Industrial X-ray Film Research Articles

PENGARUH JENIS PELARUT DAN SENYAWA PENGEMBAN TERHADAP EFISIENSI PEMISAHAN LOGAM PERAK DENGAN TEKNIK MEMBRAN CAIR BERPENDUKUNG

Silver metal found in the metal plating industry wastewater, industrial process photography and X-ray film process. Wastes that still lack the metallic ions of silver if thrown in the water without further treatment would endanger the life of organisms, mainly bacteria, plants and living things, as silver metal is a metal that is toxic in dissolved form. One separation technique can be used with supported liquid membrane (SLM) technique. This study aimed to identify the type of solvent and carrier compound to percent transport of silver metal from the feed phase to phase receivers with SLM techniques. This type of research used in this study was an experimental research in the laboratory. Percent transport of metal ions Ag + with techniques SLM had done by varying the type of solvent was n-hexane, kerosene, toluene and chloroform to dissolve the compound carrier TBP and D2EHPA with each concentration 1 M. The concentration of the metal ions Ag+ in phase receiver after separation techniques SLM was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) at a wavelength of 328.1 nm, then the calculated percent metal Ag+ ion transport. Based on the results showed that the percent of the silver metal transport centipede on the use of solvent n-hexane and chloroform, with transport by 33.9% percent. While the percent of the highest transport to the use of compounds that was using the carrier of carrier compound TBP, with transport by 33.9% percent.

Vision-Based Industrial X-Ray Film Digitizing and Automatic Identification System

In this paper, a set of industrial X-ray film digitizing and automatic identification system is established with machine vision equipment. With this system, the industrial film can be digitalized rapidly and in high space resolution reaching to 860 DPI. The machine vision equipment includes linear CCD, light source, lens, aperture and film-moving machine. The controller is a master-slave mode, which includes a PC as the upper computer and an embedded system as the lower computer. The embedded system is composed by ARM and FPGA modules, which can control four axis motors and transmit an external trigger signals to the CCD in real-time. At last, a series of image processing algorithm is also developed in this paper to identify an industrial film that is captured to test coupling alignment of the casing pipes. The testing accuracy is 0.06mm.

Diagnostic value of ex-vivo three-dimensional micro-computed tomography imaging of primary nonhematopoietic human bone tumors: osteosarcoma versus chondrosarcoma

Osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma are the most common nonhematopoietic primary malignancies of bone. However, unusual radiographic appearances can lead to delay in diagnosis and confusion with benign diseases. To evaluate the feasibility of micro-computed tomography (CT) for the analysis of primary, nonhematopoietic human bone tumors ex vivo. Samples from 12 human bone specimens (osteosarcoma, n=6; chondrosarcoma, n=6) obtained for diagnostic purposes were scanned using industrial X-ray film without amplifier foil and scanned with micro-CT (7- and 12-microm-cubic voxels). Trabecular bone CT "density" and tumor matrix CT "density" were determined, and results were compared with those obtained from a detailed conventional histopathologic analysis of corresponding cross-sections. The significance of differences in grayscale measurements was tested with analysis of variance. Micro-CT provided quantitative information on bone morphology equivalent to histopathological analysis. We established grayscale measurements by which tumor matrices of chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma could be radiographically categorized following histological classifications (P<0.001). Micro-CT is feasible for the analysis and differentiation of human osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma.

Comparison of technical and anatomical noise in digital thorax X-ray images

Former studies by Hoeschen and Buhr indicated a higher total noise in a thorax image than expected from technical noise, i.e. quantum and detector noise. This difference results from the overlay of many small anatomical structures along the X-ray beam, which leads to a noise-like appearance without distinguishable structures in the projected image. A method is proposed to quantitatively determine this 'anatomical noise' component, which is not to be confused with the anatomical background (e.g. ribs). This specific anatomical noise pattern in a radiograph changes completely when the imaging geometry changes because different small anatomical structures contribute to the projected image. Therefore, two images are taken using slightly different exposure geometry, and a correlation analysis based on wavelet transforms allows to determining the uncorrelated noise components. Since the technical noise also differs from image to image, which makes it difficult to separate the anatomical noise, images of a lung phantom were produced on a low-sensitive industrial X-ray film using high-exposure levels. From these results, the anatomical noise level in real clinical thorax radiographs using realistic exposure levels is predicted using the general dose dependence described in the paper text and compared with the quantum and detector noise level of an indirect flat-panel detector system. For consistency testing, the same lung phantom was imaged with the same digital flat-panel detector and the total image noise including anatomical noise is determined. The results show that the relative portion of anatomical noise may exceed the technical noise level. Anatomical noise is an important contributor to the total image noise and, therefore, impedes the recognition of anatomical structures.

