Oil Industry Waste Research Articles

Pengomposan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit yang Ditambahkan Berbagai Jenis Kotoran Hewan Ternak dan Penentuan Kualitas Kimia Bokashi Berbasis Standar Nasional Indonesia

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is a large amount of palm oil industry waste and has the potential to be used as bokashi fertilizer with the addition of livestock manure to enrich its nutrient content. This study aims to determine the chemical quality of OPEFB bokashi by adding each chicken, cow, and goat manure based on the quality standards of organic fertilizer INS-19-7030-2004. The research was conducted from June to August 2022 in Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan, and the Soil Laboratory of the Department of Soils, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. This study used a quantitative method (nutrient analysis in the laboratory). The following treatments were used: K0 = OPEFB without adding livestock manure, K1 = OPEFB with adding chicken manure, K2 = OPEFB with adding cow manure, and K3 = OPEFB with the addition of goat manure. The results showed that treatment K1 (bokashi OPEFB with chicken manure) had better chemical quality than treatments K0, K2, and K3, namely parameters organic C (13,72%), total N (0.92%), C/N ratio (14.91%), total P (1.00%), total K (0.60%), total Ca (6.56%), and total Fe (0.02%). However, the total Mg parameter in the K1 treatment was 1.36% above the maximum SNI limit, and the pH parameters in all treatments (K0 4.91, K1 5.89, K2 4.59, and K3 5.05) were not in accordance with SNI-19-7030-2004.

Steam explosion modification on phytate, protein, and lignan in sesame cake

Sesame cake is an oil-industrial waste which contains a considerable amount of nutrients. In this study, steam explosion technology was introduced to modify the chemical composition, the protein structural characterization, and lignan profiles in sesame cake under mild conditions. The results showed that steam explosion treatment could effectively and significantly degrade the antinutritional factor phytate with 13.69–49.43% reduction and increase the protein yield of 2.69–9.16%, highly dependent on the severity of steam explosion conditions. Steam-exploded sesame protein has a disordered secondary structure and a balanced amino acid profile, leading to the improved nutritional value and bioavailability. The antioxidant activities of lignan extracts were dramatically promoted after treatment, along with the modified lignan profiles. Sesaminol glycosides were degraded a lot and significant amount of sesamol was detected and converted from sesamolin. Interestingly, large amount of sesaminol was produced by steam explosion treatment. It might be caused by the deglycosylation of sesaminol glycosides. These results show that steam explosion technology could be considered the ideal treatment method to improve the nutritional and pharmaceutical value of sesame cake.

Hydrophobization of petf-surfaces for water-in-oil emulsions separations

The technique of poly(ethylene terephthalate) track-etched membranes (PETF TMs) modification to increase of water-in-oil emulsions separations is developed. The water-in-oil emulsions separations by using PETF TMs with regular pore geometry and pore sizes 200 and 350 nm is described in the article. PETF TMs were modified with octadecyltrichlorosilane by spin-coating method to increase their hydrophobic properties. The results of changes in the pore diameters and the contact angle after PETF TMs modification are presented. The obtained samples were characterized by AFM, SEM and gas permeability test. Chloroform–water and n-hexadecane–water emulsions have been used as a test liquid for water-in-oil emulsions separations. At an operating vacuum of 700 mbar, the specific filtration performance of chloroform: water emulsions were 51.5 and 932.0 l/(m2 ⋅ h), hexadecane: water were 46.1 and 203.4 l/(m2 ⋅ h) for PETF-200 / OTS and PETF-350 / OTS, respectively. The degree of purification of emulsions by modified membranes according to the refractive index is of 100 %. Obtained membranes can be used to separate oil-water emulsions in order to prevent the corrosion of pipelines and changes of crude oil viscosity, as well as the treatment of water purification from oil industry waste.

Bio-failure or Bio-fuel? Economic Feasibility of Converting Palm Oil Waste to Biogas

This study aimed to investigate the economic feasibility of using an Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor to convert liquid waste from palm oil processing plants into biogas containing methane. The study examined total capital investment (TCI), working capital investment (WCI), and production costs at different capacities (3, 30, and 300 liters per day) to determine if the process could generate a profit. The results showed that the biogas production from palm oil industrial liquid waste using the UASB reactor did not result in a profit due to the large capital costs and low biogas production. The implication of this study is that further research is needed to find ways to reduce the capital costs of the process and increase biogas production to make it economically feasible.

