Industrial Mill Research Articles

Effect of micronisation on colour and optical properties of ceramic colourants for inkjet printing

The advent of inkjet printing (IJP) as the main used decoration technique for ceramic products has changed the technological requirements for pigments and the way they are obtained. To meet IJP and durability requirements, it is necessary to micronise the colourants to achieve particles smaller than 1 μm (median particle diameter d50 ∼300 nm). The high-energy milling process induces microstructural changes that affect the colour properties. In order to understand the effect of particle size reduction on chromatic properties, an in-depth study was carried out by simulating the industrial milling process on a pilot scale. The effect of micronisation was investigated for four ceramic pigments (yellow zircon, brown spinel, pink malayaite, and green eskolaite) and one dye (blue olivine) by UV–vis–NIR optical spectroscopy (DRS), chromatic coordinates and XRPD analyses (Rietveld method). This study was carried out on the colourants both as they were and mixed with glass, reproducing the industrial firing process. The results obtained led to the definition of the main aspects responsible for the colour evolution derived from the milling process.

Impact of Industrial Effluents on Crop Production in Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam

The present study assessed the impact and consequences of the industrial effluents that emerged from the Nagaon Paper Mill (NPM) and Brick Kilns Industry (BKI) in the Nagaon and Morigaon districts of Assam, respectively. The impact of the industrial effluents was analyzed with particular reference to Sali rice. The study depicted that the net sown area was less in the areas close to both industrial units due to the conversion of productive land to wastelands, which results in changes in cropping patterns and crop productivity close to industrial units compared to areas further away from industrial units. The findings also revealed that farms polluted with industrial effluents had much higher labour expenses, pesticide prices, and wastewater disposal costs, raising the overall cultivation cost. The study suggested treating the effluents appropriately before being disposed of in the environment to lessen the effect on agricultural output. For the brick kiln industry, agricultural land should not be exploited, and BKI regulations need to be strictly regulated because many unregistered BKIs are sprouting up throughout Assam.

Effect of Intensive Abrasion Breakage on Secondary Ball Mills for Magnetite

In order to investigate the breakage behavior of the feed in industrial secondary ball mills, the breakage characteristics of fine magnetite were analyzed. Magnetite particle breakage produces a bimodal particle size distribution that is consistent with the typical breakage characteristics of abrasion. The secondary ball mill can increase the surface area by reducing the diameter of steel balls to enhance the abrasion. Industrial application results show that after the abrasion of the secondary ball mill for grinding magnetite was enhanced, the circulating load of the grinding-classification system dropped by 29.90% and the specific energy of the secondary ball mill decreased by 39.14%. At the same time, the consumption of steel balls also dropped from 0.17 kg/t to 0.13 kg/t, a decrease of up to 20%. It should be noted that the reduction in the ball diameter should follow certain rules because if the energy of a single collision is lower than the critical breaking energy of the particles, the grinding process will be affected and thus have counterproductive effects.

Feasibility of semi-pilot scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket fixed-film reactor for fermentative bio-hydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent

The present study focuses on bio-hydrogen production using palm oil mill effluent (POME) at a semi-pilot scale of an “up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket fixed-film (UASFF) reactor”. The reactor was operated in the palm oil mill industry for over 180 days of operation at ambient temperature through dark fermentation process with different organic loading rates (OLR) of 22–36 g-COD/l.d, depending on the COD concentration of POME. By acclimatizing the sludge, the semi-pilot scale UASFF reactor achieved hydrogen content, and hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 20%–68%, and 12 L H2/d to 39 L H2/d, respectively with a maximum COD removal of 35%. Moreover, from high through pyrosequencing analysis, hydrogen fermentation was attributed to Clostridium sensu stricto, Lactobacillus, and thermoanaerobium spp. This study offers an extensive approach to developing a semi-pilot scale bio-hydrogen production and, provides further prospects for profitable exploitation which could be a promising approach for reaching sustainability and economic feasibility (using wastewater as a low-cost feedstock) in commercial applications for future studies.

Dynamic performance improvement of induction motors used in rolling mill application: A two-loop model predictive control strategy

In this paper, a novel two-loop model predictive control (TLMPC) is proposed to enhance the dynamic performance of induction motors used in rolling mill applications. In such applications, two individual voltage source inverters feed induction motors which are connected to the grid in a back-to-back manner. The grid-side converter, responsible for controlling the DC-link voltage, plays a vital role in the dynamic performance of the induction motors. Its undesired performance deteriorates the speed control of induction motors, which is a crucial need in the rolling mill industry. The proposed TLMPC includes a short-horizon finite set model predictive control in the inner loop to control the power flow by finding the best switching state of the grid-side converter. Additionally, a long-horizon continuous set model predictive control is developed in the outer loop for adjusting the set point value of the inner loop by predicting the DC-link voltage in a limited time horizon. An identification approach is exploited to approximate the non-linear model of the grid-side converter in order to use it in the outer loop. The mathematical proof of the robust stability of the proposed TLMPC is provided and its real-time execution is also certified. Finally, the capability of the proposed approach is evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effect of the model’s inaccuracy and uncertainties on the performance of the proposed strategy is also provided.

