Industrial Waste Materials Research Articles

Synthesis of ZnO-Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanocomposites through Sonochemical Methods for Methylene Blue Degradation

Textile industry waste can pollute the aquatic environment because it contains dye contaminants with very stable properties that are difficult to degrade naturally. However, dye contaminants degradation can be carried out by photodegradation using ZnO-Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite photocatalysts. This study aims to synthesize ZnO-Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite through a sonochemical method. Then measure their photocatalytic activity in methylene blue degradation. The best ZnO-Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite is made of ZnO:Fe3O4 mass ratio of 4:1 with a crystal size of 31.058 nm, a hexagonal crystal phase and a particle size of 173.23 nm. The ZnO-Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites (4:1) provides optimum degradation capacity of methylene blue under halogen lamp irradiation of 99.56 mg/g at pH 13. Furthermore, the ZnO-Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites had good stability in 10 cycles reaction with a degradation capacity of 99.24-99.75 mg/g. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by ZnO-Fe3O4 occurs through the formation of free radical species with hydroxyl radicals as the dominant species that play an important role in the degradation process. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete's compressive strength estimation by applying artificial intelligence methods

Geopolymer concrete is a kind of eco-friendly concrete and its important characteristic is that the cement is completely or partially removed from its mixture and other materials such as industrial waste have replaced it. Using industrial waste materials, in particular fly ash, as full or partial replacement of cement in this type of concrete can provide advantages like improving concrete's fresh and hardened traits, decreasing the amounts of released waste materials in the environment, reducing CO2 footprint and alleviate the pressure on natural resources. According to the acceptable performance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods in the various fields, as well as in the issues related to the properties of cementitious materials, in this research three developed AI methods including radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) aided by ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), group method of data handling (GMDH), and artificial neural network (ANN) was proposed for estimating the compressive strength (that is a notable mechanical character of every type of concrete) of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FAGC). To achieve this goal, the information from 360 samples of FAGC was collected from the previous studies. Models' accuracy and predictive capacity have been appraised via Statistical formulas as well as comparing models' outputs with experimental test results. The assessment showed that the performance of all three models for forecasting this mechanical feature of FAGC is acceptable but the RBFNN has the best performance among these proposed models.

Rutting-resistance investigation of amorphous carbon powder modified binder and asphalt mixture containing siliceous aggregates

ABSTRACT Amorphous carbon powder (ACP), an industrial waste material, is a potential asphalt binder modifier. In this study, the effect of ACP on the rutting performance of asphalt binders and mixtures was investigated. For this purpose, the frequency sweep, and multiple stress creep recovery tests of asphalt binders and resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and wheel tracking tests of asphalt mixtures were conducted on asphalt binders and mixtures containing 3, 5, and 10% of ACP by weight of total asphalt binder. The results showed that using 10% ACP caused a substantial improvement in the rutting parameter of asphalt binders, and the non-recoverable creep compliance values at both 0.1 and 3.2 kPa stress levels decrease by about 80% when modified with 10% ACP. The asphalt mixture results indicated that the indirect tensile strength, wheel tracking, and resilient modulus at 25°C enhanced by about 25%, 43%, and 40%, respectively when 10% ACP modified asphalt binder was used. Therefore, in addition to being a positive action in environmental protection, modifying asphalt binders with 10% ACP can improve the high-temperature performance of asphalt binders and mixtures.

