Industrial Liquid Waste Research Articles

Inovasi Limbah Cair Singkong Menjadi Nata de Cassava Sebagai Bisnis Kuliner

Cellulose bacterial is cellulose formed by bacteria sugar content in waste. Cassava-based industrial liquid waste contains sugar (5-7)%, so it has the potential as a substrate because it meets the minimum glucose requirements of (6-7)% to form cellulose bacterial. The waste was obtained from liquid waste from home industry cassava rengginang in Nyamok Village. However, liquid waste smells bad because it is directly streamed into the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this activity is to give solutions for overcome environmental pollution and increase the income of cassava rengginang craftsmen in Nyamok Village. The methods are lectures, demonstrations, production training, assistance, and socialization. Liquid waste made from cassava chips was used as raw material for making nata de cassava. It was fermented with Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY) bacteria for 10-14 days. Training activities were successful as 86% people participated in the training. The participants were around 40 years old and elementary school graduates. The characteristics of the participants influence their interest and ability to absorb new information. It is proved by 89% of the participants are able to make Nata de cassava and their understanding of the counseling material was above the target of 80%.Keywords: cassava rengginang; nata de cassava; production training; SCOBY.

Pemanfaatan Komposit Biosorben Tanah Liat dan Arang Bambu dalam Mengurangi Kandungan Zat Warna pada Limbah Cair Industri Batik

The batik industry in Indonesia is one of the small and medium business sectors (SMEs) which is a source of work for some people. The batik industry produces various kinds of liquid waste, one of which is dyes including remazol dyes. In this research, clay and bamboo charcoal which are activated by HCl 1 M were made into a composite biosorbent with a ratio of clay and bamboo charcoal (80%: 20%). In this study, two variables are used, namely dose and contact time variation. The results of removal efficiency for variable adsorbent doses and contact time respectively were 30.00% and 31.33%. FTIR spectrum analysis shows wave numbers 1338.64 and 1309.71 cm-1 which is the C-H bending region. The peak at wave number 1539.25 cm-1 with strong and tapered absorption is identified as aliphatic C-C strains which are functional groups of activated charcoal. The spectrum gives a clay-charcoal composite specification when the absorption peak at wave number 3462.34 cm-1 there is an interaction between O-H in clay and O-H in charcoal, causing an increase in absorption intensity. The use of clay and bamboo charcoal biosorbent can reduce levels of dyes in batik industry liquid waste.

Assessment of simultaneous autotrophic–heterotrophic denitrification with high removal of nitrogen, sulfur and carbon: optimization through response surface methodology

AbstractBACKGROUNDSome liquid industrial wastes are rich in sulfur (S), nitrogen (N) and organic matter, causing eutrophication of lakes and rivers. These wastes also are highly toxic to aquatic organisms and pose serious health problems. Biological N removal is performed by denitrification. Heterotrophic denitrifiers oxidize organic matter to CO2 gas and reduce nitrate (NO3−) to N2 gas, whereas autotrophic denitrifiers oxidize reduced S compounds by reducing nitrate. Thus, a simultaneous denitrification process will allow for the removal of all these elements.RESULTSA response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the effects of the ratios heterotrophic:autotrophic bacteria (H:A, 0.2–1.9), the molar Ac−(Acetate):NO3− (0.2–1.05) and thiosulfate (S2O32−):NO3− (0.15–1.1) on the denitrification process. The highest concentrations of sulfate were obtained with H:A = 0.2; Ac−: NO3− = 1.05 and S2O32−:NO3− = 0.91.CONCLUSIONHigh NO3− (average 95.0 ± 3.3%) removals were obtained in all experiments, the optimal values predicted by the RSM were obtained at H:A = 0.54, Ac−:NO3− = 1.05 and S2O32−:NO3− = 0.41. When analyzing the removal of Ac−, the recommended optimal operating values were: Ac−:NO3− = 1.05; H:A = 0.37 and S2O32−:NO3− = 0.8–0.9. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Uji Toksisitas Akut Air Limbah Industri Sasirangan Terhadap Ikan Nila (Oreochromis Niloticus)

