Industrial Revolution In Europe Research Articles

Early atmospheric contamination on the top of the Himalayas since the onset of the European Industrial Revolution

Because few ice core records from the Himalayas exist, understanding of the onset and timing of the human impact on the atmosphere of the "roof of the world" remains poorly constrained. We report a continuous 500-y trace metal ice core record from the Dasuopu glacier (7,200 m, central Himalayas), the highest drilling site on Earth. We show that an early contamination from toxic trace metals, particularly Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Sb, and Zn, emerged at high elevation in the Himalayas at the onset of the European Industrial Revolution (∼1780 AD). This was amplified by the intensification of the snow accumulation (+50% at Dasuopu) likely linked to the meridional displacement of the winter westerlies from 1810 until 1880 AD. During this period, the flux and crustal enrichment factors of the toxic trace metals were augmented by factors of 2 to 4 and 2 to 6, respectively. We suggest this contamination was the consequence of the long-range transport and wet deposition of fly ash from the combustion of coal (likely from Western Europe where it was almost entirely produced and used during the 19th century) with a possible contribution from the synchronous increase in biomass burning emissions from deforestation in the Northern Hemisphere. The snow accumulation decreased and dry winters were reestablished in Dasuopu after 1880 AD when lower than expected toxic metal levels were recorded. This indicates that contamination on the top of the Himalayas depended primarily on multidecadal changes in atmospheric circulation and secondarily on variations in emission sources during the last 200 y.

ФОРМИ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ПУБЛІЧНОЇ ВЛАДИ ЧАСІВ КОЗАЦЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ

The article is devoted to the consideration of the forms of territorial organization of public authorities in the Ukrainian territories at the time of the birth, emergence and decline of the state formation of the Zaporizhzhya Army - the glorious stage of our history, which laid the two hundred-year-old competitions of the Ukrainian people for the creation of their own independent state. It is substantiated that the development of the idea of the Ukrainian state-making of the Cossack times took place over one hundred years in three stages: 1) an equal federal principality within the Commonwealth; 2) an independent monarchical state; 3) the parliamentary-hetman republic. The first stage was dominated by the idea of a separate entity within the Commonwealth of the Commonwealth - the Russian / Ukrainian state, which would appear in the territories of the Bratslav, Volyn, Kyiv, Podil, and Chernihiv provinces with the status of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish state. The second stage comes from the unfolding of the national liberation war of the Ukrainian people under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, when, in the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the international world recognized only monarchs as the sole bearer of state sovereignty. Therefore, in order to be recognized and consolidated in the world, the newly created Ukrainian state had to be a monarchy. The third stage is due to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, the emergence of the social class of the bourgeoisie and the rapid spread of ideas of parliamentarism, one of the first to understand Philip Orlyk, who in 1710 issued a constitutional act Covenants and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporozhian Army, in which Parliament -Hetman republic. Two models of territorial organization of power of the Cossack times are characterized: at the stage of formation of Zaporizhzhya Sich and at the stage of victorious national liberation war of 1648-1659 gg. terms over 130 years. However, such a model as a prototype of the parliamentary-presidential republic has far outstripped its historical time.

The Great Industrial Revolution in Europe: 1760–1860

The first (or “Great”) Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe from roughly 1760 to 1860, and marked the end of the centuries-long feudal era and the rise of modern capitalism. To understand the modern industrial economy, it is necessary to consider the profound structural changes that produced it in the 18th and 19th centuries. New industries replaced old systems or businesses with new technologies, products, markets, and business practices, resulting in dramatic changes in economic growth (a measure of material well-being), politics (new institutions, interests, and ideologies), and society (such as urbanization, changes in social mobility, and immigration). Anchored to the rationalist principles of the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution emphasized increased productivity across sectors, from agricultural labor to factory production. The Industrial Revolution encompassed and relied on dramatic changes to organizational management, capital structures, resource procurement, and political institutions, marking a culmination of societal transformation that manifested in an explosion of economic development.The word “revolution” suggests a period of radical change, a shift from an old order to a completely new one: the Industrial Revolution was such a shift. This note offers a historical overview of this hugely consequential period in economic history. Excerpt UVA-F-1926 Rev. May 29, 2020 The Great Industrial Revolution in Europe: 1760–1860 The first (or “Great”) Industrial Revolution in history occurred in Europe from roughly 1760 to 1860. It marked the end of the centuries-long feudal era and the rise of modern capitalism. To understand the modern industrial economy, it is necessary to consider the profound structural changes that produced it in the 18th and 19th centuries: · Industrial displacements of old systems or businesses by new technologies, products, markets, and business practices, in consequence of which, one observes · Dramatic changes in economic growth (a measure of material well-being), politics (new institutions, interests, and ideologies), and society (such as urbanization, changes in social mobility, and immigration). . . .