Potential production of carbon nanotubes from liquid aromatic hydrocarbons over Fe and Ni on alumina powder via catalytic chemical vapor deposition

In this study, liquid aromatic hydrocarbons of benzene C6H6, toluene C7H8, and xylene C8H10 (BTX), which can be abundantly found in industrial waste oil and pyrolysis products of waste plastics, were used as carbon sources to produce carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs were firstly synthesized from liquid benzene over powdered alumina (Al2O3) supported Fe and Ni catalysts at 700 to 850 °C via catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) method. It was found that, CNTs synthesized from Fe/Al2O3 resulted in significantly higher carbon yields at 1.0–5.6 wt% with relatively higher graphitization analyzed by Raman spectroscopy compared to those of Ni/Al2O3 with the yields only at 0.6–2.8 wt%. However, smaller sizes of CNTs at 20–29 nm could be produced from Ni/Al2O3 compared to 30–38 nm obtained from Fe/Al2O3 due to its smaller crystallite size of the initial catalyst confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. For both catalysts, with increasing CCVD temperature, the yields tended to increase with a slight increase in CNT diameter and graphitization degree. The temperature of 800 °C was then chosen for further preliminary investigation on potential mass production of CNTs from BTX. By doubling the amount of catalysts, the CNT yield could be approximately twice achieved by maintaining its uniformity and quality because of remaining active sites of the catalysts. In addition, increasing the carbon atoms of aromatic hydrocarbons resulted in improved yields without changing the quality of CNTs. Finally, kinetic mechanisms of CNT growth from BTX decomposition using Fe/Al2O3 catalyst were simply investigated by varying reaction time from 10 to 60 min. At feeding flow of 0.5 ml/min, optimum reaction time was achieved at 30 min in order to produce uniform CNTs at high yields without carbon loss, unreacted BTX, and undesired by-products, which possibly occurred by hydrogenation, catalyst deactivation, and/or side reactions of as-produced gaseous hydrocarbons during CCVD reaction.

The Effect of Palm Shell and Empty Fruit Bunch Composition Ratio on the Quality of Biopellets for Co-firing

Agricultural waste resources, such as biomass, can be turned into valuable alternative energy sources. Biomass is critical to achieving renewable energy in Indonesia. The usage of renewable energy sources, such as biofuels (BBN), should be increased because the demand for fossil fuel sources is increasing year after year, and these fuels are limited and expensive. Biomass-derived from palm oil industry waste in the form of palm shells and empty palm oil bunches (EFB) is currently not being utilized optimally. Therefore, efforts need to be made to make palm shell waste and EFB more valuable products. The content in palm shells and EFB can potentially be converted into fuel in the form of biopellets, namely palm shells and EFB with a composition ratio of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the ratio of the composition of biomass raw materials on the Quality of Biopellets for Co-firing. The results showed that the composition ratio of 30:70 has a higher calorific value and meets SNI 8951:2020 as co-firing for power plants.

Bacterial cellulose biomass aerogels for oil-water separation and thermal insulation

The use of environment-friendly biomass for the preparation of functional materials has attracted increasing attention. In this study, bacterial cellulose (BC) was prepared from fruit waste via kombucha fermentation without involving any secondary enzymatic hydrolysis treatments. A three-dimensional network of bacterial cellulose aerogels (BCAs) with ultralow density (5.693 mg/cm3), high porosity (98–99%), and low thermal conductivity (23.4 mW/(m·K)) were obtained using two directional freeze-drying techniques. Here, the proposed freezing method can not only control the concentration of BC but make access to fibres reassembly by extremely low temperature freezing (−196 °C), which can further form a multi-stage pore structure. To increase their compressive resistance and optimise their ability to adsorb organic solvents and oils, the aerogels were subjected to chemical vapour deposition using methyltrimethoxysilane. The modified biomass aerogel exhibits a compression resilience exceeding 90% and achieves a hydrophobic angle of approximately 146.4°. This cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient BCAs can be employed to treat oil spills and industrial waste.