Abstract: Toxicity Test Of Acute Industrial Waste Water On Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis Niloticus). The sasirangan industrial liquid wastes containing high ammonia and high pH when discharged into the receiving water body without treatment will result in changes in water quality and even the death of aquatic biota so that an acute toxicity test is necessary. This study aims to determine the value of LC50 from waste sasirangan against tilapiaI. This research used the experimental method of Post Control Only Control Group Design design. Samples taken as much as 100 liters of waste in one industry sasirangan existing in the city of Banjarmasin. Concentrations of the sasirangan waste solution to be used in the acute toxicity test are: 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%. Parameters studied include ammonia, DO, pH, and temperature. To determine the value of LC50 using probit analysis. The results showed that LC50 for exposure time 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 14.73%, 10.21%, 8.26%, and 7.35%, respectively. The results of the analysis show that pH and ammonia content of industrial effluent sasirangan affect the death of tilapia fish. This research is hoped that the sasirangan industry does not dispose of its waste directly to the water body but needs to process it first. For further research it can complement the untested parameters such as BOD, COD, and TSS that affect fish survival.

Environmentally sound destruction of hexachlorobutadiene during waste incineration in commercial- and pilot-scale rotary kilns

Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that is banned in many countries. To investigate the destruction of HCBD in industrial waste, we conducted incineration tests at a commercial-scale incineration plant equipped with a 130-t/day rotary kiln and at a pilot-scale plant with approximately 2-kg/h of feeding rate. At the commercial-scale plant, waste oil containing 37% by weight of HCBD was co-incinerated at 1058 °C together with the solid and liquid industrial wastes that the plant normally processes. The concentrations of HCBD in the bottom ash (0.25 ng/g-dry), effluent slurry (2.8 ng/L), and stack gas (8.2 ng/m3N) were comparable with those obtained when only the usual industrial waste was incinerated. A destruction efficiency of 99.999996% was obtained from the co-incineration test, with negligible discharge of chlorinated dioxins and furans. At the pilot-scale plant, refuse-derived fuel spiked with HCBD was incinerated. It was found that both decomposition and unintentional generation of HCBD occurred simultaneously in the primary combustion chamber; however, the decomposition rate exceeded the generation rate to afford a destruction efficiency of 99.99993%. Together, these results indicate that HCBD contained in industrial waste can be efficiently destroyed in best available technology (BAT) rotary kiln waste incinerators.

Microbiological and Geochemical Problems of Urban Areas with Abundant Dispersed Rocks

Aim. The study of microbiological and geochemical processes occurring in the soil strata, composed of dispersed rocks, when they are in contact with the liquid wastes of industrial production in the city of Rostov-On-Don. The most important problems connected with chemical industrial pollution of the geological environment of urban territories situabed in the regions of dispersed rocks deposit evolution are discussed. Methods. Dispersed rocks of the European part of the south of Russia are investigated by the method of laboratory modeling. Results. Olt is shown that technogenic chemical elements entering geological environment with liquid industrial wastes not only worsen ecological state of the environment maintaining existence, but the are a factor of structure formation of dispersed rocks; they also can be a source of feeding for microorganisms, and hence, make more active microbiogeochemical reactions in dispersion ground strata. The number ahd composition of microflora of dispersion rocks are experimentally studied. The assessment of the possible effect of microbiological processes occurring in dispersed rocks on their engineer and geological properties is given. Findings. Chemical pollution of masses that are composed of dispersed rocks, on urban ecosystems and its intensity are the result of waste water infiltration and chemical activity of dispersion rocks. It leads to the development of engineer and geochemical processes disturbing physical–chemical and biogeochemical equilibrium in dispersed thickness and homeostasis of natural-technical system on the whole, that can worsen conditions of man vital activity as well. The assessment of the presumable influence of microbiological processes occurring in areas with dispersed rocks on the engineering-geological properties of the composing rocks has been given in the paper. These problems are urgent for all urbanized territories formed by the massives of dispersed rocks.

