Industrial Revolution In Europe Research Articles

Promoting standardisation in modern China: British and American engineers’ organisations, local Chinese engineers, and their transnational networks, 1901–41

Abstract Standardisation is a product of the second wave of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America. This article examines how Western standardisation practices were introduced, transmitted, and promoted in China during the first half of the twentieth century. In particular, it looks at the critical role played by British, American, and local Chinese engineers in the transmission process. The topics covered in the present article have seldom been considered, and this article tries to fill the gap in scholarship. It analyses the shifting patterns of various standardisation efforts that are closely related to the governance of both cities and the wider nation. Work examined includes that of the Engineering Society of China, led by British engineers, which initiated standardisation in the Shanghai International Settlement in the early twentieth century; that of the Association of Chinese and American Engineers, founded by engineers of China and the USA, which, after World War I, began to implement the standardisation of railway infrastructure, with the cooperation of the Ministry of Transportation of the Beijing government; and efforts in the 1930s under the Nanjing government to establish an ‘engineering’ or ‘technocratic’ state, which included the execution of national schemes for the development of industrial standardisation. From the period of World War I until the 1930s, the orientation and practices of American standardisation strategies dominated China; then, due to the worsening situation of the Chinese–Japanese War, ideological tendencies and national strategies for standardisation began to diverge.

INDIAN CHINTZ-CRAFT IDENTIFICATION AS AN EXQUISITE HAND-PAINTED TRADITIONAL TEXTILE

The present social and environmental contexts are very importantly governed by the interplay of crafts, fashion, and sustainability. Their efficient combination contributes to employment generation and the creation of new economic avenues for the country. This is the key focus issue that research studies should attempt to achieve. There is a need to understand “craft”, with a perspective that exerts strength, glory, social and cultural connections. In present times, “Kalamkari” is an extremely popular Indian traditional textile craft in which, patterns are drawn with bamboo sticks called “kalam” on cotton fabric. This is a derivative of patterning the fabric with resist and mordant painting and then natural dyeing to pattern them. In relation to this painting tradition, the word “Chintz,” is a popular terminology from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the world of textiles. The term according to the researcher is referred to a textile, as well as a technique, involving the mordant and resist painting with natural dyes on cotton fabrics only. This textile, with its awestruck designs, revolutionized global trade and made India popular globally. During that period, the Chintz were exported to various countries like Japan, Thailand, Africa, and most importantly to European countries. The Indian Chintz export to European countries reached immense popularity, revolutionizing the “Chintz Craze” with drastically increased demand. During the industrial revolution in Europe, these beautiful hand-crafted textiles created a threat to the European textile Industry. Hence the chintz export from India was banned, which led to the downfall in their demand and the gradual extinction of these textiles along with the meticulously perfected techniques involved in making them. In 1958, Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay tried to revive this technique (mordant and resist painting with a bamboo pen) and termed it “Kalamkari”. This led to the evolution of two different forms related to this ancient craft based on the place it was revived, namely Kalamkari from Sri-Kalahasti and Machilipatnam. This paper is an attempt to retrieve the rich history of the Indian Chintz, with its main characteristic features, technique, and find differences between the present styles with the ancient traditional forms of mordant and resist painting technique with natural dyes. The researcher has made an earnest effort in establishing and retrieving the lost identity of this textile. It was also observed that there is a difference between the traditional style and revived forms (Sri-kalahasti and Machilipatnam) styles with respect to the materials, motifs, colors, and workmanship, as observed from painted pieces that were studied.