Isolation, identification, and screening of biosurfactant-producing and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from oil and gas industrial waste

Qatar is one of the biggest oil and gas producers in the world, coupled with it is challenging environmental conditions (high average temperature: >40 °C, low annual rainfall: 46.71 mm, and high annual evaporation rate: 2200 mm) harbors diverse microbial communities that are novel and robust, with the potential to biodegrade hydrocarbons. In this study, we collected hydrocarbon contaminated sludge, wastewater and soil samples from oil and gas industries in Qatar. Twenty-six bacterial strains were isolated in the laboratory from these samples using high saline conditions and crude oil as the sole carbon source. A total of 15 different bacterial genera were identified in our study that have not been widely reported in the literature or studied for their usage in the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. Interestingly, some of the bacteria that were identified belonged to the same genus however, demonstrated variable growth rates and biosurfactant production. This indicates the possibility of niche specialization and specific evolution to acquire competitive traits for better survival. The most potent strain EXS14, identified as Marinobacter sp., showed the highest growth rate in the oil-containing medium as well as the highest biosurfactant production. When this strain was further tested for biodegradation of hydrocarbons, the results showed that it was able to degrade 90 to 100% of low and medium molecular weight hydrocarbons and 60 to 80% of high molecular weight (C35 to C50) hydrocarbons. This study offers many promising leads for future studies of microbial species and their application for the treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated wastewater and soil in the region and in other areas with similar environmental conditions.

A study on the integrated implementation of supplementary cementitious material and coarse aggregate for sustainable concrete

This paper presents the investigation of energy efficacy, strength maturation, and environmental management of palm oil industrial waste materials, such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and oil palm shell (OPS). The industrial by-product POFA was used as partial, and the agro-based waste material OPS was employed as an absolute replacement of ordinary portland cement (OPC) and conventional natural coarse aggregate, respectively, in manufacturing sustainable lightweight concrete. The fresh concrete properties (workability and density), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, water absorption, residual strength, thermal conductivity, and microstructural analysis have been investigated and reported. Four different concrete mixes with densities ranging from 1610 kg/m3 to 1935 kg/m3 were produced by replacing the OPC with POFA by a weight proportion of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50%. Maximum compressive strength of 42.8 MPa was found at 365-day for 10% POFA based oil palm shell concrete (OPSC). The samples were exposed to selected peak temperatures (400 °C) to determine the residual strength at 28-, 56-, 90-, and 365-day. The UPV and compressive strength tests were performed for both heated and normal samples. The energy-saving status for POFA based OPSC was investigated by performing the thermal conductivity test at 365-day. The thermal conductivity of POFA based OPSC exerted lower values compared to that without POFA. The microstructure with the phase of developed fibrous C–S–H and pores inside the concrete were characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The largest micro-cracks between coarse aggregates and cement paste were found in concretes containing 50% POFA, and the smallest one was for 10% POFA based OPSC. Considering the optimization in terms of compressive strength, thermal conductivity, residual compressive strength, and microstructural analysis, it is recommended that the inclusion of POFA in OPSC can be considered a structural grade concrete along with the thermal insulation.

Plasma Processing of Light- and Heavy-Oil Asphaltenes

The paper presents an analysis of the results of an experimental study of carbon materials obtained in a direct-current arc plasma from asphaltenes isolated from light oil of the Sredneugutskoye field and combined heavy oil from Venezuelan fields, as well as asphaltenes isolated from natural asphaltite. The influence of the composition of initial asphaltenes on the composition and properties of carbon materials obtained as a result of plasma treatment has been studied. The parent asphaltenes and carbon materials synthesized from them have been examined using a set of instrumental methods: X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and laser diffraction. Changes in the composition and structure of the obtained materials after plasma processing of asphaltenes have been established. It is shown that this method can be considered promising for processing not only petroleum material, but also oil industry waste enriched in resin–asphaltene components.

Development of extruded animal feed based on fat and oil industry waste

The paper considers the way to solve the problem of processing waste from the oil and fat industry, namely sunflower and soybean meals, which are a source of many valuable substances. The peculiarity of the work lies in determining the rational ratio of the base components of extruded animal feed, which is an important aspect of obtaining high-quality competitive products. The research object is the use of oil and fat industry waste in extruded animal feed technology. The rational ratio of the components of extruded animal feed has been determined. The rational ratio of animal feed components is: sunflower meal – 0.40 parts by weight; soybean meal – 0.25 parts by weight; oatmeal – 0.35 parts by weight. The animal feed sample with justified composition corresponds to the commercial analogue in terms of porosity (72 % and 76 %, respectively) and cost ($285/t and $285/t, respectively). In addition, the extruded feed with the developed composition exceeds the commercial analogue in terms of protein content by 3.2 times and essential amino acids content by 2.9 times. The obtained data are explained by the use of a complex of components, namely oil and fat waste and starch-containing grain raw materials with various limiting amino acids and various technological features of the extruded mass of their mixture. The feature of the obtained results is the possibility to control the technological characteristic (porosity) of the finished product depending on the components ratio, which allows changing product characteristics according to consumer requirements. The research results make it possible to efficiently process secondary products of oilseed processing into a new competitive marketable product. From a practical point of view, the technology makes it possible to reduce the cost of storage/utilization of industry waste, get additional income from new products sales and improve environmental conditions. The applied aspect of using the scientific result is the possibility to create a range of animal feed with different technological indicators depending on the components ratio.