Radiation exposure in x-ray mammography

When discussing the radiation risk of X-ray mammography, the magnitude of the dose applied has decisive importance. The radiation exposure of the breast is the predominant factor in risk considerations, since it contributes more than 98% to the effective dose of this examination. At present, it is generally assumed that, with regard to cancer induction by ionizing radiation, the glandular tissue is the most vulnerable part in the breast. Therefore, the average glandular dose, i.e., the mean value of the absorbed dose in the glandular tissue, is used for a description of the radiation risk. The average glandular dose cannot be measured directly, but is calculated under certain assumptions from the experimentally determined entrance surface air kerma or entrance surface dose by the use of a so-called conversion factors. During the seventies, i.e., in the era of the industrial type X-ray film, the mean value of the average glandular dose per exposure for a larger sample of patients (n > 100) was about 20 mGy. Due to the progress in radiographic technique such as, for example, the use of sensitive film-screen systems, optimized radiation qualities and modern automatic exposure control units this value has now decreased to about 1 mGy. Further dose reductions seem possible by the introduction of digital image receptors.

Das reale Strahlenrelief bei einer Röntgenaufnahme des Thorax

At present digital detectors for diagnostic X-ray imaging become more and more important. The image quality provided by these detector systems does not only depend on the properties of the systems but also on the X-ray intensity pattern in the detector plane. This pattern for a radiograph of the thorax was measured with high spatial resolution. This was done by exposing a specially prepared phantom of the lung to X-rays applying the standard examination conditions for thoracic imaging. The X-ray images were stored on industrial X-ray film generally used for non-destructive testing. These images were digitised with a high-resolution drum film scanner. The scanner and the film were able to reproduce the information in the pattern in the range of spatial frequencies up to 15 mm–1 and there were no problems with aliasing due to the scanning process. Using the characteristic curves of the film and the scanner the X-ray intensity pattern was calculated. A new method to evaluate the information content of the X-ray intensity pattern in the frequency domain was developed. The results of this evaluation were used to propose a requirement for digital detector systems to have a sampling Intervall less than 100 μm.

Frequency Dependence of Minimum Perceptible Contrasts and Optimum Film Densities of Radiographs

The frequency dependence of minimum perceptible contrasts (differences in diffuse density units) for various viewer brightnesses was obtained by observing noiseless sinusoidal patterns made on fine-grain photographic films. For each frequency, the contrast is more easily perceptible zvith an increase in the viewer brightness and a decrease in the average density. Under the best conditions a contrast of 0.0043 is perceptible. The best perceptibility was attainned at 0.8 to 1.0 mm-1.The optimum densities, at which the detectability and resolution became best, were obtained from the maxima of the psychophysically modified gradient as defined by Kanamori in 1964. The optimum density decreases as the viewer brightness decreases and the frequency increases. For a typical medical x-ray film OG, the optimum densities are less than 1.3, while those of industrial x-ray film Industrial- 100 are less than 2.4.