CRIMINAL PROTECTION FOR INVESTMENT IN PALESTINIAN AND COMPARATIVE LEGISLATION

In normal conditions, States seek to improve and strengthen their investment situation by attracting investment and capital, especially foreign ones Therefore, many States, when legislating investment laws, focus on how to encourage investors to invest within them. This is what the State of Palestine and the Arab States generally tended to do through their incentives, guarantees, customs exemptions or taxfixing mechanism, all with a view to attracting them to invest within their States The emergence of investment contracts dates back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, with the advent of the industrial revolution in Europe and before the beginning of the First World War, many development projects involving airports emerged. And transportation routes where governments realized their importance, so they handed them over to investors, The French government is the first to apply international investment contracts in 1682, which were represented by the bot contract and the first Arab country to undertake international investment contracts was Egypt, where it entered into a contract to establish the Suez Canal The importance of the penal protection of investment, both internal and external, is not disputed, especially since legislators in many Arab States, especially Palestine, are geared towards supporting and encouraging investment that may be needed to protect investment, requiring some balance in attracting investment and protecting the national economy The study examined the legal regulation of penal protection for investment in Palestinian and comparative legislation and the adequacy of such penal protection contained in the Palestinian Investment Promotion Act No. 1 of 1998 and its amendments or the Palestinian Penal Code, particularly with certain Arab investment legislation, such as Egypt, Jordan, and the Sultanate of Oman, in a comparative analysis This research is based on the analytical descriptive approach in its preparation, through substantive and procedural treatment, from a legislative policy perspective to monitor the Palestinian legislator's role and comparison in investment protection, objectively at the levels of criminalization and punishment, as well as procedurally at both the evidentiary and investigative, trial and appeal stages The study concluded by moving away from the traditional approach to criminalization introduced by Jordan in 2011 with the development of an independent system of economic crimes, as well as Egypt's adoption of a law on economic courts at substantive as well as procedural levels

Identifikasi Langgam Arsitektur Brutalisme Pada Bangunan Geisel Library

The development of architectural styles continues to change from time to time. Modern architecture is one of the phenomenal architectural styles because it is the turning point of major changes in classical architecture that has existed for thousands of years. There are several factors that triggered the emergence of modern architecture, namely the result of the industrial revolution in Europe and also the emergence of boredom and dissatisfaction of architectural artists at that time against classical architecture. Just like classical architecture, modern architecture is also divided based on its respective styles and characteristics. The indicators used in analyzing architectural styles can be in the form of material selection, material characteristics, structures, floor plans, building forms, and others. This study will focus on finding out what architectural styles are contained in the selected building object, namely the Geisel Library. The Geisel Library is a library building that is located and at the same time an icon of the University of California. The Geisel Library was chosen because of the unique shape and characteristics of the building and the lack of journals regarding the analysis of its architectural style. Methods of collecting data from research using literature studies from previous journals and building observations from the internet. The results of the research will be explained in a qualitative descriptive manner, presented in writing and tables and percentage calculations. The results of the analysis and literature of modern architectural styles, the selected building objects tend to lead to a style of brutalism accompanied by a functional and futuristic style.

SOCIO-GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS OF THE FORMATION OF UKRAINE’S URBAN NETWORK (1897–2022)

The purpose of this study is to reflect on the socio-geographical factors of the formation of Ukraine’s urban network in 1897–2022 and the changes that led to its structural and quantitative transformations. The article reflects the most important factors that had an impact on the urban network in the historical framework of the inter-census periods 1897–1926–1939; 1939–1959–1970; 1970–1979; 1979–1989, 1989–2001, and 2001–2022. Such important historical events as the industrial revolution in Europe, wars and famine, the rapid development of natural resources, administrative and territorial reforms, urbanization, and militarization of the economy are highlighted. The impact of mass resettlement, the construction of hydroelectric power plants and large enterprises, the development of the transport network, and migrations are reflected. The influence of the USSR’s collapse, the construction policy of the ‘factory-city’ principle, and the Chornobyl disaster are shown up. The article pays attention to the impact on the urban network of the appearance of independent Ukraine, the repatriation of Crimean Tatars, the processes of voucherization and privatization, and the fourth and fifth waves of migration. The processes of the formation and development of agricultural holdings as well as the construction of new and the restoration of old factories are shown to have had their impact on the urban network. The huge impact on the urban network of temporary occupation of parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine and Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 is reflected too.

Abolition of the 19th Century Arab Slave Trade in the Current Views of Christian and Muslim Afro-Tanzanians

Memories of the so-called Arab slave trade are quite vivid in Tanzania. Those Tanzanians whose ancestors were enslaved or belonged to communities affected by the slave trade, as well as carriers of the oral history still tell about it. We present the results of recent field studies in Tanzania to reveal these memories of the slave trade and especially of its abolition, their impact on current Afro-Tanzanian approaches to Arabs, and the differences between Christian and Muslim Afro-Tanzanians regarding the trends of their attitudes towards these topics (the Christians often say that the main reasons of slavery abolition were humanitarian ones and stress the contribution of missionaries; the Muslims usually named other and various factors: drop in the slave trade profits, industrial revolution in Europe, British-French rivalry, etc.) as well as their attitudes towards the Arabs. The impact of current political debates on this divergence between Christian and Muslim Afro-Tanzanians is dealt with, too.