Growth and Production Response of Corn (Zea mays L.) by Bokashi of Cow Waste and Tempe Industrial Liquid Waste

The study aims to investigate the response of growth and production of the corn plant (Zea mays L.) due to the provision of bokashi cow dung and Tempe industrial liquid waste. This study was conducted in February 2017 until June 2017 at Lahan Perkebunan Rakyat Jalan Manunggal Ujung, Desa Bandar Klippa, Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan, Medan Tembung. The design used was Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replications and consisted of two factors studied: Bokashi consisting of four levels, e.i : B0 : Control, B1 : 15 ton/ha, B2 : 30 ton/ha and B3 : 45 ton/ha. The use of industrial liquid waste Tempe consisting of four levels, namely, e.i: L0 : Control, L1 : 30 ml/l, L2 : 60 ml / l, L3 : 90 ml/l. The observation data was followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the use of bokashi cow dung had a significant effect on the observation parameters of height, leaf length and cob weight in corn plants that have been observed and not significant to the observation of leaf number, leaf area, dry seed weight each plot. The use of industrial effluent of Tempe has a significant effect on leaf length parameter at age 6 weeks after planting and cob weight/plant each plot but not significant effect on observation of plant height, leaf number, leaf area, dry seed weight each plot.

Energy-saving integrated ferritisation treatment of nickel-containing wastewater

Modern requirements to electroplating waste treatment necessitate development of technologies that would allow on-site recycle and reuse of both treated water and residuals of water processing. The most prospective option for introduction of recourse-saving wastewater purification is associated with application the method of ferritisation. In this connection, the paper presents an advanced ferritisation process for reduction of initial concentrations of heavy metals (HM) in exhausted nickel electroplating electrolytes from 100 mg/L to 0.3 mg/L. Effects of main technological parameters of such wastewater treatment at thermal and electromagnetic pulse methods of activation of the ferritisation process were determined experimentally. Kinetics of removal of nickel and iron ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. Phase compositions and properties of sediments from wastewater treated were studied. The sediments are predominantly characterised by crystalline nanostructures, ferromagnetic properties and chemical stability, supporting opportunities for their environmentally sound utilisation. Proposed comprehensive process for treatment of liquid industrial waste flows would prevent contamination by toxic effluents; ensure rational use of water, raw materials and energy inputs.

Biosorption of Heavy Metal Pollution by Enterobacter agglomerans

Biosorption is a new waste treatment technology that can eliminate toxic heavy metals. Biosorption can be considered as an environmentally friendly alternative technology to treat industrial liquid waste that is economically proper to use. One of them is biosorption that utilizes the microorganisms’ absorption ability, especially bacteria that can absorb heavy metals in waters, such as Enterobacter agglomerans. This research aimed to determine the ability of E. agglomerans in reducing heavy metals pollution in local river. The research employed the measurement of the effect of lead (Pb) to E. agglomerans growth using Optical Density (OD) at wavelength 600 nm. The colony numbers were calculated using a standard curve. While the ability of E. agglomerans to reduce heavy metals concentration in liquid media was measured using AAS with a wavelength of 240 nm. The results showed that lead affected the growth of E. agglomerans. The OD value has a negative relationship with the concentration level of Pb. The ODs were decreased from 2.867 to 1.242, using Pb level from 0 ppm to 20 ppm. Therefore, it proved that E. agglomerans could reduce heavy metals concentration in local river in Central Java Province. This research was the first report on E. agglomerans activity on heavy metal in contaminated water. This result can be used as a reference for industrial sites near the river to treat their wastewater before discharging it to the river body to preserve its water purity.

