluates its capacity to adapt to the rapidly changing socio-political and techno-economic environment. Russian coal exporters have attempted to accelerate their shift to the East following the European Union's sanctions over the war in Ukraine and the Russian coal infrastructure is being expanded to serve the Asia-Pacific market. The analysis concludes that the Russian coal industry is not preparing for more long-term changes in international coal markets, and this exacerbates the magnitude of risks for local communities and regional economies within Russia as well as for global decarbonisation.

The possibilities of the school Quantorium for practice-oriented training of schoolchildren in information technologies

Currently, the information technology industry is one of the most dynamically developing industries in Russia. Our country needs highly qualified specialists for the introduction of digital technologies in various spheres of life in order to improve its quality and the economic development of the state. In this regard, there is a need to train future personnel who will have the necessary competencies.The article discusses the possibilities of the school Quantorium for the implementation of practice-oriented training of schoolchildren in information technologies and its advantages in preparing students for a future career in the IT industry. The article analyzes the experience and methods of work that allow students to effectively use modern equipment, as well as gain experience in developing projects in the field of information technology. The authors describe an example of the implementation of a project in Almetyevsk, the Republic of Tatarstan, which allows students to form key practical skills in the field of information technologies and skills of interaction with a real customer.

Analysis of the machine tool industry of modern Russia based on the «Anna Karenina method»

The machine tool industry is the most important industry, the state of which largely determines the level of development of mechanical engineering and the national economy as a whole. For the purposes of import substitution, it is necessary, in fact, to rebuild the machine tool industrial complex from bearing factories to machine tool assembly production, mobilize engineering personnel and begin to train new ones. Of course, Russian business alone, without the help of the state, cannot cope with this task. The work carried out a retrospective analysis of the machine tool industry in Russia. In particular, the article presents a table that examines the main indicators characterizing the development of the machine tool market in Russia. Based on the results of the analysis of the metalworking equipment market in the period from 2016 to 2020, a trend of stagnation in the volume of consumption of this equipment and the machine tool industry can be identified. To solve problems in the machine tool industry, it is proposed to use the method of industry mapping of the industry for the purposes of both monitoring the current state and assessing the needs of key enterprises and the industry as a whole in the near future. It is shown that the machine tool industry in Russia has become an excellent example illustrating the «Anna Karenina principle», especially in comparison with the world's largest economies; its current state is the result of many events that are described in the article. The authors are convinced that by producing domestic means of production, from machine tools and equipment to electronic machines, our country is able to provide itself with all the necessary products of its own production — from consumer goods to necessary agricultural equipment and defense products.

Состояние основных производственных фондов и обеспечение промышленной безопасности

The level of accident rate at hazardous production facilities is largely determined by the degree of moral and physical depreciation of the fixed assets in the fuel and energy industry. Depreciation factor of the fixed assets is almost always present among the causes of accidents at hazardous production facilities in the modern-day Russia. Fixed assets are large blocks of the industrial safety foundation. Accident rate and injury rate, as inevitable and tragic costs of industrial production, originated in the industrial era, do not disappear in the post-industrialism, and become problematic in the crisis of industrialism. To assess the state of safety at hazardous production facilities, an up-to-date risk-oriented map is required related to the creation, availability, use and maintenance of the fixed assets of industrial production. The information is considered in the article concerning the fixed assets of the Russian industry from the middle of the 20th century to the present, which was obtained according to the statistical data from the official sources of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR and the RSFSR, the State Statistics Committee of Russia, Rosstat, and Rostechnadzor. Despite the stabilization of the asset renewal, in the last 15 years there is a tendency to accelerate the depreciation of fixed assets at hazardous production facilities. With an average renewal rate of 6% per year achieved over the past decade, the fixed assets of industry, including buildings, machinery, and equipment, should work for almost 17 years until they are replaced. In general, over the thirty years of post-Soviet reforms, underinvestment in the fixed capital of the Russian industry amounted to more than 98 trillion rubles, or 24.7 thousand tons of gold, which is more than 10 times the country gold reserve in 2023. Almost half of the «residual resource» was exhausted from the industrial material and technical funds. The current volume of the market for industrial safety expertise of technical devices is sharply incomparable with the scale of the task effectively solved by the economic management on underinvestment in fixed assets in industry of more than 1.5 trillion US dollars for the period from 1991 to 2022. Imported economic management was unable to ensure long-term conservation of the material and technical base of the Russian industry. On average, up to 70% of the equipment used at hazardous production facilities worked out the standard service life. Degree of the depreciation of fixed assets of the fuel industry in Russia in the early twenties exceeded the average industrial level by almost 7 percentage points, while in 2015–2021 the share of completely worn-out facilities in the extractive industry increased by 7.3 percentage points. The functions of supervision over the safe reproduction of industrial fixed assets must be responsibly transferred to the sovereign structures of risk-oriented ensuring of industrial safety in Russia.

Water energy as a factor of industrialization in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century (based on the materials of industrial censuses)

One of the main issues in the course of industrialization is the provision of dynamically developing industrial production with energy sources. Despite the rapid spread of new types of engines in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries, water as an energy source continued to be actively used in industrial production. The research, the results of which are presented in the article, based on the published materials of the first (1900) and second (1908) industrial censuses showed that at the beginning of the twentieth century the share of water engines in the structure of the total power in industry as a whole not only did not decrease, but, on the contrary, increased. Groups of industries and provinces distinguished by the active use of water energy in industry have been identified. Analysis of statistical sources allows us to conclude that industrial enterprises are moving from water wheels to water turbines that exceed them in power. On the basis of industry data, the interrelations between the specific values of the use of water engines in the overall structure of the energy capacity of enterprises and their main production indicators (net profit, cost structure, etc.) are revealed. On the basis of correlation analysis, the hypothesis of a higher level of labor concentration at enterprises and in industries that have retained a significant proportion of water engines in the structure of their energy base has been confirmed.