Recycling Research Articles

Towards a Sustainable Ocean Ecosystem: Innovations in Plastic Pollution Mitigation, Policy Collaborations, and Technological Advancements

The research delves into the multifaceted challenge of plastic pollution, specifically focusing on its presence in our oceans. Initially, the paper explores the history and significance of ocean clean-up initiatives, emphasizing the urgent need to address the detrimental impacts of plastic waste on marine ecosystems. Innovations in plastic recycling are highlighted, showcasing the technological advancements made in addressing plastic waste and the potential these innovations hold for reshaping marine ecosystem preservation. Furthermore, the economic ramifications of plastic recycling are elucidated, presenting a balanced view of its economic growth potential and environmental responsibility. The study then delves into the health implications of microplastics, exploring their potential effects on human health, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive research in this realm. Behavioral economics emerges as a strategic tool in understanding and promoting plastic reduction, illuminating how human behaviors can be influenced for environmental benefit. The research also sheds light on the profound economic potential of the plastic recycling industry, with emphasis on its role in fostering circular economies. Finally, the importance of collaboration between policy and industry is underscored, highlighting both the promises and challenges of collective action in the fight against plastic pollution. In conclusion, addressing plastic pollution necessitates an integrated approach that combines technology, economics, policy, and collective will. Recommendations emphasize the need for more robust policy frameworks, continuous technological innovations, and public awareness campaigns to mitigate this pressing environmental concern.

Enhancing polyethylene terephthalate conversion through efficient microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent-catalyzed glycolysis

Chemical recycling of plastics is a promising approach for effectively depolymerizing plastic waste into its constituent monomers, thereby contributing to the realization of a sustainable circular economy. Glycolysis, which converts polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), has emerged as a cost-effective and commercially viable chemical recycling process. However, glycolysis requires long reaction times and high energy consumption, limiting its industrialization. In this study, we develop an energy-efficient microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent-catalyzed glycolysis method to degrade PET effectively and rapidly, resulting in a high BHET yield. This combined approach enables the quantitative degradation of PET within 9 min, achieving a high BHET yield of approximately 99% under optimal reaction conditions. Furthermore, the proposed approach has a low specific energy consumption (45 kJ/g) and minimizes waste generation. The thermal behavior of PET and its degradation mechanism are systematically investigated using scanning electron microscopy and density functional theory-based calculations. The results obtained suggest that the proposed straightforward, swift, and energy-efficient strategy has the potential to offer a sustainable solution to plastic waste management challenges and expedite the industrialization of chemical recycling.

An Augmented Reality-Assisted Disassembly Approach for End-of-Life Vehicle Power Batteries

The rapid expansion of the global electric vehicle industry has presented significant challenges in the management of end-of-life power batteries. Retired power batteries contain valuable resources, such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and other metals, which can be recycled and reused in various applications. The existing disassembly processes rely on manual operations that are time-consuming, labour-intensive, and prone to errors. This research proposes an intelligent augmented reality (AR)-assisted disassembly approach that aims to increase disassembly efficiency by providing scene awareness and visual guidance to operators in real-time. The approach starts by employing a deep learning-based instance segmentation method to process the Red-Green-Blue-Dept (RGB-D) data of the disassembly scene. The segmentation method segments the disassembly object instances and reconstructs their point cloud representation, given the corresponding depth information obtained from the instance masks. In addition, to estimate the pose of the disassembly target in the scene and assess their disassembly status, an iterative closed point algorithm is used to align the segmented point cloud instances with the actual disassembly objects. The acquired information is then utilised for the generation of AR instructions, decreasing the need for frequent user interaction during the disassembly processes. To verify the feasibility of the AR-assisted disassembly system, experiments were conducted on end-of-life vehicle power batteries. The results demonstrated that this approach significantly enhanced disassembly efficiency and decreased the frequency of disassembly errors. Consequently, the findings indicate that the proposed approach is effective and holds promise for large-scale industrial recycling and disassembly operations.