People’s Houses in Eretz Yisrael and Israel and the Memory of the Holocaust

Abstract: The People’s House is a building and institution born of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, offering a sociocultural alternative to both the church and the alehouse. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the People’s House became a model of progress for a better society. The activists of socialist Zionism, who aspired to forge a new Jewish person along sociocultural lines, saw the People’s House as a crucible for Jewish communities who came to Eretz Yisrael from different countries. Indeed, beginning in the early twentieth century, People’s Houses were built in all manner of Jewish settlements in Eretz Yisrael, as centers for both creating and promulgating a new Hebrew culture. This article uncovers the historical link between the memory of the Holocaust and the conception and building of People’s Houses in Eretz Yisrael and Israel, through a discussion of the houses’ building initiatives, funding, ideological dependencies, naming, programs, and architectural and functional aspects. The essay’s conclusions are that: (1) The living memory of the Holocaust, both personal and communal, was a driving force in the conception and building of People’s Houses; (2) The built, functioning result proclaimed the lessons of Holocaust memory, reflecting an inversion of the scars left by the trauma; (3) The People’s House, designed as a workshop and a crucible for new Hebrew culture, was seen as a Holocaust-proof space, immune from the Holocaust’s painful memories.

Role of Business Technologies in the Outperformance of Firms

Since the onset of Industrial Revolution in Europe and United States, Technology becameintegral part of production and business. Started in 1712 the pace of research and innovation has becomemultifold. Started with technologies like Spinning Jenny, Newcomen steam engine, Locomotive,Telegraph communications, Photograph, Printing Machines the progressive journey includedtechnologies and products like Electricity, Automobile, phonograph, Airplane, Antibiotics, AtomicPower, Insecticides, Computers, Internet, Cloud, Robots, Artificial intelligence, Big Data and manymore to count. Technologies have significant influence on the business and society. According toeconomic historian Paul Bairoch (1750) Third World (Asia, Africa, Latin America) had GNP (PPP) inbillions of US dollars* 495 while First World (Western Europe, Northern America, Japan, Singapore andSouth Korea) had GNP (PPP) in billions of US dollars 155. In the year 1990, it reached to GNP (PPP) inbillions of US dollars 7640 and 19210 respectively. Empirical studies show that apart fromLiberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG), technological advances have influenced businessthroughout the world and lead to mass production, mass marketing and automation. On one hand it hashelped many firms including Indian to outperform on financial fronts but created challenges and threatsfor small firms. It has also resulted in to ethical and environmental concerns especially for ThirdWorld.Those Indian firms who relies on technologies have high market value like Reliance Jio ($65Billion/2020), Honda Cars India Ltd. (HCIL) , Grofers ($1 Billion), Paytm ($16 Billion), Flipkart ($37.6Billion). These companies have explored opportunities with the help of Emerging Technologies andmany are close to financial outperformance.

Trade in the Levant during the Ottoman Empire until 1887: Aleppo - as a Model

The importance of Aleppo’s location in Levant, springs from the role it plays in international trade, its openness to the world, especially after the industrial revolution in Europe, and the issuance of modern laws alongside economic reformations made by the Ottoman Empire in most fields. However, this flourishment ended with the weakness and disintegration of the state—a matter that was engendered by the intervention of European countries, and the beginning of colonial projects to divide the property of the sick man (the Ottoman Empire), especially in the Levant.

A Performance Evaluation of Three-Phase Induction Electric Motors between 1945 and 2020