Genomic analysis of Paenibacillus macerans strain I6, which can effectively saccharify oil palm empty fruit bunches under nutrient-free conditions

The improper disposal of palm oil industrial waste has led to serious environmental pollution. In this study, we isolated Paenibacillus macerans strain I6, which can degrade oil palm empty fruit bunches generated by the palm oil industry in nutrient-free water, from bovine manure biocompost and sequenced its genome on PacBio RSII and Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platforms. We obtained 7.11 Mbp of genomic sequences with 52.9% GC content from strain I6. Strain I6 was phylogenetically closely related to P.macerans strains DSM24746 and DSM24 and was positioned close to the head of the branch containing strains I6, DSM24746, and DSM24 in the phylogenetic tree. We used the RAST (rapid annotation using subsystem technology) server to annotate the strain I6 genome and discovered genes related to biological saccharification; 496 genes were related to carbohydrate metabolism and 306 genes were related to amino acids and derivatives. Among them were carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), including 212 glycoside hydrolases. Up to 23.6% of the oil palm empty fruit bunches was degraded by strain I6 under anaerobic and nutrient-free conditions. Evaluation of the enzymatic activity of extracellular fractions of strain I6 showed that amylase and xylanase activity was highest when xylan was the carbon source. The high enzyme activity and the diversity in the associated genes may contribute to the efficient degradation of oil palm empty fruit bunches by strain I6. Our results indicate the potential utility of P.macerans strain I6 for lignocellulosic biomass degradation.

Formulation and Nutritional Characterization of Mustard and Sesame Oilseed Cake Extract-Based Functional Drinks

The current investigation was carried out to develop polyphenol-enriched functional drinks from oil industry waste. Purposely, polyphenols were extracted from the mustard and sesame oilseed cakes through ultrasound-aided extraction alongside conventional extraction mode for comparison purposes. Among the oilseed cake extracts, sesame with methanol and ultrasonic extraction exhibited best results for TPC, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and β-carotene as 39 ± 0.04 g GAE/100 g, 35 ± 0.02 g TE/100 g, 20 ± 0.02 g TE/100 g, 18 ± 0.03 g TE/100 g, and 35 ± 0.05 g TE/100 g, respectively, and mustard showed 31 ± 0.04 g GAE/100 g, 20 ± 0.01 g TE/100 g, 16 ± 0.02 g TE/100 g, 12 ± 0.01 g TE/100 g, and 30 ± 0.05 g TE/100 g, respectively. In case of conventional extraction and methanol as solvent, sesame revealed outcomes for TPC, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and β-carotene as 13 ± 0.02 g GAE/100 g, 17 ± 0.03 g TE/100 g, 10 ± 0.01 g TE/100 g, 21 ± 0.04 g TE/100 g, and 15 ± 0.03 g TE/100 g, respectively, compared to mustard which showed for TPC, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and β-carotene as 11 ± 0.02 , 12 ± 0.01 , 08 ± 0.01 , 17 ± 0.03 , and 10 ± 0.01 , respectively. Likewise, for mustard oilseed cake extract with conventional extraction technique and water as solvent, minimum findings were observed for TPC, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and β-carotene as 07 ± 0.01 , 09 ± 0.02 , 06 ± 0.01 , 14 ± 0.03 , and 07 ± 0.01 , respectively. T0 without extracts, T1 (sesame oilseed cake extract based Functional drink) , and T2 (mustard oilseed cake extract based Functional drink). The recorded values for total phenols, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, and vitamin C in T0, T1, and T2 were 29.79 ± 6.05 , 32.53 ± 7.05 , and 30.5 ± 5.05 ; 26.33 ± 5.05 , 30.60 ± 7.05 , and 29.75 ± 5.05 ; 2.11 ± 0.05 , 2.12 ± 0.05 , and 2.08 ± 0.01 ; and 31.7 ± 7.05 , 30.5 ± 5.05 , and 29.6 ± 6.05 , respectively. Likewise, sensory evaluation for color, flavor, sweetness, sourness, and overall acceptability during 2 months of storage depicted acceptable scores. The inclusive best outcomes for phytochemical analysis were achieved with sesame oilseed cake extracts by applying ultrasonic extraction technique and methanol as solvent. In the same way, among the developed functional drinks, T1 (sesame oilseed cake extract-based functional drink) exhibited best physiochemical as well as storage characteristics.