Exploring Key Factors and Driving Mechanisms of Construction Waste Recycling Development in China: Combination of PEST Model and Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis

The construction waste recycling (CWR) industry in China is still in the primary stage. Thus, exploring the driving mechanisms of its development has significant theoretical worth and practical significance. Existing studies mainly focused on identifying individual key factors, while paying limited attention to the synergistic effects of multiple factors. The aim of this study is to systematically identify the primary drivers of China’s CWR industry from a macro perspective and explore their conjunctional effect on the development of the CWR industry in China. Firstly, based on the PEST model, the key factors driving the development of the CWR industry were identified from political, economic, social, and technological aspects. Secondly, the fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) approach was used to explore the causal relationship between the conjunction of these factors and the development level of the CWR industry. This study yields two interesting conclusions. The first is that none of the political, economic, social, and technological factors is a necessary condition. It means that the absence of any single factor will not restrict the development of the CWR industry. The second reveals two causal paths for the high-level development of the CWR industry, namely, the configuration of policy and social factors and the individual effect of economic factors. High-level development in the CWR industry can drive the sustainable development of the construction sector.

Computational design of highly efficient thermostable MHET hydrolases and dual enzyme system for PET recycling

Recently developed enzymes for the depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) such as FAST-PETase and LCC-ICCG are inhibited by the intermediate PET product mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET). Consequently, the conversion of PET enzymatically into its constituent monomers terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG) is inefficient. In this study, a protein scaffold (1TQH) corresponding to a thermophilic carboxylesterase (Est30) was selected from the structural database and redesigned in silico. Among designs, a double variant KL-MHETase (I171K/G130L) with a similar protein melting temperature (67.58 °C) to that of the PET hydrolase FAST-PETase (67.80 °C) exhibited a 67-fold higher activity for MHET hydrolysis than FAST-PETase. A fused dual enzyme system comprising KL-MHETase and FAST-PETase exhibited a 2.6-fold faster PET depolymerization rate than FAST-PETase alone. Synergy increased the yield of TPA by 1.64 fold, and its purity in the released aromatic products reached 99.5%. In large reaction systems with 100 g/L substrate concentrations, the dual enzyme system KL36F achieved over 90% PET depolymerization into monomers, demonstrating its potential applicability in the industrial recycling of PET plastics. Therefore, a dual enzyme system can greatly reduce the reaction and separation cost for sustainable enzymatic PET recycling.

Synergistic catalysis of ionic liquids and metal salts for facile PET glycolysis

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a thermoplastic engineering polyester, is one of the most widely used polymers today. However, PET can be recycled and difficult to degrade under atmospheric conditions due to high chemical stability, causing problems such as environmental pollution and waste of resources. Through comparative experiments, it was found that protic ionic liquids (PIL) and transition metal salts have a synergistic catalytic effect, under optimal reaction conditions, PET was subjected to glycolysis at 180 °C for 20 min by using PIL-Zn(OAc)2 as a catalyst, PET was almost completely converted and the yield of monomeric BHET reached a peak of 91.25 %, this is much higher than the yield using ionic liquids or metal salts alone. In this paper, protic ionic liquids were synthesized and compounded with transition metal salts as catalysts for PET glycolysis. Through FT-IR, NMR, TG and SEM analysis of the experimental product, it can be determined that the target product is bis-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (BHET). The composite catalyst still exhibited excellent catalytic activity after 8 cycles. Further, this study explored the reaction kinetics of PIL-Zn(OAc)2 catalyzed PET glycolysis to obtain an apparent activation energy Ea = 120.59 kJ/mol of the reaction. Finally, this paper also discussed the possible reaction pathway of the composite catalyst, hoping this composite catalyst can provide a reference for the industrialization of PET recycling.

An integrated SWARA-QFD under Fermatean fuzzy set approach to assess proactive risk mitigation strategies in recycling supply chain: Case study of plastic recycling industry

The role of the recycling supply chain in managing plastic waste problems has been emphasized by both academics and practitioners. Plastic recycling producers face various risks associated with supply chain processes that require proper management and proactive strategies to mitigate negative impacts on business performance. However, quantitative research on risk factors and corresponding proactive risk mitigation strategies in recycling supply chain has been limited. This study proposes a novel integrated approach using Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) under the Fermatean fuzzy set framework to fill this research gap. The study identifies eleven risk factors of recycling supply chain and eight corresponding proactive risk mitigation strategies through literature review and expert validation. The SWARA technique is employed to compute the relative importance weights of risk factors, and QFD is used to analyze the relationship between risk factors and corresponding proactive risk mitigation strategies. The proposed framework is applied to a recycling plastic packaging waste manufacturer in Thailand as a case study. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework can assist logistics and supply chain managers in the recycling plastic industry in making rational decisions to implement proactive risk mitigation strategies. Moreover, the framework can be applied to other waste recycling industries in a similar way.