Representation of East African Slave Trade in Modern Tanzanian Schoolbooks: Text and Illustrations

The paper deals with interrelations of the illustrations and the text in narrating East African slave trade of the 19th century in modern Tanzanian school books. A visible modifying of historical reality is promoted in some history textbooks: the industrial revolution in Europe and its need in labor force (even in slave labor force on “plantations” and factories in Europe itself) are presented as the main reason for the development of the East African slave trade; Europeans are also given as the main factor, actors and beneficiaries of this slave trade; the role of the so-called “Arabs”, especially local ones, is smoothed out. However, the images used to illustrate the textbooks turn out to be more conservative: since they are based most on sketches of 19th century made by eyewitnesses of the events, and on these sketches the main characters are recognizably “Arabs”, with the exception of one case, when the modern illustrator intentionally inserts in his picture a typical “European colonialist” leading a slave caravan. The article examines this specific situation and offers its explanations.

Pengembangan Media Mobile Learning Menggunakan Program Appy Pie Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa


 The industrial revolution 4.0 is a trend in the industrial world that combines data exchange and automation technology. This trend changes human life in various fields including education. The use of this technology in education is still minimal , even though the instruments to implement it already exist. For example smartphone technology. Users of Android smartphones among students are very numerous. Therefore, the author took the initiative to develop and design an Android-based mobile learning media so that it was interesting by using an online builder program called "Appy Pie". The use of mobile learning media can make it easier for students to obtain educational and interesting information. Therefore, the learning process can be in accordance with the purpose of improving student learning test of IKIP Budi Utomo Malang. The method in this study is Research and Development with the DDD-E model. The results of validity by instructional media experts are 85% (very valid) and the results of validation by material experts are 90% ( very valid ). For the learning result obtained the average value of post-test is greater than the average value of pre-test (81,33 > 69,33). In generally, students experience an increase in learning test after using mobile learning media in the material history of the European industrial revolution in European history courses.

الثورة الروسية عام 1917

The Russian Revolution of 1917, or the Bolshevik Revolution, was one of the most important historical events in Europe during the First World War. This revolution changed the course of Russian history. Its outbreak led to the formation of the Soviet Union, which was dismantled in the late 20th century. Because of a number of popular unrest and protests against the rule of Russian tsars and the Russian Empire, whose reign was characterized by the slow development of the country because of the existence of a political system subject to autocratic regimes and the control of nobles and landlords in all aspects of life in Russia, made the Russian society in the late century Nineteen rural people in the majority of workers and peasants, with the influence of the clergy and the imperial palace, accompanied by a primitive social structure, a backward economy and an autocratic government. Life in Russia was in the style of the Middle Ages. Russia retreated from the European industrial revolution until 1860, This led the people to wage a revolt against the Russian reactionary tsarist government in 1917. It was one of the most famous leaders of the Russian Revolution, Vladimir Lenin, who was called the " Revolutionaries of this revolution the Bolsheviks name or Almnschwk means the majority.

قياس أثر الطاقة التقليدية على التلوث البيئي في قارة أمريكا الشمالية للمدة ( 2018-1965)

تعد مصادر الطاقة التقليدية من الركائز الأساسية للتنمية الاقتصادية منذ الثورة الصناعية في أوربا، رغم أنّ هذه المصادر تساهم بشكل كبير في إنبعاث الغازات الضارة بالبيئة، والتي تؤدي إلى إرتفاع درجات الحرارة، والتلوث البيئي، وظهور مشكلة التغير المناخي، والاحتباس الحراري. وتنص فرضية البحث بوجود علاقة طردية بين استخدام مصادر الطاقة التقليدية والتلوث البيئي، وقد تم إختبار هذه الفرضية من خلال نموذج احصائي كان التلوث البيئي يمثل فيه المتغير المعتمد، بينما يمثل استهلاك كل من الفحم الحجري والنفط الخام والغاز الطبيعي المتغيرات المستقلة، وقد توصلت الدراسة الى أنّ التلوث البيئي في قارة أمريكا الشمالية يعود بالدرجة الأولى الى استخدام مصادر الطاقة التقليدية مما يستلزم البحث عن مصادر بديلة للطاقة تكون صديقة للبيئة .وقد أُختتم البحث بمجموعة من المقترحات ومن أهمها أن مصادر الطاقة التقليدية تساهم بشكل فعال في التلوث البيئي، فيجب أن يتم البحث عن بدائل أخرى للطاقة وتتمثل في مصادر الطاقة المتجددة كالطاقة الشمسية وطاقة الرياح والطاقة الكهرومائية والطاقة الجوفية وطاقة المحيطات وغيرها، ومصادر الطاقة المتجددة تتميز بكونها متوفرة وغير قابلة للنفاذ، فضلاً عن كونها صديقة للبيئة ولايصدر عنها أي انبعاثات ضارة بالبيئة.

