Industrial Waste Materials Research Articles

Non-Fired Building Blocks Using Industrial Wastes

Bricks produced from traditional techniques and agricultural clay contribute considerably to the air pollutions in the world. Therefore, an urgent need to start using an environment-friendly alternative material/approach to save the fertile topsoil and conserve a clean environment. This research is aimed to produce non-fired bricks incorporating industrial solid waste from steel and power plants, including Fly ash and Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS), as a partial replacement of CEM I and lime. Induction Furnace Slag (IFS) is used as a partial/full replacement of natural fine aggregate (local sand) in the laboratory scale manufacturing process. The prepared building blocks conform to the minimum compressive strength requirement of 10.3 MPa per ASTM C62 and BDS 208 while the maximum compressive strength was 40.6 MPa. This highly promising performance pronounced the use of industrial waste materials in non-fired brick production to achieve a cleaner environment for a sustainable society. ournal of Engineering Science 12(3), 2021, 1-10

A Unique Workplace Death by Mechanical Asphyxia Caused by Waste Materials and Manure

Asphyxia is defined as a condition that occurs when a body does not receive or utilize adequate amounts of oxygen. The term asphyxia includes several types of mechanisms underlying the death related to lack of oxygen. We present a case of work-related accidental asphyxia caused by aspiration of industrial waste materials and manure. The deceased subject was maintaining an agricultural-industrial plant. Toxicological analysis has identified the presence of cocaine. During the autopsy, considerable quantities of waste materials and manure were found in the respiratory and digestive tract of the subject. Work-related Asphyxia is a rare cause of death; the aspiration of materials during work is extremely rare. The scene investigation, the autopsy and the toxicological analyses are fundamental in the reconstruction of the events involved in the occupational deaths.

A review on the application of industrial waste as reinforced earth fills in mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls.

The infrastructure development of a country is focussed on the development of roadways that includes the construction of many bridges and flyovers with retaining walls. The construction of the mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining wall gained momentum since 1960 owing to the various beneficial aspects in terms of its durability, economy, stability, appearance, sustainability aspects, etc. A typical MSE retaining wall is a composite structure made up of compacted backfill and reinforcement elements, fixed to a wall facing. The increasing rate of urbanization leads to the development of more industries resulting in the production of wastes such as fly ash, waste foundry sand, pond ash, slags, etc. The disposal of these wastes is often a big issue for the industries, and hence, their utilization in the construction industry is studied by researchers to solve the problem of waste dumping. This review article summarizes the studies involving the potential use of industrial waste material as reinforced earth fills in the MSE retaining wall. The researchers used waste materials from industries like thermal power plant, mining, construction, metal smelting units etc. The important fill properties such as particle size, friction angle, and density were compared with the standard codal provisions. The different dimensions of the research experiments involving the MSE backfill using various industrial wastes were presented in this review.

Green Production of Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) Using Tea-Leaf Extracts for Fenton Degradation of Mixed Rhodamine B and Methyl Orange Dyes.

The danger from the content of dyes produced by textile-industry waste can cause environmental degradation when not appropriately treated. However, existing waste-treatment methods have not been effective in degrading dyes in textile waste. Zero-valent iron (ZVI), which has been widely used for wastewater treatment, needs to be developed to acquire effective green production. Tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves contain many polyphenolic compounds used as natural reducing agents. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize ZVI using biological reducing agents from tea-leaf extract and apply the Fenton method to degrade the color mixture of rhodamine B and methyl orange. The results show that the highest polyphenols were obtained from tea extract by heating to 90 °C for 80 min. Furthermore, PSA results show that ZVI had a homogeneous size of iron and tea extract at a volume ratio of 1:3. The SEM-EDS results show that all samples had agglomerated particles. The ZVI 1:1 showed the best results, with a 100% decrease in the color intensity of the dye mixture for 60 min of reaction and a degradation percentage of 100% and 66.47% for rhodamine B and methyl orange from LC-MS analysis, respectively. Finally, the decrease in COD value by ZVI was 92.11%, higher than the 47.36% decrease obtained using Fe(II).