Investigation of the effect of particle size of corn fiber, as potential raw material, on techno-functional and physicochemical properties

Corn fiber (CF) is an undervalued co-product of the corn starch and corn milling industry. Similar to CF, sieving is also important in the cereal industry and should receive sufficient scientific attention. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of particle size on the techno-functional and physicochemical properties of CF as an alternative to fiber-rich raw materials for the food industry. Granulometry showed low uniformity (0.34) and low span (0.93), which could affect processing and product quality. The coarser fractions had lower density, solubility, paste viscosity, color, protein, ash, lipid, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity than the finer fractions. However, these coarse fractions had high porosity (83%), water absorption index (2.77 g gel/g), and dietary fiber content (75.56 g/100 g). All the evaluated responses had 37 strong positive correlations and 34 strong negative correlations (p < 0.01). In addition, principal component analysis at 91.09% of the total variance revealed four distinct clusters that possessed similar characteristics in both techno-functional and physicochemical properties. Coarse fractions could generate greater extraction yields of hemicellulose and cellulose, whereas fine fractions could be excellent materials for the production of foods with excellent nutritional and functional properties.

Effect of surface machining on the environmentally-assisted cracking of Alloy 182 and 316L stainless steel in light water reactor environments: results of the collaborative project MEACTOS

Abstract The main objective of the EU-funded project mitigating environmentally-assisted cracking through optimisation of surface condition (MEACTOS) was to gain knowledge on the ability of different surface machining procedures to mitigate environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) in typical light water reactor structural materials and environments. Surfaces of cold-worked (CW) type 316L austenitic stainless steel and nickel-based weld metal Alloy 182 flat tapered tensile specimens were machined using different processes. EAC initiation susceptibility of these specimens was evaluated using constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests under simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions and assessed using constant load experiments. More than a hundred tests were performed covering about 10 years of autoclave testing time. Only minor or no measurable improvements in EAC initiation susceptibility as a function of surface treatments (grinding or advanced machining) compared to the standard industrial face milling were demonstrated. In most cases, the stress thresholds for EAC initiation determined in constant load tests confirmed the trend obtained from CERT tests. This paper summarises the most important results and conclusions concerning the EAC initiation behaviour for the CW 316L and Alloy 182 under reducing PWR and oxidizing BWR conditions.

Polyembryony improvement effect on chemical and physical traits of maize grain

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of two maize populations contrasting in polyembryony frequency; brachytic high polyembryony (BHP) and brachytic low polyembryony (BLP), and they were contrasted with two non-polyembryonic populations (control maize populations): High oil content (HOC) and mixture of commercial hybrids (HIB). Both, similarities and differences between polyembryonic and non-polyembryonic populations were found. BHP and BLP maize populations showed statistical similarities to HOC and HIB maize populations according to orthogonal contrasts in the following traits: percentages of endosperm and germ, grain hardness and crude protein, while polyembryonic populations showed statistical differences in anatomical grain composition, grain hardness, thousand kernel weight, index of floats. Considering these results, a cluster analysis was carried out and two groups were obtained; one formed by HIB and the second was integrated by BLP, BHP and HOC. Otherwise, BHP and HOC populations are more related to each other than with BHP and BLP. Polyembryonic maize populations showed better chemical and physical traits in comparison to non-polyembryonic maize. Due to the chemical characteristics of polyembryonic maize, it could be considered an option in several industrial fields, such as the dry milling industry.