Potential Assessment of E-Waste Plastic in Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Using Petrography Image Analysis

Concrete’s binder can be substituted with rice husk ash, metakaolin, kaolin clay, GGBS, and other agricultural and industrial byproducts and waste materials, which lowers greenhouse gas emissions, namely carbon dioxide (CO2). When employed in the manufacturing of concrete, the aforementioned items reduce the amount of water required and have no discernible impact on the material’s long-term performance. Combination of metakaolin and class-F fly ash is taken for this experimental study to create geopolymer concrete, as both the materials are very good sources of alumino-silicates, which is the foremost requirement for the material to be the binder in geopolymer concrete. Also, the percentage replacement of crushed aggregates with crushed E-waste plastic (EWP) is are created for making the concrete eco-friendlier as the EWP is a big problem for us to dispose of it. To activate raw ingredients and mixing of concrete, alkaline solution is used, made from sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and water glass solution, i.e., sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). Low molarity metakaolin geopolymer concrete (MGPC) was created to have benefits over standard cement concrete in terms of performance, durability, and mechanical properties. This study describes the findings of a comprehensive experimental test and analysis to investigate the characteristics of MGPC-EWP with a change in different factors of the mix design. The study’s findings demonstrated that MGPC performance is closely correlated with its molarity, as the molarity increases, the mechanical strengths of the MGPC also increases. Also, the optimum percentages of the EWP are to be incorporated in the MGPC. This study also uses the petrographic image analysis to validate the geopolymerization products forms in the MGPC and check the microstructure growth of geopolymerization of particles with age. The petrographic image analysis provides photographs of the microstructure of hydration products of the samples with good details. As the petrographic microscope is very affordable as compared to the SEM setup and requires less skilled worker, it comes out to be a good approach for the microstructural analysis.

Experimental Study of the Physical Properties of Concrete Prepared by Partial Replacement of Cement with Alccofine, Metakaolite and GGBS

Abstract: Cement concrete is the most broadly used construction material in the world. Maintenance and repair work of concrete structures is an increasing problem involving the significant expenditure. As a result of study carried out worldwide, it has been made possible to process the material to satisfy more strong performance requirements, especially durability. To reduce the expenditure for making of concrete we should consider the industrial waste materials for partial replacement of cement with supplementary cementitious materials like alccofine, GGBS and meta-kaoline. We consider these materials because these are available at very low cost. For this purpose we prepared number of samples by the various mixes with variable percentage of these materials in the mix. After the selection of the mix on these prepared specimens we perform workability and compressive strength test in the laboratory. By these tests we come to know that when we replace cement by Alcofine up to 10% the compressive strength increases 414.53 but after this range of addition it starts reducing the strength. when we replace cement by GGBS up to 15% the compressive strength increases 421.40 but after this range of addition it starts reducing the strength and same when we replace cement by Meta-kaoline up to 10% the compressive strength increases 448.44 but after this range of addition it starts reducing the strength

Degradation of Methyl Green Dyes with ZnO Catalyst using the Photosonolysis Method

Textile and dyestuff industrial dye waste remain the most difficult wastewater to treat due to the complex aromatic molecular structure of industrial dyes, which are very difficult to decompose. This research was conducted on the degradation of methyl green using the photosonolysis method. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum time and amount of ZnO used in degrading methyl green dye. The results of the percentage degradation were obtained from the absorbance value measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. (λmax) Methyl green obtained from the measurement of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer was 640 nm. The results showed that the optimum irradiation and sonication time to degrade methyl green was 60 minutes with a degradation percentage of 92.77%. For the effect of mass variation of ZnO catalyst obtained the optimum mass of 0.05 grams with a degradation percentage of 96.38%.

Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Mixes Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as Secondary Cementitious Material (SCM)

Abstract: Blast furnace slag is a byproduct of Iron & steel industry across the world. It is an industrial waste material obtained by iron and steel making process. Approx 300 kg waste slag is produced for every MT of crude steel production. Annual production of Slag is 35 MT in Odisha, 150 MT in India and approx. 2000 MT in the world. Such a huge volume of industrial waste is generated every year. Considering the physical and chemical properties of slag, it can be utilized in construction industry. Slag is used in cement industry. Slag can be used as partial replacement for sand. The production of cement has always lead to massive exploitation of natural resources. Ordinary Portland Cement being produced yearly around the globe contributes to 5 percent of greenhouse gas and 2.5% of total worldwide waste emissions from industrial sources. One effective way to reduce the environmental impact is to use mineral admixtures, as a partial cement replacement both in concrete and mortar, which will have the potential to reduce costs, conserve energy, and minimize waste emission.