Utilization of industrial waste materials in concrete-filled steel tubular columns

The idea of this particular study is to utilize industrial waste materials in an effective manner so as to give strength to steel tubular columns. Composite construction using steel - concrete has emerged as one of the fastest methods of construction in India. The inherent advantage of the steel-concrete composite section lies in that the two principal elements - the steel and the concrete are normally used in a manner so that full potential of both may be realized and the best utilization of their respective properties can be made. In this paper, an attempt was made with steel tubular columns in-filled with plain concrete, partial replacement of fine aggregate by fly ash & quarry dust and coarse aggregate by rubber, slag from the steel industry, granite and construction & demolition (C&D) debris concrete. The column specimens are to be tested under axial compression to investigate the effects of industrial waste materials. The effects of the steel tube and the strength of concrete are examined. 24 specimens were tested with the strength of concrete as 20 MPa and D/t ratio 25.40. The columns were 114.3 mm in diameter and 4.5 mm in thickness are 300, 600 & 900 mm in length. Strength characteristics and failure modes are to be discussed. The test results are to be compared with the values predicted by Eurocode 4, Australian Standards and American Codes and new theoretical models will be suggested for the design. From the test results, it was observed that the load-carrying capacity of steel tubular columns in-filled with various industrial waste materials concrete is greater than the conventional concrete. Hence this research would give a solution for effective utilization of industrial waste materials such as rubber, granite, C&D debris, steel slag, fly ash and quarry dust in concrete.

Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste materials for the development of geopolymer concrete- A review

Concrete is a highly consumed construction material. Cement is the first and foremost ingredient in the manufacture of concrete. Manufacturing of cement results in emission of an equal amount of carbon dioxide. These greenhouse gases cause global warming. The utilization of environment-friendly construction materials has been identified to be most essential to overcome environmental issues. An ecofriendly concrete such as geopolymer concrete founds to be an alternative for cement concrete. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a sustainable construction material as it can reduce carbon dioxide emission by utilizing industrial and agricultural waste by-products. Hence in this context, to reduce global warming, usage of cement can be minimized by replacing it with other materials such as Fly ash, Silica fume, Red mud, Ground granulated blast furnace slag, Metakaolin, Rice husk ash, Corncob ash, Sugarcane bagasse ash etc. These materials have been utilized to prepare geopolymer concrete with good mechanical strength, durability and thermal resistivity. A lot of research has gone into the development of sustainable geopolymer concrete utilizing various industrial and agricultural waste. This review paper is on the research on the utilization of industrial and agricultural waste materials to produce sustainable geopolymer concrete.

Azo and Phthalocyanine Dyes Degradation by Bacteria Isolated from Textile Industrial Waste

Azo and Phthalocyanine Dyes Degradation by Bacteria Isolated from Textile Industrial Waste

Reinforced cementitious composite using viscose rayon fiber from textile industry waste

This study presents an analysis of the possible use of a viscose rayon (CV) fiber from textile industry wastes to develop a reinforced cementitious composite as an alternative for textile discharge valorization. Several techniques were used to characterize precursor fibrous waste material such as SEM, FT-IR, DSC, and TGA. The experimental studies were conducted based on a conventional cementitious mortar (control) and four different fiber contents (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 wt%). For mechanical behavior analysis, uniaxial compressive strength tests were carried out at different ages (7, 14, and 28 days after production). The results showed favorable CV fiber addition as reinforcement up to a maximum limit. The optimum concentration of fiber was 0.5 wt% (FRC0.5), which provided 28 days of higher compression strength. The addition of CV waste as reinforcement in cementitious matrix resulted in an improved compressive strength above 20.6% compared to the conventional non-reinforced mortar. Furthermore, CV fiber addition improved the ductile behavior of the new composite allowing a controlled failure, even after maximum rupture loading.

The properties of preplaced aggregate concrete technology contain the industrial waste-material and the various shapes and sizes of coarse aggregate

The success of preplaced aggregate concrete technology depends on two main factors which are potential grout and coarse aggregate. This research was conducted experimentally to determine the effect of using two different fly ash sources as an alternative for the partial replacement of cement and several size and shapes of coarse aggregate on the compressive and tensile strength of PAC specimens. This involved the use of seven concrete mixes with a low water-cement ratio of 0.4 and cement to sand ratio of 1:0.75 to produce standard cylinder specimens of concrete containing rounded and crush aggregate. Moreover, fly ash was added at a dosage of 5% and 10% of cement weight while three shapes and sizes of a rounded and crushed aggregate at 20 mm, 30 mm, and a mixture of the two were also applied. The results showed the compressive strength of specimens with different sizes or a mix of rounded aggregate in PAC exhibited a similar performance with 30 mm of crushed coarse aggregate. Furthermore, the specimen with a higher content of calcium fly ash demonstrated a more rapid strength at an early age of seven days than those with lower content. Therefore, the partial replacement of cement with industrial waste material in the form of fly ash in preplaced aggregate concrete has the ability to save up to 10% of cement and also produce certain environmental benefits.