In the late 19th century, the three-phase induction motor was the central element of productivity increase in the second industrial revolution in Europe and the United States. Currently, it is the main load on electrical systems in global terms, reaching approximately 70% of electrical energy consumption in the industrial sector worldwide. During the 20th century, electric motors underwent intense technological innovations that enabled significant performance gains. Thus, this work analyses the performance changes in squirrel-cage rotor three-phase induction electric motors (SCIMs) with mechanical powers of 3.7 kW, 37 kW, and 150 kW and speed ranges corresponding to two poles and eight poles, connected to a low voltage at a frequency of 60 Hz and tested between 1945 and 2020. The study confirms accumulated performance gains of above 10% in some cases. Insulating materials for electrical conductors have gone through several generations (cotton, silk, and currently, varnish). Improvements to the housing for cooling, the bearings, the quality of active materials, and the design were the elements that enabled the high gains in performance. The first commercial two-pole SCIM with a shaft power of 4.4 kW was marketed in 1891, with a weight/power ratio of 86 kg/kW, and until the 2000s, this value gradually decreased, eventually reaching 4.8 kg/kW. Between 2000 and 2020, this ratio showed a reversed trend based on improvements in the performance of SCIMs. More active materials were used, causing the weight/power ratio to reach 8.6 kg/kW. The MEPS (minimum energy performance standards) of SCIMs had an essential role in the performance gain over the last three decades. Data collection was via tests at the Electrical Machines Laboratory of the Institute of Energy and Environment of the University of São Paulo. The laboratory has a history of tests on electrical equipment dating from 1911.

Environment, Urbanization, and Public Health: The Bubonic Plague Epidemic of 1912 in San Juan, Puerto Rico

In this article I focus on the nexus of urbanization, the environment and public health that was exposed by the 1912 bubonic plague epidemic in San Juan, Puerto Rico. I utilize the concept of “urban health penalty,” developed by demographic historians of the industrial revolution in Europe, to account for the declining health of the working class in cities. While in Europe poor health among the urban poor was associated with industrialization, I argue that in San Juan chaotic, unplanned urbanization reflected the effects of colonialism. I further examine how the epidemic exacerbated the class and racial divisions that contributed to the disastrous living conditions, and speculate as to whether the environmental neglect of the neighborhood by authorities was due to the fact that it was home to many poor people of African descent. I also highlight the varying understandings of the causes and appropriate responses to plague.

An assessment of the impact of Brazilian energy efficiency policies for electric motors

The three-phase induction motor was the fundamental component for productivity and growth in the second industrial revolution in Europe and the United States in the late nineteenth century. Presently, it is the main charge in electrical systems on a global level. In Brazil, it reaches more than 65% of total electricity consumption. Policies were established on the minimum efficiency level of the three-phase induction motor to improve energy efficiency in the Brazilian electrical system. The Brazilian legislation for the performance of electric motors is recent because the first document was issued in 2002. Based on the policies on the performance improvement of motors, what were the changes that occurred in the three-phase induction motors with the squirrel-cage rotors marketed in Brazil? Therefore, this study evaluated the performance of 435 motors tested between 2015 and 2016, with powers between 1 HP and 250 HP for four normalized speeds based on three laws of electric motor performance: Presidential Decree No. 4,508/2002; Interministerial Ordinance No. 553/2005 and Interministerial Ordinance No. 1/2017. All data were collected via standardized laboratory tests accredited by the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality (INMETRO) and the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC). The results show that 97% of the tested motors have higher performances than Decree No. 4,508/2002. Relatedly. 64% have higher performances compared to what is stipulated by Ordinance 553/2005. Also, only 21% have higher performances compared to what is stipulated by Ordinance 1/2017.

Cost accouting at transport services enterprise: the case of the United Kingdom

Cost accounting has emerged from the history of manufacturing. The European industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, and the concomitant modernization of industry through its mechanization, have created an increasing need for accurate production costs. There is a need to record the production costs incurred using the double entry principle. Although cost accounting has originated in the manufacturing sector, its modern application areas cover a wide range of economic activities. Today, cost accounting is practiced by various sectors of industry, manufacturing, trade, and services. Public sector organizations, such as governments, various departments, also use cost accounting to determine their effectiveness and anticipate opportunities for improvement. Cost accounting is a system used to determine the costs incurred by a business or other organization [4]. This can be defined as a system used to record cost data and to                  determine the cost of manufacturing a product or providing a service. Managers use the information gathered during cost accounting to control costs and make the business more profitable. Research problem. Understanding how costs change as performance changes is an important part of planning, control and decision-making [10]. There are a number of ways to perform cost estimation and analysis, but according to Sharman [23], many companies are reluctant to change their old costing methods and systems. The owners of these companies are reluctant to accept changes in the company, relying on the high costs of replacing the old system, which may occur due to the introduction of the anew system, as well as the reluctance of accounting staff to learn new methods and accept innovations. Okunbor [20], meanwhile, argues that costs should be used to make a profit, so then the question arises: can cost accounting, and the results it provides, really help not only to achieve more efficient performance results, but also to generate additional profits? Research aim - perform a comparative analysis of the cost accounting of the United Kingdom and Lithuania based on the example of the accounting of the transport company in the United Kingdom. Research objectives: To reveal the discourse of costs and their accounting in the context of the United Kingdom and Lithuania, highlighting the general similarities and differences of the concepts used in relation to both countries. 2. To define the composition of costs in accounting in the United Kingdom,       distinguishing the basic principles. 3.  To examine the peculiarities of cost documentation, recording and presentation in financial statements of the United Kingdom accounting, defining the cost accounting process. Research object – cost accounting management in the United Kingdom.  Research methods: Analysis of scientific literature and legal acts, statistical data analysis, graphic representation and interpretation.