Het molensterven in Nederland: een kwantitatieve en geografische benadering

The demise of mills in the Netherlands: a quantitative and geographical approach This year the Association (vereniging) De Hollandsche Molen celebrates its centenary. The association was founded to call a halt to the large-scale demolition of wind and water mills in the decades around the turn of the century. This article sketches for the first time, for the period 1850-2020, a quantitative picture of the decline of what is considered the icon of the Netherlands. A distinction is made according to type, function and region. In the description and analysis, use is made of an extensive inventory of disappeared and existing windmills. A comparison with other sources shows that this database includes most of the windmills (approximately 85-90%) that functioned in the period after 1850. For water mills this percentage is probably substantially lower. The analysis shows that industrial mills have already largely disappeared due to the introduction of steam power. Polder windmills in the western Netherlands have also disappeared in large numbers with the use of this new power source. In the Northern Netherlands, however, things were different: here, especially after the turn of the century the use of suction gas, diesel and electric motors meant the demise of the polder mill. Mills that were used for the processing of agricultural products actually still functioned in large numbers almost everywhere until the tens or even the twenties of the 20th century. When it comes to water mills, there is a distinction between mills with an industrial application and an agricultural one: the first group suffered large losses due to the introduction of steam; the second by the introduction of fossil fuel engines. The analysis shows that between 1880 and now only one in seven mills has survived the transition to industrial power sources. In addition, it is demonstrated that the current mill stock is not a representative reflection of the stock at the height of the use of mills around 1880.

Temperature and Textiles: Heat Management in British Industrial Mills

May 01 2023 Temperature and Textiles: Heat Management in British Industrial Mills Matthew Lopez Matthew Lopez Matt Lopez is a second-year master's student in the Design Studies program at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He uses architecture to explore abstract social questions in concrete terms that range from the history of construction technologies to the biopolitics of contemporary economics. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Matthew Lopez Matt Lopez is a second-year master's student in the Design Studies program at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He uses architecture to explore abstract social questions in concrete terms that range from the history of construction technologies to the biopolitics of contemporary economics. Online ISSN: 2572-7338 Print ISSN: 1091-711X © 2023 Matthew Lopez2023Matthew Lopez Thresholds (2023) (51): 164–169. https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00800 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Matthew Lopez; Temperature and Textiles: Heat Management in British Industrial Mills. Thresholds 2023; (51): 164–169. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00800 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThresholds Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2023 Matthew Lopez2023Matthew Lopez Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Distribution of Arabinoxylans and Their Relationship with Physiochemical and Rheological Properties in Wheat Flour Mill Streams as an Effective Way to Predict Flour Functionality

The aim of the study was to evaluate wheat flour fractions and the relationships between the rheological properties of wheat flour mill streams with arabinoxylans content to predict flour functionality. The tested wheat variety was IS Laudis and an industrial milling station with several roll sections was employed to reach 30 passages of flour streams. Each mill stream fraction was analyzed separately. Several physiochemical (moisture, ash content, falling number, wet gluten content, gluten index, and damaged starch content) and rheological properties were evaluated by means of utilizing various test apparatus and techniques. The total content of non-starch polysaccharides and arabinoxylans, as well as soluble and insoluble fractions were investigated. Results showed significant differences between the mill streams in terms of the content of physicochemical parameters and rheological properties, as well as in soluble and insoluble fractions of non-starch polysaccharides and arabinoxylans. The relationships between the tested parameters and PCA analysis can be useful for millers who can then select and blend several flour streams to obtain a maximum amount of flour with specified characteristics. A better understanding of the origin and function of different fractions and the role of arabinoxylans and their fractions in the milling process will allow the development of wheat flour blends with the desired functionality. Flours from late reduction and sizing passages (C and R) as well as from sorting filter (V) streams showed high ash content as well as T-NSP and T-AX levels, so the final content of NSP in flour blends may be balanced by the application of the proper amount of C6–C7 and R5 stream flours.

Analysis of the Mechanical Performance and Durability of Adhesively Bonded Joints Used in the Milling Tool Industry

Epoxy adhesives, widely used in multiple structural applications, are used in the milling tool industry to replace brazing and mechanical fastening when joining the cutting bits to the tool body; though their durability is still a concern. This work aims to evaluate and characterise the effect of environmental factors associated with a tool’s life cycle on the performance of these bonded joints. A gravimetric analysis was conducted on bulk adhesive plates for water, cutting emulsion and dielectric fluid to obtain diffusion and relaxation rates. Novel real joint shear specimens were developed to enable strength testing on joints which are comparable with the final application. These specimens were immersed in fluids and subjected to thermal cycles or a corrosive finishing surface treatment to simulate the tool’s life cycle. The joint’s resistance was then benchmarked. Lastly, a dimensional variation test was carried out on tool prototypes before and after ageing, showing no significant dimensional variation which could compromise the cutting performance of the tool. Overall, though it was possible to identify a decrease in strength of around 20% in most tests, joint strength was still within the values necessary for safe operation, with a large safety factor still being retained.

