Industrial WSN Research Articles

A novel energy‐efficient routing protocol for industrial WSN using hybrid COOT‐LS algorithm with LSTM‐based DOM prediction

SummaryIndustrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) are very important to improve and simplify the way to manage, monitor, and control industrial factories. IWSNs have many benefits, but because of their vulnerability to extremely complex and variable industrial contexts, they also limit some of the potential that is currently available and present difficulties on numerous fronts. The proposed work develops energy‐efficient routing technique to minimize the overall energy consumption. Heterogeneous mobile nodes are randomly deployed in the experimental region; then, region‐based grid formation is done in the proposed method. In each grid, the base node is selected utilizing the parameters like residual energy and distance of mobile nodes. Hybrid COOT‐HOA optimization is used in the proposed method for selecting the optimal base node in each grid. A deep learning‐based machine learning algorithm called long short‐term memory (LSTM) is utilized to predict the future direction of movement (DOM) of each mobile node in the grid. Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) is utilized to find an active zone from the sender node to direction of base node. Then, the sender node transmits the data to its nearest node in the active region. This proposed energy‐efficient routing algorithm is tested with several metrics which attains better performance like 94% packet delivery ratio, 7% packet loss, average residual energy of 9.5 J, and 3.4 Mbps throughput. Thus, the energy‐efficient routing protocol used in the proposed approach transfers the data in an energy‐efficient manner for IWSN.

DACODE: Distributed adaptive communication framework for energy efficient industrial IoT-based heterogeneous WSN

As the cornerstone of IoT-based systems, WSN connecting a wide range of intelligent sensor nodes is expected to bring significant changes in the near future. Due to the limited battery capacity of the sensor node, WSN considers maximizing network lifetime by minimizing the power consumption to be the most important challenge. To this end, we propose a Distributed Adaptive Communication with On/Off switching and Dual queuing for Energy efficiency (DACODE) as a novel asynchronous duty cycling mechanism. The performance evaluation shows that the proposed mechanism significantly reduces power consumption while maintaining network throughput and guaranteeing data urgency and queue stability.

Development and Validation of an ISA100.11a Simulation Model for Accurate Industrial WSN Planning and Deployment.

During the planning, design, and optimization of an industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN), the proposed solutions need to be validated and evaluated. To reduce the time and expenses, highly accurate simulators can be used for these tasks. This paper presents the development and experimental validation of an ISA100.11a simulation model for industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSN). To achieve high simulation accuracy, the ISA100.11a software stack running on two types of certified devices (i.e., an all-in-one gateway and a field device) is integrated with the ns-3 simulator. The behavior of IWSNs is analyzed in four different types of test scenarios: (1) through simulation using the proposed ISA100.11a simulation model, (2) on an experimental testbed using ISA100.11a certified devices, (3) in a Gateway-in-the-loop Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) scenario, and (4) in a Node-in-the-loop HIL scenario. Moreover, the scalability of the proposed simulation model is evaluated. Several metrics related to the timing of events and communication statistics are used to evaluate the behavior and performance of the tested IWSNs. The results analysis demonstrates the potential of the proposed model to accurately predict IWSN behavior.

A Comprehensive Dependability Model for QoM-Aware Industrial WSN When Performing Visual Area Coverage in Occluded Scenarios.

In critical industrial monitoring and control applications, dependability evaluation will be usually required. For wireless sensor networks deployed in industrial plants, dependability evaluation can provide valuable information, enabling proper preventive or contingency measures to assure their correct and safe operation. However, when employing sensor nodes equipped with cameras, visual coverage failures may have a deep impact on the perceived quality of industrial applications, besides the already expected impacts of hardware and connectivity failures. This article proposes a comprehensive mathematical model for dependability evaluation centered on the concept of Quality of Monitoring (QoM), processing availability, reliability and effective coverage parameters in a combined way. Practical evaluation issues are discussed and simulation results are presented to demonstrate how the proposed model can be applied in wireless industrial sensor networks when assessing and enhancing their dependability.

A Measurement-Based Frame-Level Error Model for Evaluation of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks.

Industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) are a key technology for smart manufacturing. To identify the performance bottlenecks in an IWSN before its real-world deployment, the IWSN must first be evaluated through simulations using an error model which accurately characterizes the wireless links in the industrial scenario within which it will be deployed. However, the traditional error models used in most IWSN simulators are not derived from the real traces observed in industrial environments. Accordingly, this study first measured the transmission quality of IEEE 802.15.4 in a one-day experiment in a manufacturing factory and then used the measurement records to construct a second-order Markov frame-level error model for simulating the performance of an IWSN. The proposed model was incorporated into the simulator of OpenWSN, which is an industrial WSN implementing the related IEEE and IETF standards. The simulation results showed that the proposed error model improved the accuracy of the estimated transmission reliability by up to 12% compared to the original error model. Moreover, the estimation accuracy improved with increasing burst losses.

Antenna Diversity to Increase Reliability in Industrials Wireless Sensors Networks

Industrial WSNs are gradually gaining space in industry due to low cost of installation and maintenance. However, RF communications systems are prone to several propagation phenomena which can compromise reliability in terms of missed message deadlines. This work aims to increase the robustness of industrial WSN. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to correct inherent problems in wireless communications, some of which are channel noise, interference, and multipath fading. Multipath can be considered the main factor that makes communications in wireless sensor networks a real challenge when compared to other types of mediums, such as optical fiber, cable, or even directional radio transmissions. In this sense, antenna diversity is proposed as a solution to deal with these effects, with the aim of improving radio reliability to make the use of dense industrial WSN feasible. The potential of antenna diversity in WSN is not fully exploited in industrial applications. This article presents the combination of selection technique for industrial WSN through an algorithm that selects the transceiver port that has the highest link quality indicator and performs antenna switching in the radio modules. The results obtained are analyzed to verify the diversity gain by using antenna spatial diversity at reception and thus reduce packet error rate. The results corroborate with theory by increasing radio reliability in terms of diversity gain, quadrupling the received signal power when the correct antenna is chosen.

Hybrid Energy-efficient Connected Target Coverage Algorithm for IWSNs

Paper is regarding the use of coverage algorithms on the static and dynamic node to resolve the problem of Coverage. Objectives: Main objective of this research is to minimize energy consumption. Its objective is to provide full connectivity and coverage with dynamic nodes in industrial WSN. Methods: Initially, deploy a number of nodes in an industrial area with the usage of MATLAB environment. Then apply two algorithms Communication Weighted Greedy Cover andOverlapped Target and Connected Coverage algorithms. Communication weighted greedy cover algorithm is used to separate movement of nodes. OTTC algorithm is used to reduce overlapped target problem. Findings: In Industrial Wireless Sensor Network the problem of Network coverage occursdue to large area coverage and heterogeneity of the network. CWCG and OTTC algorithms consume more energy while covering all the nodes. A solution is needed to develop an energy efficient network coverage algorithm which provides full coverage and connectivity. This research paper shows coverage with dynamic nodes in industrial area. Dynamic nodes reduce coverage and overlapped target problem.

An Efficient Distributed Scheduling Algorithm for Mobility Support in IEEE 802.15.4e DSME-Based Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently, the Internet of Things technology has rapidly spread and been applied in various fields including smart factories. Smart factory technologies are used for flexible process automation and custom manufacturing; thus, it requires adaptive network management for frequent network fluctuations due to mobility. Moreover, it is very important to ensure the timeliness of the data collected through the sensor nodes. In order to ensure network mobility in industrial WSNs, distributed scheduling algorithms should be supported. In this paper, we evaluated IEEE 802.15.4e-based industrial WSN MAC performances by using various mobility scenarios for smart factory environments. Also we proposed an IEEE 802.15.4e DSME-based distributed scheduling algorithm for mobility support and measured various performance metrics. The proposed algorithm can adaptively assign communication slots by analyzing the network traffic of each node and improve the network reliability and timeliness. The experimental result shows that the throughput of DSME MAC protocol is better than IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH and legacy slotted CSMA/CA in large network with above 30 nodes. Also the proposed algorithm improves the throughput by 15% higher than other MACs including original DSME. The algorithm was experimentally confirmed to reduce power consumption by improving the availability of communication slots.