Geopolimerni beton - svojstva, izdržljivost i primena - pregled

Concrete is one of the most reliable, durable, and desired construction materials. It became the second most used material after water in the world. Many studies and investigations reported that the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere is nearly 1 ton in the production of 1 ton of cement, which contributes to 5-7 % of total CO2 emissions worldwide. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a new development in the world of concrete, which does not need to use cement. The most used materials in geopolymer are by-products such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, etc. Industrial waste materials are a great problem for human health, environment, and scarcity of land, therefore, reusing them in GPC manufacturing can be seen as a great advantage. Fortunately, most of the recent research concludes that most by-products exhibit similar or better durability, mechanical and physical properties when compared to ordinary concrete. Therefore, GPC became a good sustainable engineering material with many advantages over conventional concrete, such as high early strength, excellent resistance to chemical attacks and steel reinforcement corrosion, elimination of water curing, low cost, etc. This paper reviews the process of geopolymer concrete, constituents, types, properties, durability, and particular applications.

Predicting Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Industrial Waste Materials: Novel and Hybrid Machine Learning Model

In the construction and cement manufacturing sectors, the development of artificial intelligence models has received remarkable progress and attention. This paper investigates the capacity of hybrid models conducted for predicting the compressive strength (CS) of concrete where the cement was partially replaced with ground granulated blast‐furnace slag (FS) and fly ash (FA) materials. Accurate estimation of CS can reduce the cost and laboratory tests. Since the traditional method of calculation CS is complicated and requires lots of effort, this article presents new predictive models called SVR − PSO and SVR − GA, that are a hybridization of support vector regression (SVR) with improved particle swarm algorithm (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA). Furthermore, the hybrid models (i.e., SVR − PSO and SVR − GA) were used for the first time to predict CS of concrete where the cement component is partially replaced. The improved PSO and GA are given essential roles in tuning the hyperparameters of the SVR model, which have a significant influence on model accuracy. The suggested models are evaluated against extreme learning machine (ELM) via quantitative and visual evaluations. The models are evaluated using eight statistical parameters, and then the SVR‐PSO has provided the highest accuracy than comparative models. For instance, the SVR − PSO during the testing phase provided fewer root mean square error (RMSE) with 1.386 MPa, a higher Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NE) of 0.972, and lower uncertainty at 95% (U95) with 28.776%. On the other hand, the SVR − GA and ELM models provide lower accuracy with RMSE of 2.826 MPa and 2.180, NE with 0.883 and 0.930, and U95with 518.686 183.182, respectively. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to select the influential parameters that significantly affect CS. Overall, the proposed model showed a good prediction of CS of concrete where cement is partially replaced and outperformed 14 models developed in the previous studies.

A literature survey on effect of various types of reinforcement particles on the mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium alloy matrix hybrid nano composite

This review paper deals with the individual and hybrid nano composites reinforced with different types of nano particles like, synthetic ceramic, agro-waste and industrial waste materials. A current demand in market is shifting from micro size to nano size particle reinforcement for hybrid nano composites and subsequently development in addition of synthetic ceramic particles incorporated with agro-industrial waste materials. The production of metal matrix composites reinforced with nano-particles attribute in varying the mechanical and physical properties than the base matrix. Hybrid nano composites are creditable choice that can overcome the drawbacks of monolithic and hybrid micro-composites. The reinforcement of nano-particles can enhance the properties of base matrix material in the form of corrosion resistance, wear resistance, mechanical strength and damping properties. This review look up the possibility of developing elite nano composites parts with several benefits such as light weight, low cost, sustainability, high strength to weight ratio and product variety for use in various structural application including aerospace, marine automobile, sports industries. Present review focus on the improvement in corrosion resistance, mechanical properties (like: hardness, tensile and compressive strength) wear resistance and fatigue properties of metal matrix hybrid nano composites [MMHnCs]. This study also discusses the influence of morphology of particles such as shape, size and volume fraction of reinforcement particles on the properties of [MMHnCs]. The important techniques of manufacturing of MMHnCs to improve the mechanical properties have been reviewed in detail.