Letters to the Editor Comments on ‘Necessity and Outlines of a New Theory of the Granularity of Medical and Industrial X-ray Films’1

Letters to the Editor Comments on ‘Necessity and Outlines of a New Theory of the Granularity of Medical and Industrial X-ray Films’¹

Necessity and Outlines of a New Theory of the Granularity of Medical and Industrial X-ray Films

AbstractTile analysis of film granularity of medical and industrial X-ray films is based on tile ideas of Rossmann formulated in 1963. Thsi relation seemed to be so well proved by many experiments and calculations in tile spectral range of 0-10 mm-1 , tile visible range, that no attention was paid to the invisible rest of tile Wiener spectrum. But just tile measurements of Wiener spectra in a spectral region up to 250 mm-1 (or higher) give results which contradict Rossmann’s theory. It is shown that neither the expression for quantum noise nor the assumption of a linear superposition of film noise and quantum noise is valid. The latter can only be seen as an approximation following out of the new theory, which is based on the idea that σ2, as the integral over the Wiener spectrum, corresponds to the amount of silver in the film and is constant for a given density, film and developer. The shape of the Wiener spectrum is given by the |MTF|2 of the system film +screen+X-ray-quantum under the boundary conditi...

Radiographic Imaging Technologies for Archaeological Ceramics

In archaeological studies of ceramic materials, nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are needed to better understand the nature and evolution of ceramic fabrication techniques [1] and even to authenticate ancient ceramics [2]. The desired data are similar to those sought in modern fine ceramics, especially advanced structural ceramics [3]. X-ray imaging technologies, developed to characterize structural ceramics, were applied to three samples, a modern and two archaeological ceramics, in order to obtain fabrication information. They were imaged using various X-ray image receivers: electrostatic receivers (Xeroradiography Xerox 125 and 175, Xerox Medical Systems, Pasadena CA), photostimulable phosphors (Fuji Photo Film Co., Japan, 1985 Prototype System FCR-101), and high-resolution industrial X-ray film (Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.). Ultrasound and dye penetrants had failed to reveal methods of manufacture in the ancient ceramics because of their highly porous fabric (1).

Some Complementary Results to the Granularity of Industrial

AbstractBundesanstalt fur Materialprufung, Unter den Eichen 87, D-100 Berlin 45. ABSTRACT Measurements of Wiener spectra and related quantities of industrial x-ray films were made by varying the parameters density, film-type, developer, energy of x-rays and light exposure. Relations derived for light exposure were found to be valid for x-rays and x-ray films too. There exists however a strong dependence of film granularity on the kind of developer, a fact, which in its consequences excludes film speed as a universal film measure. While the spectral distribution of a Wiener spectrum varies with the energy of the exposing x-rays, its integral value a2 proves to be a constant for a given density and film at least in the investigated energy range between 10-400 keV. This rule is broken only for x-ray energies below 100 keV for sensitive film types by interference of their so called z-ampiification, which at higher energies however is dominated by the effects causing the spread function. As discrepancies betwe...

High Energy X-Ray Film Response and the Intensifying Action of Metal Screens

Accurate measurements and electron/photon transport calculations provide evidence that the film's optical density is a single-valued function of the absorbed dose in the emulsion of industrial x-ray films. As a result, the film sensitivity is proportional to the absorbed dose in the emulsion per roentgen. Spectral sensitivity is calculated for energies between 20 keV and 10 MeV and for various film-screen combinations. The intensifying action of metal screens on film sensitivity is calculated as a function of screen's thickness for various photon energies and film-screen combinations. The results of our calculations are supported by the experimental data.

Establishment of .BETA.-ray irradiation field for calibrating radiation protection instruments.

β-ray irradiation fields for calibrating radiation protection instruments, such as survey meters and personnel dosimeters, have been established.The β-ray irradiation fields are formed with two types of plane sources; one is a thin ion exchange membrane source 100mm in diameter, and the other is an extended area source which has 42mm active diameter and is covered with silver foil. The radionuclides are 147Pm, 204Tl, 90Sr-90Y and 106Ru-106Rh.The β-ray irradiation fields are characterized by their β-ray absorbed dose rates and residual maximum energies. Absorbed dose rates were measured with an extrapolation chamber (the entrance window thickness is 6.37mg/cm2) for every source and obtained as a function of irradiation distance. Residual maximum energies were determined by the absorption method. The residual maximum energy which is larger than the standard minimum value recommended by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) was obtained for every source.The uniformity of the β-ray irradiation field was examined using large area industrial X-ray film. The examination indicated that the β-ray irradiation field was quite uniform and suitable for calibrating radiation protection instruments.