Forming Parameters and Optimization of A5052 in SPIF Process

Forming a metallic sheet along with the consideration of computer simulation and experiment had benefited the milling industry for a long time. The ideal forming, without an error, is a concerning topic. So, the computer simulation had the advantage then direct forming. To observe the results before doing the real experiments simulation comes handy. Which helped to set the parameters for the milling process for the single point incremental forming (SPIF) process. For milling, a CAD design was converted into a 3D model. For this, a conical shape of 3D modeling was made in fusion 360. After onwards, it was simulated for finding the maximum depth for the cracking point. Next for the experimental part, the maximum forming depth was considered, and used lubricant grease for reducing friction. While forming with the grease, the impact of parameters was also changed. Throughout the process, an optimization approach was set to reduce the cracking areas for the G-code. Along with the lubricant use, smooth milling finished surface was observed. To reducing the depth forming errors, an optimization approach was introduced in this research.

Food milling machines are hosts to pathogenic bacteria: A cross-sectional study in the Asante Mampong Municipal, Ghana

Foodborne illnesses are a growing concern globally, with the food processing chain being implicated as the main culprit. However, the contribution of milling machines to these outbreaks in the Asante Mampong municipality is not well understood. This study evaluated the bacteriological quality of 55 food milling machines and assessed management practices and perceptions of operators towards microbial contamination. The study recorded a total mean count of 1.95523 × 105 (CFU/ml) and identified 82 bacteria in five genera, with Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. being the most prevalent. The Fufu pounding machine recorded the highest total isolates, while the pepper/tomato machine had the highest Salmonella isolates. Compared to similar studies, this research offers novel findings on the extent of contamination and specific genera of bacteria found in food milling machines in the Asante Mampong municipality. The study highlights the need for regular and rigorous checks on milling machines to minimize contamination and foodborne outbreaks in the food milling industry. The study's findings offer solutions to reducing foodborne illnesses locally and nationally, including increased awareness and licensing of milling machine operators to ensure good hygiene practices and minimize contamination. This research contributes to new knowledge on management practices and perceptions of operators towards microbial contamination in milling machines. Additionally, the study's relevance to the global discourse on food safety can aid in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and the Africa Union's Agenda 2063 in promoting food safety and nutrition security on the continent.

Composting as an Alternative for the Treatment of Solid Waste from the Kraft Pulp Industry

The increasing industrial pulp production has led to a negative growth of the associated solid wastes, thus making necessary alternative ways of handling them in suitable sanitary landfills to minimize adverse effects on the environment and well-being of people. Solid waste treatment prior to its disposal is a target to minimize pollution of the natural resources (air, soil, water) due to accidental leaching. This paper aims to determine better experimental conditions in the container to develop an optimal composting design for pulp solid wastes. For this, an experimental methodology is introduced. This paper presents the results about the influence of independent control variables (grits addition and composting process time) on dependent variables (chemical and biological), for which a composting design was used, and a face-centered central composite factor was applied. The results showed mature compost over 60-day treatment, with the following experimental observations (i) the grits addition did not decrease the pH in the first stage of the composting process; and (ii) the microbial activities were high during the active stage of the composting progress and evolved to stable, lower values together with a proper trend of N–NH4+ and N–NO3− at the end. Grits addition of around 6% is the optimal experimental amount to use for the composting process of the secondary sludge from the Kraft mill industry. In conclusion, treating secondary sludges and grit residues from the Kraft mill industry to produce compost is feasible and sustainable. This action reduces the environmental pollution risk (evidenced by soil pH change and possible water pollution) and improves the soil assimilation capability of inorganic micronutrients and organic compounds after application. Thus, the controlled waste reuse will pass from a negative input to the environment to a positive, sustainable solution, which can be used as a soil-nutrient improver in agriculture.

Study on the utilization of by-products of wheat milling industry for the development of biodegradable plates.

The present study aims at utilizing wheat bran and resultant atta to produce biodegradable-edible plates as an alternative to plastic plates. The edible plates were prepared using different combinations of wheat bran and resultant atta in different ratios viz., WB, 90:10 (WR10); 80:20 (WR20), 70:30 (WR30). Using farinograph, it was observed that the higher the bran higher the water absorption. The doughs from the blends were prepared with water at two different temperatures (100°C and 27°C), sheeted, moulded and baked. Plates produced from WR10, 20, 30 were analysed further and based on break test, leak test and sensory WR30 was chosen as the best. WR 30 was found to leak at 23.01 ± 0.24min with hot water and 85.42 ± 0.11min with water at room temperature. Moisture, ash, fat, protein, and total dietary fibre content was 4.3 ± 0.016, 4.90 ± 0.08, 3.86 ± 0.075, 16.06 ± 0.082 and 26.92 ± 0.166 respectively. Shelf-life predicted for plate was 250-285days based on MSI studies done.

