Industrial Water Reuse Research Articles

RATIONAL INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE RATIOS1

ABSTRACT: This work begins by defining rational water use, and then discusses important factors that most strongly influence it. A general model is then developed to enable factories to quantify the ratio of rational industrial water reuse based on the least cost method. The model is established to minimize the cost of water with reference to gross water use and three subsystems ‐ the intake, reuse, and discharge of industrial water. Discharge cost is determined using data from a 1997 survey of 38 factories, and reuse costs are ranked and expressed by a step function. The model is verified using data from a typical semiconductor factory in northern Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Based Industrial Park, whose effective rational water reuse ratio is about 38 percent. A sensitivity analysis shows that improving water reuse technology is the most important factor in determining the rational water reuse ratio, and the price of water is the second most important. When water costs over NT$30 (New Taiwan Dollar, US$1 = NT$34) per cubic meter, increasing reuse becomes significant. The model provides a step towards the scientific management of industrial water.

A Review of Water Reuse and Recycling, with Reference to Canadian Practice and Potential: 2. Applications

Abstract Common water reuse applications include agricultural and landscape irrigation with treated municipal wastewater, industrial recirculation of process waters, rainwater collection, and groundwater recharge for non-potable and indirect potable reuse. As compared to other countries worldwide, water reuse is currently practised infrequently in Canada, with the focus of most of the water reuse effort within Canada on agricultural irrigation applications. Landscape irrigation and other non-potable urban uses are practised to some extent, but provide an opportunity for expanded application of reclaimed water. Similarly, while water recycling is practised to various degrees within specific industrial sectors, further industrial water reuse and recycling affords an opportunity to conserve large volumes of water. The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has supported a great deal of research into treatment and reuse of domestic greywater for non-potable uses within individual buildings, as well as some work on rainwater collection and use. Groundwater recharge and potable reuse are practised to some extent in extremely dry regions of the world, but public health concerns with respect to emerging trace contaminants may limit the spread of these reuse applications. The main issues associated with each of the above applications are reviewed, and the state of Canadian water reuse and recycling is described.

Book Review: Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recovery and Re-use: Editors: Professor Simon Judd & Dr Bruce Jefferson

This book is very timely. Membrane technology has played a role in industrial water recovery and re-use for over three decades and the potential applications continue to grow due to pressures on water supplies coupled with improved membranes and more favourable economics. Until this book there has not been a text devoted to these important applications of membrane technology. The editors, from Cranfield University, UK, are well known for their earlier book on membrane bioreactors. In this multi-authored text they have brought together a team of people who have specialist knowledge of specific industrial applications of membranes.

Treatment of Textile Effluents by H2O2/UV Oxidation Combined with RO Separation for Reuse

This study evaluates the feasibility of the treatment of textile effluents by H2O2/UV oxidation combined with reverse osmosis (RO) membrane separation for water reuse in textile dying processes. The results showed that the conductivity of textile effluents was from 2340 to 4560 µs/cm. Addition of auxiliary chemicals used during the dyeing processes increased the conductivity in textile wastewaters. The H2O2/UV pre-oxidation of textile effluents can mineralize or oxidize dissolved organic carbon (DOC) effectively. However, the removal of conductivity and hardness were poor. Pretreatment of the textile effluent by H2O2/UV oxidation can decrease silt density index (SDI) values and osmotic pressure and increase permeate flux when followed by RO separation. H2O2/UV pre-oxidation and RO post-treatment can improve the textile effluent quality and meet the water quality criteria for water reuse in the textile industry. In conclusion, the combined H2O2/UV pre-oxidation and RO post-process is a promising treatment for textile effluents for water reuse.

Developments in industrial water re-use

In the following article, Anthony Bennett of Specialist Technical Solutions Ltd, UK, evaluates the requirements of industry for water and considers the driving forces for developments in industrial water re-use. He reviews two key industry meetings held in this year and considers the business development activity required to expand this emerging market.