USE OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA) SHELLS WASTE ALONG WITH DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL WASTES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF PLEUROTUS PULMONARIUS

The renovation of agro-industrial waste to valuable form such as protein containing food is dire need of world to decrease the agricultural and industrial waste material. Pleurotus pulmonariusis a type of oyster mushroom used generally as protein rich food. Oyster mushroom is commonly used as commercial level for the protein consumption. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) shells are not easily degradable in the natural environment so mushroom cultivation can easily convert the cellulosic material into protein with less effort and time. Research was conducted on the Pleurotus pulmonaris cultivation by utilizing chiefly peanut shell along with other agricultural wastes such as wheat straw, cotton straw and Paper waste. Cultivation of oyster mushroom was observed on peanut shell substrate by mixing it with cotton waste, wheat straw and paper waste. It was found that the best yield 337.68 g of mushroom was observed when peanut shell was mixed with cotton waste with maximum biological efficiency 33.38%. While the minimum yield 156.58 g was observed when peanut shell alone was used as substrate with minimum biological efficiency 18.21%.

New insights on the adsorption of CI-Reactive Red 141 dye using activated carbon prepared from the ZnCl2-treated waste cotton fibers: Statistical physics, DFT, COSMO-RS, and AIM studies

This study aims to develop and apply new adsorbents derived from cotton fiber waste. ZnCl2 was used to activate the activated carbon chemically. The textile industry's waste is readily available and economical to remove the CI dye Reactive Red 141 (RR141). The activated carbon was characterized by TGA, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to determine the adsorbents' physical and chemical characteristics. Working conditions such as contact time, pH, initial concentration of CI Reactive Red 141 (RR141), and batch biosorption tests were optimized for a given temperature. Kinetics and thermodynamics were determined to investigate the adsorption mechanism. The removal rate of the new adsorbent (adsorption efficiency) ranged from 69.99 to 98.61%. The results show that the adsorption kinetics is fast, with an equilibrium time of 70 min. The optimal conditions were an initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L, a temperature of 20 °C, an adsorbent concentration of 0.25 g/L, and a pH of = 3. The adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic. The adsorption isotherms study was calculated by statistical physics models with a maximum adsorption capacity of Nasat = 970.34 mg/g at T = 20 °C. According to the thermodynamic results, intraparticle diffusion governs the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters determine that the adsorption is chemisorption (-ΔH° = 50.182 kJ/mol). The statistical physics provides a value of 11.495 kJ/mol (physisorption) and reveals that the adsorption process was both exothermic and spontaneous.

Performance Investigation of the Incorporation of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag with Fly Ash in Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is one of the most common types of lightweight cellular concrete, having a density of approximately one-fourth of that of conventional plain cement concrete. The use of industrial waste materials in concrete as a replacement for cement has garnered a lot of attention in recent years as a way to reduce the environmental effect of concrete. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of AAC blocks made of industrial wastes such as fly Ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Fly ash, along with different dosages of GGBS, was used as a partial replacement for cement in the production of AAC. For all the different dosages, microstructural analysis was performed using a Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Mechanical performances of AAC were determined by conducting various tests like compressive strength, modulus of rupture, dry density, and water absorption. The results revealed that the dosage of “15% GGBS + 85% cement” has maximum compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture made of Class F Fly Ash when compared to Class C Fly Ash based AAC blocks. Besides, the incorporation of GGBS in the manufacturing process would increase the compressive strength of AAC up to 68%. Hence, it is recommended to use 15% GGBS + 85% cement as a potential rate of replacement, to improve the mechanical properties of AAC blocks significantly.