Experimental investigation on the strength and durability aspect of bacterial self-healing concrete with GGBS and dolomite powder

Because of its strength and long-term durability, concrete is one of the most important construction materials. Because of the brittleness that happens when concrete structures are strained, their ductility and cracking decrease. On a daily basis, a range of enhancements are being produced based on continuing research throughout the world to solve the inadequacies of cement-concrete construction. Current concrete technology research is aimed at overcoming the challenges of developing special concrete structures while considering the faster construction, high strength, and durability of concrete made from industrial waste materials such as fly ash, ground-granulated blasting slag (GGBS), silica fume, metakaolin, and dolomite powder, among others. In recent years, the application of these biomineralization principles to concrete has resulted in the creation of a unique material known as “bacterial concrete.” Using bacteria as a model, this experiment was carried out and the findings were presented. In a model laboratory, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sphaericus, and Bacillus pasteurising, among other bacteria, are cultured for this technique. When microorganisms are used, calcium carbonate precipitates in concrete. This precipitation will occur naturally as a consequence of biological activity and will be pollution-free. In a number of studies, cement has been partially replaced with GGBS and dolomite powder, ranging from 0% to 50% replacement; specimens have been cast with bacteria and specimens have been cast without bacteria in various trials. When comparing specimens that contain and do not contain microorganisms, the compressive strength of the samples is evaluated. According to the findings, adding bacteria to concrete enhances the mix's compressive strength. Bacterial concrete has been shown to have long-term durability (RCPT, Mercury Porosity, Acidity). As seen above, this bacterial concrete calcite manufacturing technology is not only ecologically benign but also cost-effective.

Development of eco-friendly geopolymer concrete by utilizing hazardous industrial waste materials

The main objective of this researchstudy is to address the usage of industrial waste materials to increase the environmental friendlygeopolymer concrete (GPC), includingincinerated bio-medical waste ash (IBWA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). GGBFS based geopolymer concrete blend was produced and the impact of incorporating IBWA as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% replacement by mass of GGBFS, on setting time, flow of concrete, density, air content, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength have been examineduntil the age of ninety days. The results indicate that the setting time and concrete flow are increased and density is decreased with improved utilizationof IBWA. However, in contrast to GGBS, IBWA was able to improve the concrete's mechanical properties so that it could be used to act as a substitute for conventional cement and help to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. IBWA's inclusion resulted in negative results above theoptimum content of 30%. Moreover, due to the coexistence of geopolymerization products with extra calcium-based hydration products, the microstructure study's findings indicate a compact and denser geopolymer concrete micrograph at 30% IBWA. The experiments showed that the presence ofIBWA could be partly replaced with source material for Geopolymer Concrete. This research may have an effect on the deployment of the hazardous IBWA as a building material.

A Comparative Investigation of the Biodegradation Behaviour of Linseed OilBased Cross-Linked Composites Filled with Industrial Waste Materials in Two Different Soils

The biodegradation of polymeric biocomposites formed from epoxidized linseed oil and various types of fillers (pine needles, pine bark, grain mill waste, rapeseed cake) and a control sample without filler was studied during 180 days of exposure to two types of forest soil: deciduous and coniferous. The weight loss, morphological, and structural changes of polymer composites were noticed after 180 days of the soil burial test. The greatest weight loss of all tested samples was observed in coniferous forest soil (41.8%–63.2%), while in deciduous forest soil, it ranged between 37.7% and 42.3%. The most significant changes in the intensities of the signals evaluated by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, as well as morphological changes determined by scanning electron microscopy, were assessed for polymer composite with rapeseed cake and specimen without filler in coniferous forest soil and are in a good agreement with weight loss results. Whereas significantly lower changes in weight loss, morphology, and structure of polymeric film with pine bark were noticed in both soils. It was suggested that fungi of Trichoderma, Penicillium, Talaromyces and Clonostachys genera are the possible soil microorganisms that degrade linseed oil-based cross-linked polymer composites. Moreover, the novel polymer composites have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-based mulching films.

Effect of aerogel/silica fume under curing methods on properties of cement-based mortars

In this study, the mechanical, thermal and porosity properties of mortar samples containing aerogel and silica fume under different curing conditions were investigated. For this purpose, 0%, 0.25% and 0.50% by weight of silica aerogel as a cement additive and 10% silica fume as an industrial waste material were incorporated in the cement mixtures. The prepared mortar samples were exposed to curing process in water, the wetting-drying effect and MgSO4 effect for 16 weeks. The highest thermal conductivity reduction of 31.2% was obtained from the water curing sample with silica fume addition at an aerogel content of 0.25%. Maximum compressive and flexural strengths were determined respectively from samples with silica fume addition at an aerogel content 0.50% as 74.5 MPa and no aerogel content as 11.3 MPa by wetting-drying curing. However, the lowest thermal conductivity coefficient was measured as 1.458 W/mK from the sample at an 0.25% aerogel content containing silica fume which completed the curing process under the influence of MgSO4 with a highest compressive strength increase by 24.6%.