Rad na daljinu - pravni režim pre i tokom pandemije KOVID-19

With the onset of the industrial revolution in Europe performing work tasks by employees at the employer's premises became commonplace, both because of the needs of the process and organization of work and control of employees by the employer. Work from home, as a way of doing work outside the employer's premises, was almost abandoned. There was a slight increase in the number of workers teleworking at the end of the 20th century due to development of screen equipment, but a kind of revival of telework was experienced with the outbreak of the COVID-19. In such circumstances, telework is a way to preserve the source of income for workers. The paper analyses and critically discusses domestic and international standards of importance for the institute of telework, and the author presents proposals de lege ferenda to improve the mentioned area.

Электромобильная и автопилотная продукция транспортного и сельскохозяйственного машиностроения в свете казахстанского и международного права

The article presents an analysis of electric and autopilot products of transport and agricultural machinery plants. The «Industry 4.0» has been proposed since 2011 as the fourth industrial revolution in Europe, the USA, Japan, and other countries. Thanks to this revolution, the transport and agro-industrial sectors are an important factor contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The article examines the legislative component of the regulation of the concept of «intelligent robot» in the form of a product of transport and agricultural engineering in the context of national and international law. The article also analyzes the export potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan for electric vehicles in the conditions of the country’s membership in the World Trade Organization. The authors addressed the issue of the correlation of WTO law with the law of Kazakhstan on trade in vehicles as goods. The authors formulated proposals for several adoptions of new Kazakhstan laws and new international conventions on problematic issues of production of electric and autopilot products of transport and agricultural engineering at manufacturing plants in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

CUMHURİYET TÜRKİYE Sİ HALICILIĞI- I: 1923-1980 YILLARI ARASI

According to research, Anatolian carpet weaving has continued its existence as a traditional textile production for over a thousand years. There are many researches and publications on the history of carpet weaving in Anatolia. These studies suggests that carpet production has been affected by many factors such as political, economic, commercial, technical and artistic developments, and it has undergone periodic and local changes. The economical developments which started with the industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th Century laid the foundations of the carpet weaving during the Republican era. The decisions taken by Republicab gocernments also determined the road map for carpet weaving to take its current form in the country. However, succesive wars, economical crises, commercial and technological developments in The World and Turkey also effected carpet manufactiring. Becouse of these factors output of carpet manufacture tended to drop, rise, change in good or bad directions and caused a transformation in the history of the Republic of Turkey. The paper dicusses the development of carpet manufacture during the Republican era between 1923-1980 in Turkey. It analyses; Desicions taken by governments voncerning carpet manufacture, International developments related to global carpet trade, Developments in national and local carpet weaving and Transformation from hand weaving to machine weaving.