Recycling of spent process water in the food industry by an integrated process of biological treatment and membrane separation

An integrated membrane filtration process was developed to produce water of drinking quality out of polluted process water from small and medium-sized enterprises in the food and beverage industries. It comprised a membrane-supported bioreactor and a combined nanofiltration/UV disinfection stage. The process was implemented in demonstration scale (up to 1.5 m 3/h) at a fruit juice production plant. In the bioreactor, COD removal rates >95% were achieved. After the second treatment step, the chemical and bacteriological parameters of the treated water met the limits of the German Drinking Water Act (DWA). After authorisation procedure by the responsible authorities, the technology tested was granted approval for water reuse in the food industry. The influence of biological process parameters on the flux of the bioreactor membranes was investigated as well as backflushing and CIP cleaning procedures. In the second treatment step membrane permeability depending on different operating conditions was investigated. The treated water can be re-used for various purposes, e.g. boiler make-up water, cooling water. Amortisation periods of less than 3 years are possible, depending on the water re-use potential.

Application of HACCP to water reuse in the food industry

Reuse of water in the food industry is attracting much attention due to the increasing cost of water and water discharge. A major obstacle for extensive reuse is the associated risk of microbiological contamination of food and the production environment. A hazard analysis critical control point based generic model has, therefore, been elaborated for implementation and evaluation of systems for the reuse of water in the food industry. The model includes information on food and water borne pathogens and their sensitivity towards various water treatment methods. Previous implementation of the pre-requisite programs and combination of knowledge from very different research areas are also required for safe implementation of water reuse in the food industry.

Growing Trend toward Reuse and Zero Discharge

As water costs increase and supplies dwindle, more and more industries are turning to high‐tech water treatment systems that recycle and reuse water within plant production processes. This article describes how some of these systems include “closed loop” technology known as zero liquid discharge (ZLD) that recycles all inplant water streams and discharges none to the environment. The trend is benefiting companies like USFilter, which reports a wave of new bookings for ZLD and other industrial water reuse systems.

Spent process water desalination and organic removal by membranes for water reuse in the food industry

In this study, it could be shown that, drinking water consumption in the food industry could be drastically reduced by water reuse. Boiler make-up water or warm cleaning water could be economically produced from low-contaminated process water (electrical conductivity below 3000μS/cm and COD below 700mgO 2/l) by membrane desalination and organic removal. Due to varying concentrations in impurities in the different types of spent process water (milk processing and meat processing) experiments were performed with different pre-treatment steps and main membrane treatment stage. The post-treatment stage guarantees that the requirements for residual inorganic and organic concentration in the water are maintained and keeps microorganism concentration below limit values. A demonstration plant, consisting of the following stages, was set up: (a) pretreatment: belt filtration, cartridge filtration (two stages) and UV predisinfection; (b) main treatment: first stage, nanofiltration with sprial wound modules; (c) post-treatment: second stage, nanofiltration with sprial wound modules and (d) UV disinfection. It was shown that it was possible to obtain, from the spent process water streams, water for reuse e.g. boiler make-up water (electrical conductivity of <40μS/cm at 25°C; Ca 2+<0.4mg/l; COD<10mg O 2/l etc.) or warm cleaning water (el. conductivity below 200 μS/cm, Ca 2+<1mg/l, TOC< 4mg/l etc.)

Water Reuse in Industrial food Processing.

While water, as an industrial commodity, is considered increasingly as a valuable material and the subject of responsible care for the environment, water reuse is increasingly regarded as a tool for substantial reduction in water supply needs, and saving in related costs. A strategic approach to water reuse must be based on a systematic analysis and on the principle that any water user must never use more water of a higher quality than strictly needed. In this paper some hints are given for implementing water reuse in the food processing industry, particularly referring to the practical case of tomato processing for which a case study is also reported. The results clearly show how remarkable environmental and economic advantages can be simply obtained by implementing low investment cost solutions, and that water supply and discharge flow rates can be dramatically reduced without implementing any special water upgrading treatment process. The Journal of Food Technology in Africa Volume 5 Number 1 (January- March 2000), pp. 25-29