Effectiveness of a Cassava Peel Adsorbent on the Absorption of Copper (Cu2+) and Zinc (Zn2+) Metal Ions

Cassava peel waste can be used as an adsorbent to remove heavy metal pollution from industrial liquid waste. This study aims to determine the effect of the mesh size and operational temperature of a cassava peel adsorbent on the adsorption of heavy metal ions of copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+). This study concerns on the ability to absorb the heavy metals copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+), the characteristics of the adsorbent (functional group), and the adsorption capacity for isothermal adsorption using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The cassava peels were crushed, dried, ground and sieved with 80, 100 and 120 mesh sieves. The cassava peel powder was activated with HNO3 and used to absorb metal ions from the model liquid waste at different temperatures of 35°C, 45°C and 55°C. The cassava peel adsorption process was analyzed using AAS, SEM and FT-IR analyses. The results of the study showed that the optimum conditions for the cassava peel adsorbent to absorb copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) metal ions are 120 mesh in size and an operating temperature of 35°C to obtain adsorption values of 55.19% for copper (Cu2+) and 41.7% for zinc (Zn2+). Functional groups present in the cassava peel adsorbent include O-H, N-H, C=O, and C-N. Among the two widely used isotherms tested (i.e., Langmuir and Freundlich models), the experimental data were found to mostly closely resemble the Freundlich isotherm.

Identification criteria and indicators of palm oil industrial solid waste processing technology

The palm oil industry continues to grow from year to year — processing of the palm oil industry into Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). The ratio of the amount of oil produced by both products is 30% of the raw material. This means that 70% is palm oil waste. The amount of palm oil waste will increase in line with the development of the palm oil industry. The amount of waste generated by the palm oil industry if it is not handled properly and effectively will contribute significantly to environmental damage. Industrial activities ranging from raw materials to produce products will disrupt the lives of people around the factory. There are many alternative technologies available to process other industries, but problems that often occur are difficult to implement the most appropriate technology. This paper describes an application of multiple criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing criteria and indicators of palm oil industrial solid and liquid waste. These methods were used in a participatory decision-making environment where a team representing various stakeholders and professionals used their expert opinions and judgments in assessing different criteria and indicators (C&I).

Environmental applications of electrochemical technology. What is needed to enable full-scale applications?

Abstract In recent years, thousands of scientific articles have considered the application of electrochemical technologies to remediate environmental problems ranging from the treatment of polluted soils to the removal of hazardous species from industrial liquid wastes. New research topics continue to emerge. Despite such research efforts, the technology readiness level (TRL) for many of those technologies remains very low; although most are considered promising, many are far from being introduced as efficient processes into the market. Important barriers need to be overcome to reach high TRLs. Some of these are scientific or technological and generate the opportunity for critical, applied research. Others are related to the lack of components in the value chain of the technology and generate opportunities for entrepreneurs to benefit from an improvement in the TRL. In this short review, a brief description of the current state of the most relevant technologies which are still in low TRL is carried out, highlighting barriers that must be removed to achieve full-scale applications in industry.

PERBEDAAN WAKTU OPERASIONAL AERATOR LUMPUR AKTIF TERHADAP KADAR BOD, DO, SVI LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI SUSU

Milk Factory is an industry that produces ready to drink milk, and from the production generates liquid waste that needs to be processed. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a parameter that can cause problems for the environment and activated sludge is the most effective treatment to eliminate that parameter. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Sludge Volume Index (SVI) is a parameter used as a reference to assess the state of activated sludge. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the operational time of aerators with activated sludge for 21 hours, 22 hours, 23 hours and 24 hours on decreasing BOD, and SVI, as well as DO levels of milk industry liquid waste. This study is experimental type with a total sample of 40 pieces out of 5 repetitions. Samples were taken by grab sampling method on influent and effluent of activated sludge tank. Kruskall Wallis test results on BOD parameter data, P value 0,162 > α (0,05); One Way ANOVA test results on SVI rate, P value 0,482 > α (0,05); One Way ANOVA test results on DO Level, P value 0,719 > α (0,05), and from these statistical test, it can be concluded that there is no difference between the treatment given and the parameters examined. The highest reduction of BOD is 98,73%, 24 hours operational time; The highest reduction of SVI is 81,30%, 24 hours operational time; The highest increase of DO is 75,86%, 23 hours operational time.