Industrial WSN Based on IR-UWB and a Low-Latency MAC Protocol

AbstractWireless sensor networks for industrial communication require high reliability and low latency. As current wireless sensor networks do not entirely meet these requirements, novel system approaches need to be developed. Since ultra wideband communication systems seem to be a promising approach, this paper evaluates the performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 impulse-radio ultra-wideband physical layer and the IEEE 802.15.4 Low Latency Deterministic Network (LLDN) MAC for industrial applications. Novel approaches and system adaptions are proposed to meet the application requirements. In this regard, a synchronization approach based on circular average magnitude difference functions (CAMDF) and on a clean template (CT) is presented for the correlation receiver. An adapted MAC protocol titled aggregated low latency (ALL) MAC is proposed to significantly reduce the resulting latency. Based on the system proposals, a hardware prototype has been developed, which proves the feasibility of the system and visualizes the real-time performance of the MAC protocol.

Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications, Protocols, and Standards [Book News

This book offers an in-depth state of the art in sensor network technologies for industry applications while also dealing with emerging and already deployed industrial WSN applications and technologies. It is divided into 16 chapters: Applications of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; Machine Condition Monitoring with Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; Wireless Sensor Networks for Intelligent Transportation Applications; Design Challenges and Objectives in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; Resource Management and Scheduling in WSNs Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting; Energy Harvesting Techniques for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; Fault Tolerant Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; Network Architectures for Delay Critical Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; Network Synchronization in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; Wireless Control Networks with Real-Time Constraints; Medium Access Control and Routing in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; QoS-Aware Routing for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; Reliable and Robust Communications in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks; and Network Security in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks.

Superframe Planning and Access Latency of Slotted MAC for Industrial WSN in IoT Environment

Industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) is a key enabling technology for the Internet-of-things (IoT). IWSN acts as one of the fundamental elements of the IoT infrastructure to bridge the physical sensors and actuators in field and backbone systems in the Internet. For deterministic performances, all mainstream IWSN standards utilize the slotted media access control (MAC) where the communication is allocated based on the superframe that comprises a number of slots in either contention-based access or contention-free access modes. In this paper, the planning of the superframe structure of the slotted MAC is investigated by two means: 1) a mathematical model of the MAC access latency based on the queue theory; and 2) an easy-to-use software tool based on packet-level simulation. The mathematical model gives an overall estimation of the average MAC access latency of the whole network. The software tool gives the exact latency of each packet and then can derive the optimal superframe structure of the network. The two means are validated correspondingly. With the methods proposed in this paper, IWSN designers can minimize the MAC access latency while satisfying the requirements at different generating rates of packet, number of nodes in the network, and packet buffer length of each node.

Research on the Transmission Diversity Characteristics of a Quadrifilar Helix Antenna and its Application in the Industrial WSN

Research on the Transmission Diversity Characteristics of a Quadrifilar Helix Antenna and its Application in the Industrial WSN

Integration Infrastructure of Token-Based Industrial WSN and TCP

As some prevalent wired networks in industrial field are based on TCP, we proposed a novel integration infrastructure of token-based industrial WSN protocol and TCP, so as to make the application of wireless communication technologies more flexible. In the paper, a protocol conversion infrastructure is presented, which is based on data mapping mechanism. The protocol converter includes two modules: Wireless Industrial Control Network(WICN) master module and TCP host module. WICN master module owns an exclusive data buffer called WICN data buffer. TCP host module also has its own data buffer which is named TCP data buffer. A public data area is used for realizing the data mapping between WICN data buffer and TCP data buffer. By the data mapping mechanism, a station in wired network segment could get the data from WICN by accessing TCP data buffer, and WICN slave station could get the data from wired network via WICN data buffer. By the protocol conversion mechanism based on data mapping, flexible data exchange of heterogeneous networks could be realized.

A Scheduling Strategy Suitable for Industrial Ethernet and Mine WSN Scheduling System

Aiming at the actual requirement of the System of industrial Ethernet Connectivity of wireless sensor networks in underground coal mine, a dynamic priority scheduling algorithm which is applied in the interconnected gateway is presented. The algorithm can avoid the occurrence of the congestion in the interconnected system. Simulation results show that packet loss rate is controlled within 7 to 15%, service response time is controlled within 2.8~7s and average queue length is stable when the interconnected system is three times than the maximum load. However, when the load of the interconnected system has returned to normal, the gateway enters the steady state that packet loss rate is zero only after 6s.