CIVILIZATION RELATIONSHIP OF ISLAM, WEST AND EUROPE: Potential Civilization Dialogue "Peace Communication Model"

If Western civilization is synonymous with the United States of America (USA), the Islamic civilization necessarily identical to the Prophet Muhammad who began a succession of civilization by building the Nabawi Mosque in Medina 1439 years ago. In 13 American-British colonies, Anthony Benezet in 1775, founded the Human Rights’ organization (HAM) to abolish slavery. Thomas Jefferson stated in the Declaration of Independence of 1776, that " human rights are inherent in all mankind". In year 622, Prophet Muhammad formulate 47 articles written in the Charter/ Constitution of Medina and became a phenomenal product of Islamic civilization. This document establishes a number of rights and obligations which contain the noble values of human rights, justice, equality, mutual respect between faiths, and so on. Thus making the society of Medina into a community unity (Ummah). Both Islamic and Western civilizations have similar foundation, the same noble values and spirit, that is "Peace". Nevertheless, the idealized peace has not taken place until now. The golden ages of Islam began with the rise of Muslim scholars with discoveries of scientific foundations,resulted from the transformation and integration between the Qur'anic verses and human intelligence. The United States has intensively embarked on the values of capitalism and its imperialism since the industrial revolution in Europe. While the era of European Renaissance is closely related to the contributions of Islamic scientists with a variety of basic scientific discoveries that led to the modernization of science and technology of the world today. These condition should make it possible for every Muslim, Western, and European civilization entity to work together and synergize for world peace and better life. This article uses the approach of equality in civilization, historical beckground and communication, to captureany possible potential cooperation and synergy between the differences and equations of world civilization. The purpose of this article is to propose a "peaceful communication model" for the betterment and peace of a better world civilization

Cottage Industry as Social Practice: Sustainability of Handweaving in the Post-Industrialist Era

India to Appalachia: How Cottage Industries Preserve Textile Heritage examines the role of the hand weaver and the cottage industry from India to the American Craft Revival in promoting cultural identity through textiles. The migratory nature of textile production both in the pre-and post-industrial practices has long challenged the notion of a pure textile heritage for any culture. However, with the almost simultaneous appearance of Khadi production in India and the American Craft Revival of Appalachia, the allure of the homespun as a cultural asset became a mechanism to offset the impact of textile industrialization. As urban centers increased in population, rural regions often suffered the consequences including employment opportunities, lack of infrastructural support, and access to goods and services. As social movements developed to provide support for these communities, cottage-based industries became a model for promoting cultural identities of region. Specifically within Appalachia, these identities included textile coverlet patterns that originated in Northern Europe but migrated to the region through displaced handweavers of the European Industrial Revolution. Cultural symbolism of cloth was not the only migratory element in these social movements. In India, Americans such as David Carroll Churchill, funded by the British, were introducing Khadi weavers to the fly shuttle. Ironically, this is the same tool that launched the Industrial Revolution and led to the displacement of handweavers as colonial industrialization took hold of India. In a world grasping for the authentic, how did/do these social movements of hand cloth production capitalize on perceived identities of migratory patterns, materials, and technology? How are we implicit in these practices today? India to Appalachia: How Cottage Industries Preserve Textile Heritage will embark upon some of these challenging questions as it pertains to the hand, or individual, production of cloth as a cultural object.

British architectural theory during the early modern architecture period in the 19th century

Britain first initiated industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th century. The social structure, production relations and aesthetic value orientation in Britain had the characteristics of early modern gradually from then on. In the late 19th century, the contradictions about the architectural form never stopped. At the same time, the demand for reasonable architectural form conforming to the technical conditions was increasing. Architectural practice successively appeared the technical level of the rational exploration of new architectural form. The prelude of the early modern architecture movement for the principle of form has been played during this period. Architects and theorists have made a contribution in the process of the change including Pugin, Ruskin, Morris. British architecture practice and theory gradually had shown the power of change and herald the arrival of the modern architectural form.