Evaluating Green Efficiency of Manufacture Sector and Its Determinants in East Java Province

East Java is one of the provinces in Indonesia that carries out intensive development in the industrial sector to improve the welfare of its society. However, massive industrial activity will pose its challenges, such as increased emissions and environmental degradation. This study aims to determine the manufacturing sub-sector that produces CO2 emissions and has the lowest green efficiency as well as its determinant variables. There are three stages of analysis applied in this research i.e. carbon emission measurement, Slack Based Measurement-Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA), and Tobit regression. The study use 5-digit manufacturing subsector data based on the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) system, obtained from the Indonesian Central Agency of Statistics (BPS) which is deflated against the East Java Regional Gross Domestic Product (GRDP) deflator with 2010 as the base year. The results of the analysis show that in general, the manufacturing subsector in East Java produces quite high CO2 emissions of 85.28 tons. The subsector with the highest average CO2 emissions in East Java in 2017 was the fertilizer industry, in 2018 the non-ferrous base metal manufacturing industry, and in 2019 the steel rolling industry. Then, the drying industry and tobacco depreciation became the sub-sector with the lowest average green efficiency in East Java Province in 2017. Meanwhile, in 2018 it was the milling industry of various nuts (including Leguminous) and in 2019 it was the coffee processing industry. The Tobit regression results show that the energy structure and industrial concentration have no significant effect on the green efficiency value of the manufacturing subsector. Meanwhile, spending on R&amp;D has a significant negative effect on green efficiency. Therefore, the recommendations given are encourage the use of environmentally friendly raw materials and fuels, increasing green innovation, and increasing consumer awareness regarding environmental issues.

Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of Eucalyptus globulus Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after Hydrodistillation.

E. globulus leaves have been mainly exploited for essential oil recovery or for energy generation in industrial pulp mills, neglecting the abundance of valuable families of extractives, namely, triterpenic acids, that might open new ways for the integrated valorization of this biomass. Therefore, this study highlights the lipophilic characterization of E. globulus leaves before and after hydrodistillation, aiming at the integrated valorization of both essential oils and triterpenic acids. The lipophilic composition of E. globulus leaves after hydrodistillation is reported for the first time. Extracts were obtained by dichloromethane Soxhlet extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, their cytotoxicity on different cell lines representative of the innate immune system, skin, liver, and intestine were evaluated. Triterpenic acids, such as betulonic, oleanolic, betulinic and ursolic acids, were found to be the main components of these lipophilic extracts, ranging from 30.63-37.14 g kg-1 of dry weight (dw), and representing 87.7-89.0% w/w of the total content of the identified compounds. In particular, ursolic acid was the major constituent of all extracts, representing 46.8-50.7% w/w of the total content of the identified compounds. Other constituents, such as fatty acids, long-chain aliphatic alcohols and β-sitosterol were also found in smaller amounts in the studied extracts. This study also demonstrates that the hydrodistillation process does not affect the recovery of compounds of greatest interest, namely, triterpenic acids. Therefore, the results establish that this biomass residue can be considered as a promising source of value-added bioactive compounds, opening new strategies for upgrading pulp industry residues within an integrated biorefinery context.

Preparation and characterization of silica from rice husk ash as a reinforcing agent in whey protein isolate biocomposites film

This research focused on extracting silica (SiO2) from rice husk ash (RHA) to eliminate the problem of local disposal from the rice mill industry. Here, the various potassium hydroxide (KOH) composition was proposed to identify SiO2 characteristic, which is crucial to the particle size. The resulting SiO2 was applied as a filler in whey protein isolate (WPI) biocomposite films. SiO2 was synthesized from the RHA by carrying out a KOH solution, then separated from the extracted SiO2 using hydrochloric acid (HCl). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used to characterize all the SiO2 material. It was found that the yield of SiO2 was 2.85%, 4.63%, 7.32%, 15.63%, and 27.42%, severally. When the concentration of KOH was 1 N, 1.5 N, 2 N, 2.5 N, and 3 N, the crystallinity was 20.53% to 55.20%. Besides, the particle size ranged from 2.61 to 0.14 µm and the particle distribution from 2.09 to 1.56 µm. The tensile strength and elongation of WPI biocomposite film using 5% SiO2 were 14.12 MPa and 30.70%, respectively. It can be summarized that SiO2 is the potential to be used as a filler agent in biocomposite film.

Valorization of Primary Sludge and Biosludge from the Pulp Mill Industry in Uruguay Through Hydrothermal Carbonization

Valorization of Primary Sludge and Biosludge from the Pulp Mill Industry in Uruguay Through Hydrothermal Carbonization