Catalytic strategies for industrial water re-use

The use of catalytic processes in pollution abatement and resource recovery is widespread and of significant economic importance [R.J. Farrauto, C.H. Bartholomew, Fundamentals of Industrial Catalytic Processes, Blackie Academic and Professional, 1997.]. For water recovery and re-use chemo-catalysis is only just starting to make an impact although bio-catalysis is well established [J.N. Horan, Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems; Theory and Operation, Chichester, Wiley, 1990.]. This paper will discuss some of the principles behind developing chemo-catalytic processes for water re-use. Within this context oxidative catalytic chemistry has many opportunities to underpin the development of successful processes and many emerging technologies based on this chemistry can be considered [Vogelpohl and Geissen (Eds.), in: Proceedings of the Conference on Water Science and Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, May 1996, J. Int. Assoc. Water Quality, Pergamon, 1997]. Specifically, redox catalysis with active oxygen transfer oxidants has advantages and this paper will consider the design of such technologies [Vogelpohl and Geissen (Eds.), in: Proceedings of the Conference on Water Science and Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, May 1996, J. Int. Assoc. Water Quality, Pergamon, 1997; F.E. Hancock et al., Catalysis Today 40 (1998) 289; F. King and F.E. Hancock, Catalysis Today, 40 (1998) 289; J. Hollingworth et al., J. Electron Spectrosc., in press].

GAC Adsorption of Ozonated Secondary Textile Effluents for Industrial Water Reuse

The paper presents the results obtained at laboratory, pilot and demonstrative scale with granular activated carbon adsorption as a mean to obtain effluent suitable as water supply for textile finishing industries, that require very stringent limits in terms of COD and colour removal. Laboratory scale tests evidenced that the specific carbon adsorption capacity, both for COD and colour, is highest for a sand-filtered + clariflocculated effluent and lowest for the sand-filtered + ozonated secondary effluent. Pilot and demonstrative scale tests were performed on three filters (0.3, 0.3 and 20 m3 of GAC each) fed with the full scale ozonated secondary effluent.

Optimal treatment and rational reuse of water in textile industry

Because of the increasing water shortage in Flandres (Belgium), it will be necessary to switch over to alternative industrial water supply sources. The reuse of a part of the effluent requires the development and application of advanced water purification treatments in combination with process control. The current technologies under development in the frame of an EU-project are outlined. The latter project covers an integrated process for the provision of recycled water of guaranteed quality with minimum emissions. The whole process is divided into three modules; a sensor protected aerobic stage (SPAS), an anaerobic treatment (ANASORB) and a holistic polishing (HOLIPOL) module. The modules are flexible in application and can be used separately or together. The case of a jeans finishing plant in which a total recycling system at full scale is operated, is discussed.

Optimal treatment and rational reuse of water in textile industry

Because of the increasing water shortage in Flandres (Belgium), it will be necessary to switch over to alternative industrial water supply sources. The reuse of a part of the effluent requires the development and application of advanced water purification treatments in combination with process control. The current technologies under development in the frame of an EU-project are outlined. The latter project covers an integrated process for the provision of recycled water of guaranteed quality with minimum emissions. The whole process is divided into three modules; a sensor protected aerobic stage (SPAS), an anaerobic treatment (ANASORB) and a holistic polishing (HOLIPOL) module. The modules are flexible in application and can be used separately or together. The case of a jeans fmishing plant in which a total recycling system at full scale is operated, is discussed.

Ozone in the United States of America -- State-Of-The-Art

Applications for ozone in the United States have evolved through a lengthy maturation process, which began with drinking water treatment (taste/odor/color removal) in the early 1900s, and grew slowly until acceleration began in the mid-1980s. Although deodorization became a stable market in the 1960s-1970s, these applications were small, for the most part. One of the largest uses for ozone is oxidation of process chemicals in the chemical industry, which began in the USA about the 1940s, and subsequently has spread worldwide. Today, thanks primarily to environmental regulatory pressures which began to impact ozone in the mid-1980s, ozone now is used increasingly in the USA for drinking water treatment and for some municipal and industrial wastewater applications. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recognized the growing importance of ozone (> 200 drinking water plants use ozone today), and has appointed IOA representatives to two of its regulatory development committees as stakeholders. Several U.S. cities have installed or are installing wastewater treatment processes for potable reuse purposes, which include the use of ozone. Three full-scale U.S. pulp bleaching plants use tons/day quantities of ozone. Smaller applications for ozone include water treatment for cooling tower waters (biofouling control), swimming pools and spas, marine aquaria, bottled water disinfection and maintenance of high purity waters in the pharmaceuticals and electronics industries. A new application for ozone is in commercial laundries to reduce energy costs and replace chemicals. In mid-1997, a public declaration was made by an expert panel that ozone is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for contact with foods. This declaration opens the door for ozone to be used in U.S. food processing industries. U.S. research scientists and engineers are at the forefront in studies which define the technical aspects of ozone technologies in a variety of applications employing advanced oxidation, including the treatment of hazardous wastes, groundwater remediation, and process water recovery and reuse in the semi-conductor industry.