Shrinking in a growing economy is not so puzzling after all

Bodenhorn, Guinnane, and Mroz (2017) argue that the diminution of heights during the Industrial Revolution and in the Antebellum U.S. is an artefact of the biased nature of the samples analyzed. We demonstrate that it would be an unfathomable coincidence if men and women all self-selected into scores of completely independent samples in such a way as to bias them in the identical direction. Instead, wWe show that BGM’s periodization is flawed and that their statistical models are misspecified, because they fail to consider the extent to which they introduce severe multicollinearity into their regressions. In addition, they fail to specify how they selected the samples they included in their analysis. In contrast, we argue that the economic transition from a predominantly agricultural to an increasingly industrial society was not a smooth process and lags in adjustment led to nutritional stresses. Height of a typical man in the U.S. decreased by 0.75 inches at a time when incomes were growing at a rate of 1.2% per annum. The developing human body of children and youth was sensitive enough to these nutritional stresses to register their effect better than monetary measures could. While nutritional status did decline during the Industrial Revolution in Europe and at the onset of modern economic in the U.S., by the second half of the 19th century agricultural productivity caught up with the increased demand for foodstuffs and height reversals became a rarity. Thus, although markets adjusted, they did not do so instantaneously. Consequently, physical stature declined during this adjustment process although the wealthy were shielded from the increased price of nutrients. So, the divergence in average incomes and average heights at the threshold of the modern age is not so puzzling after all.

MURUGOV A. A. ENERGY AS A COMPREHENSIVE FACTOR OF MODERNIZATION DURING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE: A REVIEW OF WESTERN HISTORIOGRAPHY

The current study attempts to assess the energy base held by Europe in the XVIII – early XIX centuries. The research is based on the English and Russian assessment of foreign historiography devoted to energy balance in Europe. Chronologically, the historiographical base features the period from 1970s up to modern days. The main instrument of the analysis presented in the article is quantitative calculation of the power sources of energy in the countries of Western Europe. The article shows the increase dynamics of coal energy, wood, water, wind, steam, muscular energy and draft animals in Europe. Then, available power growth rate is compared with the rate of GDP that occurred in the study period. The research of the structure and nature of energy has revealed a strong statistical dependence of GDP on the amount of energy used in the era of industrial revolution in Europe and especially in the UK. The research stresses the importance of energy as a key factor of modernization and technological development of material culture.

Can We Engineer a Human Cardiac Patch for Therapy?

Some of the most significant leaps in the history of modern civilization-the development of article in China, the steam engine, which led to the European industrial revolution, and the era of computers-have occurred when science converged with engineering. Recently, the convergence of human pluripotent stem cell technology with biomaterials and bioengineering have launched a new medical innovation: functional human engineered tissue, which promises to revolutionize the treatment of failing organs including most critically, the heart. This compendium covers recent, state-of-the-art developments in the fields of cardiovascular tissue engineering, as well as the needs and challenges associated with the clinical use of these technologies. We have not attempted to provide an exhaustive review in stem cell biology and cardiac cell therapy; many other important and influential reports are certainly merit but already been discussed in several recent reviews. Our scope is limited to the engineered tissues that have been fabricated to repair or replace components of the heart (eg, valves, vessels, contractile tissue) that have been functionally compromised by diseases or developmental abnormalities. In particular, we have focused on using an engineered myocardial tissue to mitigate deficiencies in contractile function.

High-resolution reconstruction of the 20th century history of trace metals, major elements, and organic matter in sediments in a contaminated area of Lake Geneva, Switzerland

Toxic trace metals in lacustrine sediments are of major concern since they can be hazardous to biota and human health. A high-resolution multiproxy study, including trace metals and major elements (measured by ICP-MS and XRF), total organic carbon, mineral carbon, Hydrogen Index, Oxygen Index, and C/N ratios, was performed on a sediment core from Vidy Bay in Lake Geneva. This bay has been affected by hazardous compounds released via the sewage effluent of a major wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Anthropogenic trace metals, such as Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Hg, increased following the industrial revolution in Europe. The highest amounts of these toxic metals, together with Ni, Cr, Co, Ag, Bi, and Fe, were recorded in sediments from 1964, the date of the WWTP implementation. During this period, all trace elements exceeded the sediment quality guideline “probable effect concentration” (PEC), with the following maximum concentrations (in mg kg−1): Pb 4000, Cd 23, Cu 1200, Zn 8600, Hg 11, Ni 140, Cr 270, Ag 130, and Bi 310. The geochemistry of detrital elements (Al, Si, Ca, Ti, K, Zr, Rb, and Sr), as well as S, Fe, P, and the nature and quality of organic matter were clearly also affected by the effluent. The sedimentary record revealed that, after some improvements in the wastewater treatment processes and the relocation of the outlet pipe, the sediments tended to return to concentrations similar to those prevailing before the WWTP implementation. However, despite the reduction in the contamination load from the WWTP, which could be reinforced with the construction of a new plant in the near future, the sediments deposited in Vidy Bay represent a major contaminant legacy that constitutes a potential threat to the lake biota in the case of sediment remobilization.