Development of sustainable self-compacting concrete utilising silico manganese fume

This study investigated the possibility of developing self-compacting concrete (SCC) utilising silicomanganese fume (SMF), an industrial waste material. SCC was produced by replacing cement with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90% SMF. First, an assessment of the fresh properties of 10 SCC mixtures was carried out, and then mixtures satisfying the fresh requirements were selected for further evaluation. Plastic shrinkage and setting time of the fresh SMF-SCC mixtures were measured, and thereafter the mechanical properties and drying shrinkage were evaluated. The incorporation of SMF increased the dosage of superplasticizer required for a certain flow, but it enhanced the filling ability and passing ability of SCC. In addition, the incorporation of SMF increased the plastic and drying shrinkage, as well as initial and final setting times. Although there was an improvement in mechanical properties of SCC mixtures containing 10 and 20% SMF, increasing the quantity of SMF beyond 20% negatively affected the mechanical properties. Furthermore, the use of SMF decreased the cost of SCC by 7–42% and the CO2 emission decreased by 10–68%.

Corrosion resistance behaviour of concrete containing treated used foundry sand

In the last two decades, the scientific community, by the efforts of researchers, has witnessed many attempts to find alternative materials for natural sand using industrial waste materials instead of natural river sand, with a major goal of preserving the natural environmental resources. One of the industrial waste materials, is Used Foundry Sand (UFS), which is processed and used in concrete as a partial replacement for fine aggregate as Treated Used Foundry Sand (TUFS). The precise and all-inclusive investigation on the corrosion resistant characteristics of TUFS blended concrete is very scant. Therefore, experimentations were conducted to study the corrosion resistance performance of TUFS as partial replacements for fine aggregate. TUFS were substituted for fine aggregate in different weight percentages. The reinforced concrete specimens were casted to 5% NaCl under accelerated corrosion process. Apart from half-cell potential measurement, impress current techniques were employed to assess rebar corrosion, and microstructural analysis was carried out using X Ray Diffraction (XRD). According to test results, TUFS concrete has better corrosion resistance qualities than control concrete, paving the way for high-quality concrete production.

Properties of red-mud-based geopolymers in the light of their chemical composition

Utilizing industrial waste materials such as red mud as alternatives to high emissions of CO2 materials such as Portland cement will help to produce integrated sustainable construction materials. Statistical analysis has been performed on the major oxides of red mud to understand the relationship between chemical composition and properties (e.g., workability, setting time, compressive strength, etc.) of red mud-based geopolymer composite. Therefore, red mud can be a suitable binder by blending with other geopolymer source materials to achieve the desired fresh and mechanical properties. Moreover, a proposed equation has been derived on the basis of the outcomes from the literature to determine the required extra water that can compensate for the workability loss due to red mud addition.

EFFECT OF INCINERATED SUGARCANE BAGASSE IN REDUCING HEAT OF HYDRATION IN CONCRETE

Incinerated sugarcane bagasse (ISB) is an agro-based industrial waste material which is rich in silica. It has been observed that it has the potential to reduce the heat that will be generated from hydration reaction. Lower rate of heat release and lesser magnitude of heat production during the hydration reaction of cement are desirable properties in mass concreting and production of concrete in hot weather condition. In this study, the heat evolution and tensile strength development of concrete with and without the inclusion of ISB was examined. A systematic volume-based replacement of cement by ISB was made with ISB amount of 10%, 20% and 30%. The hydration kinetics of cement paste with various percentages of ISB was checked using differential calorimeter. In addition, a concrete made with ISB was prepared and the temperature evolution history was traced in an environmentally controlled chamber. The heat generated from a set of concrete samples were studied under a surrounding temperature of 250 C and 500 C. Results obtained from both the differential calorimeter of cement paste and the concrete in the controlled chamber indicate, with the increase of the ISB replacement, the rate of heat release and the amount of heat generation within the mix decreases. In conjunction, with the increase of ISB up to 20% the early-age tensile strength of concrete increases. These two important attributes of adding ISB to concrete signify reduction in the risk of early age cracking in concrete.