Discerning the proximate composition, anti-oxidative and prebiotic properties of de-oiled meals: Mustard and Rice-bran

The de-oiled meals are the less economically viable counterparts obtained from post oil-extraction process. These de-oiled meals are extremely rich constituents of various nutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, dietary fibre and minerals. However, in addition to the nutrition, it also has a significant content of various anti-nutritional factors that can be removed by simple processing methods. These de-oiled meals are largely discarded and disposed of as waste, leaving only a small portion to be used for feeding animals. The progressively increasing demand for alternative sources of naturally occurring feed stuffs necessitates utilisation of de-oiled meals to its full potential for feeding animals and fishes that are being raised/cultured for commercial objectives. In this paper, we have analysed the nutrient, anti-oxidants, as well as anti-nutritional composition of the two de-oiled meals mustard and rice-bran, followed by evaluation of their prebiotic properties with respect of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria. The de-oiled meals were good sources of protein, carbohydrate crude fibre, polyphenols and flavonoid. They were found to contain low amounts of phytates and tannates and demonstrated prebiotic activities comparable to that of commercial inulin. The de-oiled meals also inhibited amylase enzyme activity. The mustard meal had the highest amylase inhibitory activity i.e., 49.75%. Therefore, these edible oil industry wastes have a great potential to serve as a nutrient dense food for animals and their utilisation will help to reduce the burden on environment as well as meet the ensuing demand gap.

Comprehensive Review on Lipid-based Biomasses as Biodiesel Raw Materials from Ghana

Ghana is a country rich in natural resources, including biodiversity and large water bodies, but it is also plagued by food and energy shortages. Fuel prices are also increasing. Biodiesel made from lipids will attract increasing attention as researchers and experts look for a solution. However, the obvious cheapest option of edible feedstock will be insufficient to meet rising energy and food demand, necessitating the need for a guaranteed feedstock. As a result, this research was conducted to identify lipid-based biomass feedstocks that would be ideal for biodiesel production in Ghana. This research seeks to give current information on the biofuel feedstock currently existing (mostly biodiesel) synthesis from lipid-based biomasses in Ghana. Edible plant oils were the first generation of lipid-based feedstocks, whereas alternative types of feedstocks were identified and reported as the second generation. Non-edible oils, like Jatropha oil, Neem oil, Karanja oil, Nagchampa oil, Calophyllum inophyllum oil, Mahua indica oil, Rubber seed oil, and other non-edible feedstocks are used to make second-generation biodiesels. Vegetable oil waste, industrial wastes and by-products, animal fats, and lipid-derived from microorganisms and insects are also among the 2nd generation feedstocks discussed in this paper. The advantages of 2nd generation feedstocks are the low-cost, high-yielding, and the fact that they do not economically or ethically compete with edible oils (food crops). Nevertheless, all 2nd generation feedstocks are often free fatty acids and having high moisture, which have a significant detrimental impact on the conventional biodiesel synthesis process. As a result, this article contains basic information on processing procedures that can handle 2nd generation feedstocks.

Evaluation of the possibility of using regenerating oil and fat industry waste in elastomeric compound

The paper reports the way of regenerating the oil and fat industry waste by using in elastomeric composition based on polydiene. Chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties of oil- and wax-containing fraction as a secondary raw material of sunflower oil production were determined using modern instrumental methods. The complex of technological, vulcanization, physical, mechanical, and other properties of filled and non-filled model elastomeric composition based on butadiene--methylstyrene rubber with 1.5 phr of oil- and wax-containing fraction was studied. The feasibility of using the studied bio-additives in filled elastomeric compositions with provides a high level of their properties and widens the range of ecologically safe ingredients from renewable plant raw material.