Smart design choices provide new applications for recycled polypropylene: The case for tribology

Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most used polymers and has a wide scope of application, making it a key target for ambitious new recycling reforms. However, recycled PP is currently rarely used for technical applications. We investigated how reprocessing-induced mechanical and melt property changes restrict the scope of application of PP in open recycling loops, with deterioration of tensile properties and considerable increases in melt mass-flow rate consolidating regranulate use towards injection moulding applications. Remarkably, however, reprocessing had the opposite effect on tribological properties with changes to supramolecular structure reducing wear by up to one order of magnitude. As a proof-of-concept, this demonstrates how smart decisions on material flow during cycling could be a simple, effective, immediately implementable way to increase the scope of application, value and performance of recyclates without radical recycling industry reforms: changing the application of degrading reganulates after each cycle in favour of applications with different design requirements.

Socio-ecologies of Plastic Bottle Waste (PBW) and the Development of Ecoprenuerial Initiatives in Contemporary Nigerian Society

The study analyze the mechanisms that lead to the creation, accumulation, and exchange of plastic bottle waste, as well as its monetary value, industrial recycling, and home use in contemporary Nigerian societies. We conducted a descriptive and explanatory study with 86 ecopreneurs who have worked in the plastic waste sector for at least five years. We used both qualitative and descriptive statistics to arrive at our conclusions. Seventy-four percent of respondents from various demographics collected at least one hundred pieces of used plastic per day, ninety-five percent stated that the economic and social potentials of plastic waste are expanding, and ninety-eight percent stated that PBW commerce encourages innovation and garbage recycling. The vast majority of PBW traders (87.1%) do not see their age to be a barrier, and it is equally available to both sexes (93.5%) and all generations (90%). The study indicated that businesses formed from discarded plastic bottles benefited global social, economic, and environmental conditions. Additional field research is required in developing countries such as Nigeria to establish technical and vocational capacities for dealing with plastic bottles and other plastic debris.

Wet removal of elemental mercury by acid-assisted electrochemical oxidation method

As a global pollutant, mercury emission is increasingly restricted in recent years. It is urgent to explore a new and efficient mercury removal technology for coal-fired power plants. A new acid-assisted electrochemical oxidation (AEO) technique for mercury removal was proposed using platinum plate as cathode and fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO) glass as anode. The effects of acid type, acid concentration, applied direct current (DC) voltage, electrolyte type, SO2, NO and O2 on the Hg0 removal efficiency were carried out. The results indicated that the mercury removal efficiency increased with the increase of DC voltage and nitric acid concentration. When the concentration of nitric acid increased to 0.15 mol/L, the mercury removal efficiency remained unchanged. SO2 and NO inhibited the removal of Hg0 in AEO system, but the inhibition was reversible. Compared with the mercury removal efficiency under single experimental conditions, the mercury removal efficiency of electrochemical oxidation can reach 96% under the experimental conditions of 0.1 mol/L nitric acid and 4V DC voltage, suggesting that the synergistic effect of nitric acid and DC voltage plays a key role. According to the experimental results, the mechanism of Hg0 removal in AEO system was analyzed. At the anode, Hg0 was oxidized by hydroxyl radical (.OH) generated by the oxidation reaction on the anode surface. At the cathode, dissolved oxygen or O2 adsorbed on the surface of Pt is reduced to form anionic superoxide radicals (.O−2). Moreover, parts of .O−2 would produce .OH with the aid of electron at acidic condition. Free radicals capture experiments showed that .O−2 and .OH were the main active substances for the removal of Hg0 by acid-assisted electrochemical method. The research is helpful for the development of effective electrochemical techniques for industrial mercury removal and recycling of industrial acid waste.