BATILILAŞMA SÜRECİ İÇERİSİNDE ÇOCUĞUN KONUMLANDIRILMASI: EĞİTİM, OYUN VE ÇOCUK HUKUKU BAĞLAMINDA ÜÇ KİTAP, ÜÇ İNCELEME

Avrupa’da Sanayi Devrimi ile başlayan gelişmeler, yeni icat ve keşifleri de beraberinde getirmiş; eğitim, hukuk ve pozitif bilimlerde ilerleme kaydedilmiştir. Sanayi devrimi, üretimde eğitimli iş gücünü ihtiyaç haline getirmiştir. Bu da insanın üretimdeki payını daha önemli bir yere taşımıştır. Bu fikir Osmanlı’da Tanzimat Fermanı ile yaygınlaşmaya başlamış; eğitim ve hukuk gibi alanlarda Batı’daki gelişmeler dikkate alınmış ve uygulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı çocukların eğitimi ve hukuki durumu üzerine yazılmış Osmanlıca kitapların incelenmesi ve Batılılaşma sürecinde çocuğun toplum içerisinde yeniden konumlandırılması bağlamında irdelenmesidir. Nitel bir yaklaşımla yapılandırılmış olan bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman inceleme yöntemi kullanılmış; elde edilen veri içerik analizi yöntemi ile çözümlenmiştir. Bulgular eğitim, oyun ve çocuk hukuku olmak üzere üç kategori altında irdelenmiştir. İncelenen kitaplarda pozitif bilimlerin önemi, aklın üstünlüğü, bilgiyi sorgulama ve somutlaştırma, oyunun önemi, oyun temelli eğitim yaklaşımının benimsenmesi ve çocuğun hukuki haklarının yeniden düzenlenmesi ile ilgili bilgilerin yer aldığı görülmüş; bu bilgiler ışığında çocuğun toplum içerisinde yeniden konumlandırılması ile ilgili tartışmaya yer verilmiştir. Cumhuriyet döneminde yapılan yeniliklerin temeli Cumhuriyet öncesi yıllara dayanmaktadır. Bu dönemi anlatan eserlerin gün yüzüne çıkartılması ve Türkçe’ye kazandırılması, o döneme tanıklık edebilmemiz açısından önemlidir. Dolayısıyla bu anlamda yapılacak çalışmaların artırılması ve alan yazına kazandırılması önerilmektedir.

Coal and the European Industrial Revolution

Abstract To what extent did growth during the Industrial Revolution depend on coal? We answer the question using a panel of European city sizes between 1300 and 1900. Prior to 1750, there was no relationship between proximity to coalfields and growth; after 1750 cities closer to coalfields grew substantially faster than those further away. We instrument for coal proximity using proximity to Carboniferous-era rock strata.

Chromium crucible steel was first made in Persia

For more than a century, evidence for the production of crucible steel in Central and Southern Asia, prior to the European Industrial Revolution, has fascinated and challenged material scientists, historians and archaeologists. At the same time, chromium-alloyed stainless steel was developed in the early 20th century, building upon 19th century experiments with low chromium steel. Here we demonstrate new evidence of the intentional addition of chromium to steel nearly a millennium earlier, as part of the Persian crucible steel (pulad) tradition including the production of low-chromium crucible steel in early 2nd millennium CE Persia. We analysed archaeological finds from the 11th c. CE site of Chahak in Iran showing the intentional and regular addition of chromium mineral to the crucible charge, resulting in steel containing around 1 wt% chromium. A contemporaneous crucible steel flint striker held in the Tanavoli Collection is reported to also contain chromium, suggesting its origin from Chahak. We argue that the mysterious compound ‘rusakhtaj’ from Biruni's (10th – 11th c. CE) recipe for crucible steel making refers to the mineral chromite. Additional historical sources up to the mid-2nd millennium CE refer to crucible steel from Chahak as being particularly brittle, consistent with its increased phosphorus content.

KONTRIBUSI UMAYYAH ANDALUSIA DALAM PENGEMBANGAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN

The Andalusian Umayyad dynasty was a continuation of the Damascus Umayyad which was destroyed on the Iberian peninsula, the entry of Islam in Andalusia was first brought by the commander Tharif bin Malik at the suggestion of Musa bin Nushair to the Caliph al-Walid. After conquering Christian kingdoms in almost all regions of Andalusia, the rulers of the Umayyad dynasty focused their attention on the development of science and science which made big names like Ibn Rushd, Ibn Firnas and Ibn Hazm. The Andalusian rulers opened the palace doors as wide as possible for discussion activities, provided laboratories and made the palace a gathering place for art experts and writers from all over to pour works and artistic creations. The government's attention to scientists made Andalusia a beacon of civilization at a time when European society lived in darkness and ignorance. The progress that was made during the Umayyad Andalusian era which would later inspire the birth of the Renaissance era which was marked by the industrial revolution in Europe.