GAC adsorption of ozonated secondary textile effluents for industrial water reuse

The paper presents the results obtained at laboratory, pilot and demonstrative scale with granular activated carbon adsorption as a mean to obtain effluent suitable as water supply for textile finishing industries, that require very stringent limits in terms of COD and colour removal. Laboratory scale tests evidenced that the specific carbon adsorption capacity, both for COD and colour, is highest for a sand-filtered + clariflocculated effluent and lowest for the sand-filtered + ozonated secondary effluent. Pilot and demonstrative scale tests were performed on three filters (0.3, 0.3 and 20 m3 of GAC each) fed with the full scale ozonated secondary effluent.

Membrane processes for water reuse in the food industry

By using low-contaminated process water from the food industry, a new water treatment technology, capable of producing water which can be reused (e.g. water for cleaning and cooling, boiler feed water) was developed. The treated water fulfills the requirements specified in drinking water regulations. At present, this water treatment technology is undergoing authorisation procedure.

Recovery, reuse, and recycle of water in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities

AbstractThis paper summarizes the benefits and risks associated with water re‐use and recycling in the semiconductor industry. The specific items that will be covered in this paper are: characterization of the spent rinse‐water types, the composition range of key impurities, different recycling strategies, and water conservation methods. Discussion will include the development of new purification methods for the removal of organic impurities, and the development of a computer model for simulating the effects of recycle.

Application for Industrial Water Pollution in the Philippines through the Model Reference Adaptive Theory

The objective of this paper is to summarize an affective measure for industrial water pollution issues in the Philippines on the Model Reference Adaptive Theory.Nowadays, a developing country such as Asian countries are success in modernization and industrialization. However, there are some seriousness of industrial pollution issues, such as water contamination. We can find some difficulty investment for environmental management in developing countries, because those countries prefer to enjoy there profit.We summarize a current state in water pollution problems in the Philippines as example of the developing countries.They believe such investment for environment is not be able to give any profit. We have to realize some environmental damage will bring a some economic restriction. We have an experience on industrial pollution in 1960's and '70's in Japan. We concur the industrial pollution in not only own measure in industrial sector but also some industrial and environmental policy. From our experience in the industrial pollution issues, legislative functions and some investment are required.The Model Reference Adaptive Theory can provide most useful information from experiences as some models, as well as the theories assist to adapt to the developing countries to solve an industrial pollution issue.We would like to suggest that to summarize that re-use of industrial water is secure not only to minimize a discharge a waster water but also to minimize a pollution control cost. It is true that systematic analysis which combined with policy-guided and investment of industries in Japanese experience on the industrial pollution measures.1) input unit of resources in changing industrial structure and changing of environmental quality2) strengthening on environmental regulation due to their aggravation on environmental quality and investment and some affection on economy3) investment for R&D in industry and their effect4) some incentives for environmental conservation and their effect5) creation of environmental business from aggravation of environmental quality and strengthening on environmental regulationWe also would like to suggest to set those comprehensive programs from Japanese experience on measure on water pollution.1) Comprehensive program for water usage2) Monitoring plan for water quality3) Comprehensive master plan for environmental management

The vacuum freezing multiple phase transformation process

Bench-scale experiments have been completed on the Vacuum Freezing Multiple Phase Transformation (VFMPT) Process disclosed in U.S. Patent Number 4,505,728. The VFMPT Process can be used for desalination, industrial solution concentration, water reuse and waste treatment. The key steps are vacuum evaporative freezing, sub-triple point vapor desublimation, desublimate melting, super-triple point vapor generation, crystal-washing and crystal-melting. These operations have been demonstrated with rate information collected. Construction of an integrated prototype system is nearly complete with testing of the heart of the system complete. A preliminary economic analysis shows two results (1) the VFMPT Process will be more competitive than reverse osmosis and distillation/evaporation in the range of solute concentrations represented by sea water desalination both in terms of equipment cost and operating cost and (2) in many applications at higher concentrations, the VFMPT Process is expected to dominate because reverse osmosis membranes cannot be operated at the high pressures required.