USE OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA) SHELLS WASTE ALONG WITH DIFFERENT AGRICULTURAL WASTES FOR THE CULTIVATION OF PLEUROTUS PULMONARIUS

The renovation of agro-industrial waste to valuable form such as protein containing food is dire need of world to decrease the agricultural and industrial waste material. Pleurotus pulmonariusis a type of oyster mushroom used generally as protein rich food. Oyster mushroom is commonly used as commercial level for the protein consumption. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) shells are not easily degradable in the natural environment so mushroom cultivation can easily convert the cellulosic material into protein with less effort and time. Research was conducted on the Pleurotus pulmonaris cultivation by utilizing chiefly peanut shell along with other agricultural wastes such as wheat straw, cotton straw and Paper waste. Cultivation of oyster mushroom was observed on peanut shell substrate by mixing it with cotton waste, wheat straw and paper waste. It was found that the best yield 337.68 g of mushroom was observed when peanut shell was mixed with cotton waste with maximum biological efficiency 33.38%. While the minimum yield 156.58 g was observed when peanut shell alone was used as substrate with minimum biological efficiency 18.21%.

Production of Activated Carbon from High-Grade Bituminous Coal to Removal Cr (VI)

Activated carbon was produced from high-grade bituminous coal, potentially removing Cr metal in textile industrial waste. The purposes of this study were 1) getting activated carbon characteristics, 2) studying the impact of reagent concentration and activation temperature on the activated carbon characteristics, and 3) getting the isotherm adsorption equation for activated carbon developed by Freundlich and Langmuir on Cr metal. This research used an experimental method with a laboratory scale, which means the manufacture of activated carbon and a test of adsorbs power of activated carbon to the Cr metal were conducted in the laboratory. Activated carbon manufacture through carbonization process of chemical activation used reagent (NH4)3PO4, neutralization, filtration, physical activation, and cooling. At the same time, it tested the adsorption power of the activated carbon to Cr metal through activated carbon contact with a solution containing some Cr6+ ion. The update in this research was using reagent (NH4)3PO4 and the test of adsorption power of activated carbon to Cr6+ ion contained in the artificial waste. This research showed activated carbon that has been activated using reagent (NH4)3PO4 0.5 – 2 M at physical activation temperature of 825oC and has met the standard of SNI number 06-3730-1995. The best-activated carbon was produced from chemical activation using (NH4)3PO4 1 M solution and physical activation at 825oC. The best-activated carbon characteristics contained 1.27% water; 17.17% content of volatile matter, 9.39% was ash content; 73.17% contained fixed carbon, and the iodine value was 1248.30 mg/g. The best Equation of Langmuir isotherm adsorption of activated carbon to the Cr6+ produced Constant Ar = -90.0901 and Kc = -0.0075.

Cellulose polymers with β-amino ester pendant group: design, synthesis, molecular docking and application in adsorption of toxic metals from wastewater

BackgroundCellulose polymers with multidentate chelating functionalities that have high efficiency for toxic metal ions present in water were designed, synthesized, and analyzed. The synthesis was carried out by reacting microcrystalline cellulose extracted from the solid waste of the olive industry with tert-Butyl acetoacetate (Cell-AA), produced cellulose with β-ketoester functionality was then reacted with aniline and the amino acid glycine to produce Cell-β-AN and Cell-β-GL, respectively.ResultsThe adsorption efficiency of the three polymers toward Pb(II) and various toxic metal ions present in sewage was evaluated as a function of adsorbent dose, time, temperature, pH value, and initial ion concentration to determine optimum adsorption conditions. The three polymers showed excellent efficiency toward about 20 metal ions present in a sewage sample collected from the sewer. The adsorption process follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with a second-order of adsorption rate, the calculated qe values (2.675, 15.252, 20.856 mg/g) were close to the experimental qe values (2.133, 13.91, 18.786 mg/g) for the three polymers Cell-AA, Cell-β-AG and Cell-β-AN, respectively. Molecular Dynamic (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed on the three polymers complexed with Pb(II).ConclusionThe waste material of the olive industry was used as a precursor for making the target cellulose polymers with β-Amino Ester Pendant Group. The polymer was characterized by SEM, proton NMR, TGA, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The efficacy of adsorption was quantitative for metal ions present in a real sample of wastewater and the efficiency didn’t drop even after 7 cycles of use. The results indicate the existence of strong complexation. The thermodynamic study results showed a spontaneous bonding between of Pb(II) and the polymers pendant groups expressed by the negative value of the Gibbs free energy.