Lipases from different yeast strains: Production and application for n-3 fatty acid enrichment of tuna eyeball oil

Enrichment of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the glyceride fraction of skipjack tuna eyeballs oil (STEO) was investigated by using six extracellular and cell-bound lipases from three different yeast strains. Among all lipases tested, Candida rugosa extracellular lipase (Cr-ECL) showed promising enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in STEO. Firstly, various parameters including types of solvent, solvent to oil ratio, water to oil ratio, hydrolysis time, temperature, and lipase concentration were studied to select the major independent parameters. Finally, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the reaction conditions. Optimal condition included 450 U of Cr-ECL at water to oil ratio of 1:8 for 11.28 h, which resulted in 1.9-fold increase in DHA concentration in STEO. EPA was increased by 2.1-fold, when 191.35 U of Cr-ECL, water to oil ratio of 1:6 for 5.14 h was used. The Cr-ECL catalyzed hydrolysis was non-stereoselective, but had acyl chain specificity, and recognition of the whole triacyl-glycerol molecule as shown by 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Therefore, the established hydrolysis protocol for DHA and EPA enrichment was successful in converting fish oil from tuna waste to useful and healthy fish oil enriched with n-3 fatty acids. These findings pave the way for the future valorization of industrial marine waste oil.

Fabrication and characterization of PVDF-CTFE/SiO2 electrospun nanofibrous membranes with micro and nano-rough structures for efficient oil-water separation

A crucial step in the purification and recycling of industrial waste oil is the separation and removal of trace water from emulsified oil. After optimizing the polymer content, solvent composition, and SiO2 nanoparticle addition amount of the spinning precursor solution, a Polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene chloride (PVDF-CTFE)/SiO2 nanofibrous membrane with micro and nano-rough structure was prepared by electrospinning. Using scanning electron microscopy, a pore size analyzer, a contact angle tester, a single-fiber strength tester, and a gravity separation experiment, the influence of SiO2 addition on the morphology, pore size distribution, wettability, mechanical, and separation properties of the modified membranes was characterized. The results demonstrated that the water contact angle of the nanofibrous membrane was increased to 151.3° of superhydrophobic when SiO2 was added at a concentration of 2.5 wt%. The nanofibrous membranes exhibited outstanding separation performance (>99%) for water-in-oil mixtures and emulsions, as well as for various oil-water systems. Moreover, the PVDF-CTFE/SiO2 nanofibrous membranes exhibited superior multi-cycle performance and consistent chemical resistance. This research yielded a novel material and a straightforward method for fabricating superhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes, which demonstrated greater application potential in oil-water separation.

Ammonia Removal in Activated Carbons Prepared from Olive Oil Industry Waste

Activated carbons (ACs) from olive stone were prepared using CO2, steam, KOH, and H3PO4 as activating agents. The resultant activated carbons were characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis, N2 adsorption (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method), iodine number, Boehm titration, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ammonia (NH3) was used as a test molecule to be adsorbed. The BET surface areas of the ACs obtained ranged from 1000 to 1986 m2 g-1. Type I isotherms were obtained for all the samples, although steam and H3PO4 ACs showed a significant mesopore contribution. KOH activation resulted in carbon with a high microporosity (98%) and high iodine adsorption (1030 mg g-1). KOH AC prepared with a KOH/pyrolyzed char weight ratio of 2 and at 900 °C showed the highest NH3 adsorption (252 mg g-1), favored by the high microporosity and adequate acidity. Chemical activation (KOH and H3PO4) promotes higher NH3 adsorption than the physical ACs prepared (CO2 and steam). Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equilibrium models were used to correlate the NH3 adsorption isotherms, obtaining the best fit for the Freundlich equation. The results indicated that olive stone-based activated carbon could be used for commercial AC to remove NH3 from gaseous streams.

Pengaruh Penambahan Limbah Kulit Udang Terhadap Kualitas Kompos Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit untuk Memperbaiki Sifat Tanah di Majene

Oil palm empty fruit bunches are palm oil industry waste that has not been processed and utilized optimally. Utilizing palm oil industrial waste as compost material can reduce the negative impact of waste on the environment. Compost as a source of organic matter and nutrients that can improve properties and restore soil function, so that plant nutrients are complete. The addition of shrimp shell waste can improve the quality of oil palm empty fruit bunches compost, namely the availability of macro and micro nutrients in the compost. The purpose of this study was to analyze effect of composting empty palm oil bunches with the addition of shrimp shell waste on the soil in Majene. The results of the analysis of primary macronutrients such as pH, C-Organic, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and C/N Ratio in the soil after the addition of composted oil palm empty fruit bunches and shrimp shell waste increased. Meanwhile, secondary macro nutrients such as Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur and micro nutrients such as Aluminum, iron and Manganese did not increase after the addition of composted empty fruit bunches of oil palm and shrimp shell waste.