Über die Ursprünge unserer ökologischen Krise

The Anthropocene has become the most important environmentalist concept of our times. In contrast to this I argue that we have to speak instead of the Capitalocene. I want to address three questions: 1) What is the character of 21st century ecological crisis? 2) When did that crisis originate? and 3) What forces drive that crisis? Therefore, I analyze the revolutions in the technics of appropriating Cheap Natures, especially the Four Cheaps of food, labor, energy, and raw materials in Europe as well as via imperialistic dominance in overseas territories since the 15th century. Cheap Nature reveals as a system of domination, appropriation, and exploitation. Capital, power, and nature entwine, and this development started much sooner than with the Industrial Revolution in Europe. We have to conceptualize the global transformations of human and extra-human natures, enabled by the emergence of new ways of seeing and organizing the unpaid work of humans and the rest of nature over the past five centuries.

Information society: A liberal phenomenon

There is evidence that modern society has witnessed a global information revolution, comparable to the consequences of the industrial revolution in Europe in the 17-18 centuries. The global proliferation of liberal ideology across the world is also a noticeable fact in the current period of the history of humanity. This article addresses these two phenomena and seeks unequivocal evidence that they are closely interconnected.

Drinking Water Quality Regulation: Where Are We in a Continuing Evolution?

Safe drinking water is critical to the overall health of communities. When most people lived in rural areas, with wells and springs providing generally safe water, drinking water was not recognized as a major public health threat. During the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America in the 19th century, waterborne threats increased as a result of the high density of populations that had moved from the countryside to cities seeking work. In the drive for profitable industry, little regard was given to living conditions or to the pollution that occurred as a consequence of human and industrial waste. With growing populations and associated increases in demand, more and more reliance was placed on surface waters. There was no water source protection or water treatment.

MICROBES AND MARKETS: WAS THE BLACK DEATH AN ECONOMIC REVOLUTION?

Abstract:Recent papers have suggested that the Industrial Revolution in Europe ultimately derives from the labor scarce economy of northwest Europe, which some trace back to the Black Death [Voigtländer and Voth (2013a) and Allen (2011)]. This paper examines the effects of the Black Death in England. Specifically, did it merely change relative factor prices, or did it lead to lasting gains in the efficiency of the economy after 1348? Extensive wage and price data from England 1210–1800 suggest that the population losses of the Black Death were associated with a surprising increase in economic efficiency, despite the decline in the scale of the economy. But this efficiency gain disappeared when population rose again in the 16th century. There is no sign of a connection between a labor scarce economy, and a switch to faster long run economic growth through technological advance.

O algodão brasileiro na época da revolução industrial

Há pouca discordância entre os especialistas sobre o papel do algodão no contexto da revolução industrial em sua escala europeia. Tergiversam apenas sobre o grau de importância desta matéria-prima estratégica no lançamento da industrialização, considerando-se que a dinâmica dessa indústria tornou-se referência vital na determinação da taxa de aceleração do ramo têxtil e de seu impacto sobre os demais setores da indústria, que nos permite identificar este setor como revolucionário. A manufatura de algodão foi de grande importância não apenas para a Inglaterra, mas também para outros países continentais como França e Portugal nos quais, no princípio do século XIX, o dinamismo das manufaturas têxteis intensificou-se, despertando o interesse público e privado em alçá-las do nível de manufaturas pré-industriais ao patamar de estruturas produtivas modernas, configurando-se um contexto histórico singular que denominamos a época da revolução industrial.

FROM ORANJE NASSAU TO PULAU LAUT : THE INVEST OF COAL MINING IN SOUTHEAST KALIMANTAN FROM 1845 TO 1931

European Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century brought great changes not only in Europe itself but also in other parts of the world including Indonesia which was used to be a country of Dutch colony. The invention of steam-powered ships triggered the Dutch to use steam-powered vessels as the alteration of yachts, wind-powered ships, in the 19th century. At the beginning, the steam-powered ships used rotating wheels in the left and right side; however, the ships finally used ordinary windmills or propellers. The decrease and the lack of this production was getting worsened the competition of other producer countries in world market and the unstable coal market and in crisis year in 1930, Pulau Laut Mining Company production dropped so that it was closed down in the same year.