Use of autoradiography for checking plutonium enrichment and agglomerates in mixed-oxide fuel pellets inside welded fuel pins

Autoradiography of nuclear fuel pins containing uranium-plutonium mixed-oxide pellets has been tried as a simple and inexpensive non-destructive technique for assessing plutonium enrichment and detecting the presence of plutonium agglomerates, if any, in the pellets. The optical density of autoradiographs obtained by placing industrial X-ray films in contact with a fuel pin containing pellets of varied PuO2 content has been correlated with the plutonium enrichment of the pellets. Autoradiographs of plutonium agglomerates varying in size from 125 to 2000 μm incorporated in pellets with a nominal composition of UO2 - 4 %wt PuO2 inside welded fuel pins have been analysed. This paper describes the techniques used and the results obtained.

Electron Microscope Studies on Radiography. III. Formation of Lumpish Developed Silver in Radiography

Abstract The shape of developed silver in industrial X-ray films exposed to a high energy radiation has been found mainly lumpish, which differs from the filamentary shape observed in ordinarily-developed photographic films. The formation process and crystalline states of lumpish silver were studied with an electron microscope in comparison with those of filamentary silver. Lumpish silver cannot be in a single uniform crystalline state under a kind of hindrance due to too active a development for regular crystal growth, the thickness of emulsion layer and the concentration of silver halide also have some effects.

Industrial Radiography with Phosphor Screens

AbstractAn experimental system that comprises a film of low silver content and a pair of high resolution phosphor intensifying screens and a commercial industrial X-ray film of similar speed arc compared for image quality. The speed of the radiographic systems and the X-ray energy of 200 kV that are fundamental to this study are both of particular interest to the industrial radiographer. The image quality is assessed by use of data derived from microdensitometer traces of a line test object, which provides information on the image contrast and on the grainincss, and by use of prints of magnified radiographs. It is concluded that the use of phosphor screens offers an increase in image quality when the information is limited by the graininess or quantum mottle of a radiograph which is frequently the case in practical radiography.

An Alternative Approach to Industrial Radiography

AbstractAn alternative to industrial X-ray film for Industrial radiography is described. The experimental system uses film containing approximately 35%, of the silver in an industrial type film, which makes the film easier to process, and uses high resolution phosphor screens, which improves the absorption of X-ray photons. Those properties that affect image quality, namely contrast, modulation transfer function and granularity, are discussed in detail for both types of system. A study of low contrast detail in radiographs indicates that for noise limited information the experimental system offers a higher image quality than industrial X-ray film of similar speed.

Chondrocalcinosis in elderly persons.

Fifty-eight elderly people were surveyed for chondrocalcinosis with knee, hip and pelvic roentgenograms using Type M industrial x-ray film. Chondrocalcinosis was found in 16 subjects (27.6%), an incidence greater than reported in previous studies. Roentgenograms of the knees alone showed the presence of chondrocalcinosis in 15 subjects. Varus deformity of the knees, increased wrist complaints and wrist involvement with clinical arthritis were significantly more common in subjects with chondrocalcinosis. Symptoms associated with acute inflammatory arthritis were not more common in people with chondrocalcinosis.

Automatic processor for Eastman Kodak industrial X-ray film, type M (Estar Base).

The authors outline the necessary modifications of a Hi-Cap model Profexray industrial automatic processor for satisfactory processing of Kodak industrial x-ray film, Type M (Estar Base), and describe precautions for its successful use in mammography.

Exposure pattern, surface, bone marrow integral and gonadal dose from fluoroscopy.

Using industrial X-ray film on a phantom human and multiple ionization chambers within the phantom, exposure patterns and doses were assessed for conventional and image amplifier-closed-circuit television fluoroscopy. Results are expressed as bone marrow integral, gonadal and surface doses. Procedures by both radiologists and non-radiologists during upper gastro-intestinal series, barium enemas and chest fluoroscopy have been carefully analysed. There was a wide range in exposure patterns and dose not only between radiologists and non-radiologists, but within each of these two categories of examiners. Average doses for each of these examiner categories are included. They are for reference and are being used in estimating dose from medical X rays among atomic-bomb survivors and comparison subjects and the general populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.