Studies on hardened properties of concrete incorporated with copper slag

The present study aims to develop sustainable construction aggregates using industrial solid waste material like copper slag which is produced from smelting and refining process of copper. Copper slag contains Fe2O3 [35–60%] and SiO2 [25–40%] apart from small amounts of CaO, Al2O3 and CuO which makes it a potential solid waste material to be used as replacement to conventional fine aggregates. In this study, an attempt has been made to utilize copper slag as alternative to conventional fine aggregates in engineered way by conducting mix proportioning for M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40 grade of concrete. Initially the dosage of super plasticizer i.e., 0.75% is fixed to get the required workability of 75–100 mm by performing various trials. The water to cement ratio for each grade of concrete was found by trial and error method using the ratios 0.4, 0.42 and 0.44. This paper also studies the corrosion behaviour of steel reinforcement embedded in copper slag concrete. Corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the major causes affecting the long-term performance of reinforced-concrete structures. Hence, the corrosion test was conducted by using thermo mechanical treatment (TMT) steel of 150 mm length and 8 mm diameter which are embedded in concrete cube of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. On completion of accelerated corrosion, all the concrete samples were removed from all the connections and taken out of tank. Further for reinforced concrete with 40% replacement of copper slag, the percent of decrease in compressive strength is on lower side for nominal concrete as compared to concrete with copper slag. All the concrete specimens were subjected to wetting and drying in alternate way by placing in 3.5% NaCl solution. The findings in the study demonstrate that copper slag addition contributes to less resistance to corrosion attack.

Effective Utilization of Textile Industry Waste in Mortar: Experimental Investigation of Heat-Treated Waste-Derived Pumice Powder in Mortar

Effective Utilization of Textile Industry Waste in Mortar: Experimental Investigation of Heat-Treated Waste-Derived Pumice Powder in Mortar

Stabilization of expansive soil using flyash based geopolymer

Expansive soils have a tendency to inflate and shrink in response to moisture content variations. As a result, the soil is severely disturbed, causing significant damage to the building above. The use of additives like lime, fly ash, or cement to stabilize expansive soils is extensively recorded, with the goal of reducing the soil's expansive nature in the past.Despite the fact that lime and cement are frequently employed for expanding soil stabilization, it is now recognized that these traditional admixtures are energy intensive and release a significant amount of CO2.Keeping in view this drawback of these materials, attempts have been made to develop new binding materials which are equally efficient with lower environmental costs. Geopolymer technology, which blends industrial waste materials including fly ash, GGBS, rice husk ash, and alkaline activator to make a paste capable of binding soil particles, was developed.The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of cement and fly ash-based geopolymer stabilization on expansive soil behaviour. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of fly ash based geopolymer stabilized expansive soil rose with increasing binder concentration, according to the experimental results. When the molarity of the activator was increased from 8 M to 10 M, the UCS of fly ash based geopolymer stabilized expansive soil increased, but when the molarity of the activator was increased to 12 M, the UCS decreased. Fly ash based geopolymer stabilized expansive soil specimens with a binder content of at least 20% and an A/B of at least 0.75 revealed higher UCS when compared to cement treated specimens of the same dose. As a result, geopolymer stabilization of expansive soils using fly ash might be considered a more environmentally friendly alternative to cement stabilization.

Advanced MoS2 nanocomposite materials for the synthesis of valuable pharmaceuticals

Rampant industrialization has played pivotal role in generation of polluting materials threatening ecology, environment and biosphere reserves. Amongst various pollutants, nitroarmatics are key components of non-biodegradable organic dyes, insecticides having toxic and carcinogenic effect on human health. Furthermore, aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread contaminants of ground water. Therefore, these waste materials are generally degraded by advanced oxidation process to carbon dioxide and water. But, these organic waste materials instead of complete mineralization can be valorized to valuable pharmaceuticals. For example, nitroaromatics can be valorized to tertiary amine or N-Mannich bases. N-Mannich bases are important pharmacophores and used as anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, analgesics and RSK2 inhibitory. Ethylbenzene is an important industrial waste can be used as building block for the synthesis of α-ketoamides. These α-ketoamides are significant pharmacophores can be used as the broad-spectrum antibiotics for COVID-19. Presently, COVID-19 is a global pandemic affecting billions of people. To deliver doses to such a big population would be a challenge. Therefore, we can use the industrial waste materials for the synthesis of valuable pharmacophors to boost the economy. To effectively catalyze the transformation of these industrial wastes into valuable products, cost-effective, readily available catalytic materials will be investigated. Earth abundant transition metals like Cu, Co, Zn, Ni, Zr etc. supported over 2D transition metal dichalcogenides can be used as the desirable candidates for the synthesis of pharmacophors from industrial waste. These catalytic materials will be prepared by hydrothermal or reverse micelle microemusion technique form metal salts or metal dithiocarbamates based single source molecular precursors.