Additive technology for filter membranes

Separation methods using membranes are used in many industries, in particular, in the field of environmental protection for the production of drinking water and the treatment of industrial liquid waste, in the chemical industry, petrochemistry, pharmaceuticals, food industry and in the field of biotechnology. In the framework of this research, new methods for membranes manufacturing are proposed, which in comparison with the known technical solutions from the point of view of reliability and performance, make it possible to obtain more results and also provide greater variability in the choice of substrate shapes and channels inside the substrate. The most effective technology is a method of manufacturing a membrane for tangential filtration of a fluid, and this membrane contains: a substrate having a three-dimensional structure and formed by a monolithic ceramic porous body in which paths are made to circulate the fluid being filtered, and at least one separating filter layer deposited on the wall of the circulation paths.

Hydrogeological condition of wastewater disposal in the territory of the Novoportovsky oil and gas condensate field

Significant amounts of liquid industrial and domestic waste are generated at oil fields in the north territory of Western Siberia. There are currently no reliable methods of purification and utilization for many of them. It is very difficult to ensure long-term isolation of the waste from the hydrosphere and biosphere on the Earth. Underground disposal of wastewater in deep horizons (depths of the Earth) is one way to prevent from their negative impact on the environment and public health.

Identification criteria and indicators of palm oil industrial liquid waste processing technology

Every year the development of the palm oil industry continuously. Crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) are processed in the palm oil industry. Comparison of the amount of oil produced with the product produced is 30% of the raw material, so that 70% of the processed oil will be solid or liquid waste. The development of the palm oil industry then result in an increase in the amount of waste that will be produced. The amount of waste that will be produced by the oil palm industry if not handled properly and effectively will result in a significant damage to the environment which is dangerous. Oil palm industry activities that are processed starting from raw materials to producing finished products will disrupt the environment of people around the plant because of the waste and engine noise that occurs. There are many alternative technologies available to process the palm oil industry, the problem is that it is difficult to determine the right technology. This study can explain the application of various criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing indicators and criteria for palm oil waste that occur both solid and liquid in the palm oil industry. These methods are used when participatory decision making will be carried out by experts representing various stakeholders and professionals in their fields using their opinions and analysis and expert opinions in assessing various criteria and indicators (C & I).

Common and rare iron, sulfur, and zinc minerals in technogenically contaminated hydromorphic soil from Southern Russia.

Soils formed after the desiccation of Lake Atamanskoe, which has served as a reservoir for liquid industrial waste from the city of Kamensk-Shakhtinsky during a long time, were studied. These soils differ from zonal soils by a strong contamination with zinc and sulfur. Preliminary studies showed that Fe compounds fix a significant part of zinc. This requires to study S, Zn, and Fe minerals. In this work, Mössbauer spectroscopy was used for the identification of iron compounds and scanning electron microscopy was used for the microanalysis of these and other minerals. To facilitate the identification of Fe minerals, brown iron ocher was removed from a contaminated soil sample and analyzed. From electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy data, ocher contained hydrogoethite with a high content of sorption water and schwertmannite (a rare mineral, probably found in Russia for the first time). The chemical composition of this schwertmannite better corresponds to the Cashion-Murad model than to the Bigham model. Particles of partially oxidized magnetite and wustite enriched with zinc were revealed under electron microscope. Siderite with partial substitution of Fe2+ by Zn2+ was detected. Thus, contaminated hydromorphic soil contains both common minerals (illite, goethite, hematite, gypsum) and rare minerals (schwertmannite, Zn siderite, partially oxidized magnetite and wustite enriched with zinc).