The Role of Leadership and Collaboration in Innovative Changes in the Solid Waste Recycling Industry: Corporate and Regional Levels

Transition to a circular economy and growing popularity of "green" behavior rising the question of how to bring relevant innovative changes to the solid waste recycling industry. Finding the right answer to this question becomes a priority in the different regions of the world. The best examples of innovative changes in this industry can be found in the theoretical sources, but their effective implementation in practice is sometimes a challenge due to poor management or low level of staff involvement. The aim of this article is to analyse and evaluate the influence of leadership and collaboration on the innovative processes and advanced economic and environmental performance of solid waste recycling enterprises. Primary and secondary data collection and analysis methods were used to provide the evidence for the research findings. The results show that motivated team with a professional leader can make a difference in the process of development and implementation of innovations allowing improving the efficiency and increasing the capacity of solid waste recycling industry. This difference include approach for setting up goals and using resources in the process of their achievement. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the disclosure of the specifics of various types of innovative changes in the solid waste recycling industry, as well as the impact of leadership and cooperation on innovative processes. Authors concluded that leadership and teambuilding skills should be a part of education and training in the solid waste recycling industry due to their significant influence on the industry success.

Exploring the importance of sustainability in the construction industry

This article focuses on sustainable development in the construction industry and analyses the environmental, economic and social impacts of sustainable construction. The environmental aspects mainly include energy consumption and new energy use, garbage recycling. Sustainable construction also has a mitigating effect on some problems in urban development, such as the heat island effect. In terms of economy, sustainable construction can improve the economic efficiency of the construction industry and drive the comprehensive development of all aspects of the construction industry. On the social side, sustainable architecture reduces the pressure on the city and contributes to the long-term stability of society. Through multi-faceted assessments and analysis from different perspectives, the importance of sustainability for the current and future construction industry is illustrated. Nowadays, high energy consumption and high pollution in the building industry are harmful to humans. In order to change the status quo and meet the requirements of development, it is necessary to integrate the concept of sustainable construction into the design, construction, and energy consumption of construction in the future. The article also makes recommendations on how sustainable buildings can be well-known or recognized in the future and contribute to the sustainability of the future construction industry.

Current technological options for recycling packaging waste: Challenges and opportunities in India

AbstractPackaging in India comprises around 59% of total plastic consumption, with most of the waste originating from single‐use and short shelf‐life products. The plastic recycling industry is primarily made up of informal processing units which have predominantly been recycling Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste due to ease of availability, sorting, and higher upscale values than most other single‐use packaging. Other packaging, such as Polyethylene (PE) shopping bags, thin film and multi‐material packaging waste is either directed to downcycling, incineration or landfill. About 94% of total recycling in India is carried out through mechanical recycling, which comes through informal and fragmented recycling units. Most of the recycling units in India rely on rudimentary technologies. One example is a visual sorting system that involves manual handling to recycle plastic waste, which is resource and time intensive. There has been some advancement towards chemical and energy recovery techniques, but mostly been limited to pilot‐scale deployment. This article explores the existing and emerging technological options suitable for recycling post‐consumer flexible plastic packaging waste in India. It also discusses the status of multi‐material packaging waste, and the advancement being made for its recycling. The paper also explores India's increased momentum in the use of innovative recycling techniques, such as distributed recycling and manufacturing techniques and plastic waste in steel manufacturing.This article is categorized under: Climate and Environment > Ecosystem Services Climate and Environment > Circular Economy Emerging Technologies > Materials

Design and function of lignin/silk fibroin-based multilayer water purification membranes for dye adsorption

The treatment of dye wastewater poses a significant challenge to the sewage recycling industries. However, the reduction of secondary pollution resulting from the membrane residues, to maintain high performance, remains a considerable obstacle. A novel approach for the fabrication of multilayer nanofiber structures using a layer-by-layer electrostatic spinning technique with biological materials was reported in this study. Incorporating the chemical adsorption advantages of lignin nanofiber and the physical adsorption advantages of silk fibroin (SF) nanofiber enabled the full realization of excellent dye interception performance. A comparative analysis was conducted on the lignin derived from eucalyptus, pine, and straw to determine the most suitable option. Notably, eucalyptus lignin exhibited superior antimicrobial properties. The adsorption of crystal violet by eucalyptus lignin/SF membrane was consistent with the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, revealing a chemisorption mechanism involving Π-Π conjugation, hydrogen bonding, and the binding of anions and cations. The lignin/SF membrane exhibited a retention rate exceeding 99.5 % for crystal violet, methylene blue, and brilliant green dyes. Furthermore, it demonstrated efficacy in retaining heavy metal ions, including cadmium and copper. The original biomass material imparts the property of rapid degradation to a multilayer membrane that can be used as an effective and eco-friendly water purification material.