Trash GGBFS-based geopolymer as a novel sunlight-responsive photocatalyst for dye discolouration

In this study, we report a waste material-ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as a low cost geopolymer, hybridised with ZnO to form a novel and efficient photocatalyst capable of discolouring textile wastewater. GGBFS is a waste material in an iron industry. Methylene blue was used as the probe dye and natural sunlight was used for activation of the photocatalyst. It was observed that under the experimental conditions, ZnGP-40 exhibited twice the discoloration efficiency than conventionally used ZnO or TiO2. This enhanced performance is majorly attributed to increased surface area of ZnO when strewn in the GGBFS matrix. The photocatalysts were characterized by SEM, TEM, PSA, TGA, BET and UV–Vis/NIR. The effect of photocatalyst loading, speed of agitation and solar insolation has also been studied. Since this study has been performed in direct sunlight, it exhibits a realizable application of solar energy in the treatment of wastewater.

Degradative impact of Alternaria multiformis on novel polymeric biocomposites with the fillers of industrial waste materials under different pH and temperature conditions

The impact of Alternaria multiformis on novel polymeric biocomposites formed from epoxidized linseed oil and various types of fillers: pine needles (PN), pine bark (PB), grain mill waste (GW), rapeseed cake (RC) and specimen without filler (WF) under different pH and temperature conditions has been studied. Identification of fungal strain A. multiformis 0065 isolated from synthetic polymer was based on molecular and morphological analysis. Tested fungal strain showed significant production of polyphenol oxidase and weak production of amylase, endoglucanase, xylanase, and lipase. Polymeric biocomposites PB, GW, RC, and WF exposed to A. multiformis for four weeks showed the greatest weight loss at pH 4 or pH 5 and at a temperature of 26 °C, suggesting the optimal conditions for biodegradation of polymeric biocomposites studied. The attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed biodegradation of polymeric biocomposites after fungal attack. ATR-IR technique revealed changes in the intensities of the signals, demonstrating dependence of degradation on the type of the filler. SEM analysis showed significant alterations of the specimen surfaces, indicating degradative impact of A. multiformis. Identification of the most biodegraded constituents could help in the creation of more environmentally friendly biocomposites.

EFFECT OF INCINERATED SUGARCANE BAGASSE IN REDUCING HEAT OF HYDRATION IN CONCRETE

Incinerated sugarcane bagasse (ISB) is an agro-based industrial waste material which is rich in silica. It has been observed that it has the potential to reduce the heat that will be generated from hydration reaction. Lower rate of heat release and lesser magnitude of heat production during the hydration reaction of cement are desirable properties in mass concreting and production of concrete in hot weather condition. In this study, the heat evolution and tensile strength development of concrete with and without the inclusion of ISB was examined. A systematic volume-based replacement of cement by ISB was made with ISB amount of 10%, 20% and 30%. The hydration kinetics of cement paste with various percentages of ISB was checked using differential calorimeter. In addition, a concrete made with ISB was prepared and the temperature evolution history was traced in an environmentally controlled chamber. The heat generated from a set of concrete samples were studied under a surrounding temperature of 250 C and 500 C. Results obtained from both the differential calorimeter of cement paste and the concrete in the controlled chamber indicate, with the increase of the ISB replacement, the rate of heat release and the amount of heat generation within the mix decreases. In conjunction, with the increase of ISB up to 20% the early-age tensile strength of concrete increases. These two important attributes of adding ISB to concrete signify reduction in the risk of early age cracking in concrete.