EFFORT TO GET SAFE RICE FOR CONSUMPTION THROUGH BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY IN PADDY FIELD CONTAMINATED BY LEAD

Textile industry that has less optimal waste management due to the absence of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) tends to dispose the waste directly into the water or river. Most farmers near industrial area use liquid waste for irrigation water. This generates negative impacts of complicated problems in the agricultural sector, especially heavy metals contamination in paddy soils. In such case, bioremediation can be done to handle the contaminated soils by heavy metals to create a healthy farming environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the chelating agents (<em>Agrobacterium </em>sp. I<sub>37 </sub>or compost) to the characteristic of soil and the level of Pb in rice plant. This study was conducted between June - September 2017 in Tasikmadu, Karanganyar, Indonesia. The experimental design was factorial using randomized completely block design (RCBD) as the based design. There are two factors in this research: a) inorganic fertilizer (P): without inorganic fertilizer (P0) with inorganic fertilizer (P1); b) chelator (B): without chelator (B0), with chelator <em>Agrobacterium</em> sp I<sub>37 </sub>(B1), with chelator compost (B2). There were six treatment combinations then replicated 3 times for each treatment, so there were 18 unit treatments. The results showed that <em>Agrobacterium</em> sp. I<sub>37</sub> or compost can decrease soil Pb. The best treatment in decreasing soil Pb was treatment using <em>Agrobacterium</em> sp. I<sub>37</sub>, which soil Pb decreased of 42.91% from 8.04 mg/kgto 4.59 mg/kg; could enhance accumulation of Pb in the roots of 69, 63% and decrease Pb levels in rice grains around 55.67% higher than control treatment.

Application of electrocoagulation for the efficient pollutants removal to reuse the treated wastewater in the dyeing process of the textile industry.

The possibility of using electrocoagulation for efficient removal of pollutants in the industrial liquid waste of a textile industry was studied. The performance of the process was evaluated through the analysis of color, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The analysis was first done with the wastewater coming from the process of dyeing linen, which is the most polluting of all effluents that reach the residual effluent pool (REP). For the analysis, the MODDE 7.0 software was used to construct a statistical model. With the results obtained from this model and the experimental measurements, response surfaces were obtained. These response surfaces predicted the behavior of electrocoagulation for different values of the studied variables (pH, current density, and treatment time). Based on the obtained results, the wastewater coming from the REP was treated using the optimum values for the operational variables. After the treatment it was possible to remove 86% color, 82% turbidity, and 59% COD. It was demonstrated that reusing the treated water in the process of wool dyeing does not have a negative effect on the quality of the dyed fabric. Thus, it is possible to implement the process in the textile industry to reduce the consumption of water.

Effectiveness of Electrocoagulation Method in Processing Integrated Wastewater Using Aluminum and Stainless Steel Electrodes

Industrial liquid waste is one type of waste that can pollute the aquatic environment. For this reason, we need a method that can be used to treat wastewater by electrocoagulation method. Electrocoagulation is a method of coagulation by using electric current through electrochemical events. In this research, the treated wastewater by electrocoagulation method was integrated wastewater. This process was carried out where wastewater was placed in electrochemical cells containing electrodes with dimensions of 15 cm x 15 cm. Parameters of varied are electrode types of aluminum and stainless steel sensors with varied voltages of 6, 9 and 12 volts, and varied processing time of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The optimum conditions for the aluminum and stainless steel sensors are 12 volt voltages and 150 minutes process time. The effectiveness of electrocoagulation of integrated wastewater using aluminum sensor was TDS 88.96%, 50% TSS, COD 87.96%, BOD5 52.98%, PO4 35.37%, Fe 62.5% and Pb 85% with efficiency of current 78, 91%. The effectiveness of using stainless steel ensemble was TDS 80.27%, TSS 57.5%, COD 88.43%, BOD5 74.86%, PO4 42.20%, Fe 46.86% and Pb 88.57% with efficiency current 81.25%. The research has fulfilled the environmental quality standard.