Statistical analysis of the physico-chemical characteristics of industrial effluents: Case of evaporating basins used as final storage for effluent

Evaporating basins are common storage for industrial effluent in most renewable power plants. Various types of research on the environmental consequences and issues of this experience have suggested this method of disposal to prevent industrial effluents withdrawal into the ocean, and dams and prevent water contamination.Nevertheless, this approach may have significant worldwide environmental implications. Focusing on dedicated research methods for a power plant in the south of Morocco that employed evaporating basins for storing its effluent, we evaluated the development of the effluent's Physico-chemical characteristics over a timeframe of one year.The evaporation basins undergo thorough assessment to evaluate the effects of industrial effluents, leading to the observation of a significant increase in the physicochemical characteristics of the discharged effluents, mainly EC, BOD5, Na, and Cl2. This rise in water contamination can be attributed to the aforementioned factors. Statistical analysis, specifically correlation and regression, was employed to examine the coefficients of the primary physicochemical properties. The objective was to determine the effluent characteristics that exhibited strong associations and close relationships.The primary goal of this study is to highlight the drawbacks associated with storing wastewater in evaporation ponds, a common practice among many industrial companies. It is crucial to consider that these ponds attract a diverse range of bird and animal species, and any contamination of the water can pose significant environmental and ecological risks in the event of an accidental leakage or spill, potentially harming wildlife. To mitigate these potential issues, it is recommended to explore alternatives such as industrial effluent reuse and recycling, which can help minimize the environmental and ecological impacts.

Assessment of Policy Guidelines, Strategies, and Operational Processes Associated with Plastic Waste Management in Ghana

The study sought to assess to assess the policy guidelines, strategies, and operational processes associated with plastic waste management in Ghana. A descriptive cross-sectional study design that employed both quantitative and qualitative procedures was used. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive analysis was performed on the structured questionnaire whereas thematic analysis was conducted on data from the interview guided. The results revealed that there are guidelines, strategies, and operational processes for plastic waste management in greater Kumasi and there exist different activities of stakeholders (Recycling companies, KMA and Waste collectors) in plastic waste management in Kumasi. The extent of compliance with plastic waste management guidelines (National Plastic Waste Management Policy) is dependent on the different stakeholders. Plastic recycling companies are in the infant stage with their activities being centered on six processes with pelletizing plastics for export been their major activities whereas waste collectors are solely responsible for collection, transportation and final disposal of plastic waste from different places to either dump sites or plastic recycling companies. KMA and other government institutions involved in waste management must take steps by supervising the day-to-day activities of plastic recycling companies and waste collectors to regulate the activities of companies within the plastic recycling industry.

A Recent Digitalization in Recycling Industry Attaining Ecological Sustainability: A Comprehensive Outlook and Future Trend.

The management of waste through dual way of recycling (i-e offline and online) is assumed to have a key role in attaining ecological sustainability and enabling circular practices. The research on online recycling is gaining evolution in recent age. Prior literature on the current research theme has failed to provide a comprehensive outlook and future trend. Therefore, the current research intends to elaborate the current research scenario linked with online recycling by critically scrutinizing the prior research over the last 41 years. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using the Scopus database, retrieving a total of 866 articles. These articles were selected to provide a conceptual overview and understanding of the fundamental research conducted in the field. By employing bibliometric analysis this research provides comprehensive detail about evolution, mapping of publications and prominent trends from the year 1981 to 2022 to understand the practices and future trends of online recycling research. The outcomes elucidated that there is exponential increase in research publications relating to online recycling over the last five years. The most influential producer of online recycling research are China, United Kingdom and United States. Chinese Universities has the highest number of publications among all the countries across globe. Moreover, the current research trend is focused on technology based circular economy, industrial ecology, bio-based waste management, dual channel recycling, municipal waste, waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), environmental impact and lifecycle assessment. Hence, the prominent research perspective and highlighted features could offer recommendation for upcoming studies to contribute in literature and help practitioners, policymakers and professionals move towards circular practices.

Recyclability of aluminium piston alloy

One of the most recycled and recyclable materials now in use is aluminium. Frequently, aluminium cans, automobile components, and window frames are recycled back into itself. A vital component of the contemporary aluminium industry is recycling. Recycled aluminium production uses only around 5% of the energy required to produce new aluminium, resulting in lower carbon emissions and cost savings for both corporations and end users. As a result, today's use of roughly 75% of all aluminum created throughout history. Recycling rates for aluminium exceed 90% in the majority of industrial sectors, including the construction and automobile industries. Every year, the United States saves more than 90 million barrels of oil equivalent through industry recycling. Capability to re-melting aluminium alloys scrap without losing its alloying elements and finding optimum pouring temperature are the purpose of this paper, and the results will determine the possibility of reusing piston alloy to make components similar to those they were recycled from. Automotive cast aluminium scrap obtained from pistons were used as experimental specimens, which were melted via an electrical furnace then poured at four different temperatures, namely 680, 720, 760, and 800 °C into a strip fluidity steel mould. The chemical composition of the four specimens were examined using spark emission spectrometer and the length of melted metal that flowed through the mould strips was measured as well to determine fluidity. Also, an optical microscope was used to detect microstructure defects. The chemical composition ratios of alloying elements before and after recycling showed that the resulting alloys could be closely equivalent to the commercial alloy that was originally used to make the components. In addition, the higher the pouring temperature the greater the casting fluidity. Generally, the consumed aluminium piston alloy can be re-melted and used to produce many parts.

Thermal conversion performance, kinetic mechanism, and products of electric vehicle lithium battery diaphragms

The proliferation of waste lithium batteries is on the rise; however, the thermal treatment attributes of these batteries are largely overlooked, and the conversion mechanism of lithium battery separators remains unclear. This study marks the first comprehensive to compare the thermal degradation characteristics, kinetic parameters and mechanisms, thermal degradation products, and degradation pathways of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) lithium battery diaphragms. The pyrolysis temperatures for the PP and PE were 340–500 and 440–530 °C, respectively. PP and PE exhibited average activation energies of 65.19–73.04 and 207.62–209.40 kJ/mol, respectively. At 600–800 °C, the yields of PP and PE pyrolysis gases and gasoline products increased with increasing temperature, while the yields of diesel and paraffin products decreased. The most dominant products generated from the pyrolysis of PP and PE were olefins, and the amount of olefin products from PE increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. CH3 fracture was the first reaction step that occurred during PP pyrolysis. Our study provides useful information for industrial recycling, disposal, and utilization of electric vehicle lithium battery separators as well as data on the pyrolysis behaviours and transformation mechanisms of polyolefin wastes.

Assessing Global Waste Management: Alternatives to Landfilling in Different Waste Streams—A Scoping Review

This scoping review examines global strategies and enterprises for sustainable solid waste management, with a focus on alternative landfilling approaches. The study collected and analyzed a significant number of documents from different regions, revealing Asia as the major contributor (for the collected documents) (48.7%), followed by North America (24.3%) and Europe (15.8%). Recycling emerged as the most effective alternative waste treatment method, representing 52.3% of the documented approaches, with industrial recycling (22.6%) and residential/nonresidential recycling (20.2%) as prominent categories. Food waste was a significant concern across regions, constituting 21.4% of the collected documents. Composting was widely adopted (15.4%) due to its simplicity and benefits for gardening and soil improvement. Other methods like biogas extraction, reusing, raising awareness, incinerating, redistributing, reducing, and fermentation accounted for 13.1% cumulatively. The study highlights the need for adopted waste management solutions based on regional challenges and successful practices. Promoting recycling infrastructure, composting, and waste reduction approaches are crucial to achieving sustainable waste management aligned with SDGs. Collaboration and knowledge sharing between regions are essential to improve inefficient waste management mechanisms. Integrating the findings into policymaking and industry practices can lead to a more sustainable future with reduced environmental impact.