Occupational Injuries Research Articles

Nursing Workload Influence on Nurses Job Injury and Patient Complication

Nursing Workload Influence on Nurses Job Injury and Patient Complication

산재근로자 특성별 직업복귀와 재활서비스 간의 연관 패턴 분석: 2018-2020년 행정데이터를 중심으로

This study investigated the association between injured workers’ RTW and occupational rehabilitation in South Korea. Two hundred and ninety individuals with occupational injuries from 2018 to 2020 were analyzed using the cluster analysis and pattern analysis
 methods to identify their characteristics and significant correlations regarding the combination of rehabilitation services contributing to injured workers’ RTW within each cluster. The study unveiled crucial findings. Firstly, rehabilitation services significantly enhanced successful RTW across all clusters. Particularly, for workers under unstable and precarious employment, these services facilitated their transition into a stable institutional framework, resulting in positive labor market reintegration. Secondly, differences in rehabilitation service patterns were found to be contingent on the types of accident-related and illness-related injuries. Thirdly, rehabilitation services for occupational injuries were categorized into three groups based on usage frequency and identified association patterns. Finally, the provision of occupational injury rehabilitation services tended to lean heavily towards a one-dimensional model, primarily involving singular relationships between operating institutions or individual professionals and workers. This structure emphasized a more limited scope, lacking broader systemic involvement or multidimensional approaches.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLNESS AMONG HEALTHCARE EMPLOYEES

The aim of the work is to characterize and assess the state of health of health care workers and to find out which diseases are most common among health care workers and which list of diseases requires treatment on the basis of social health insurance.
 Materials and methods. In the course of the research, 550 health care workers were interviewed and surveyed regarding the feasibility of implementing social insurance for health care workers in the city of Kyiv and medical and preventive institutions in the Kyiv region. Evaluating the classification of commercial and social insurance in Ukraine, the authors noted that 9% of them do not support any type of insurance at all, 5% support commercial insurance, and 85% support social insurance, 1% refrained from answering.
 The results. As of January 1, 2022, the number of insured persons in the Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine was 4,236,285, of which: legal entities – 2,548,964, individuals – 1,714,321, voluntarily insured persons – 52. In 2021, the fund's income amounted to UAH 17,753.1 million, or 99.3% of the plan, including insurance contributions of policyholders and insured persons – UAH 16,858.8 million, which is 99.2% of the plan [1].
 The article provides a thorough characterization of statistical information, which includes the processing of the primary documents "Occupational Disease Record Card (Occupational Injury)", compiled for all cases of occupational diseases first detected and registered in Ukraine for the specified years; conducted questionnaires and interviews of health care workers (employees of health care institutions in the city of Kyiv and Kyiv, Khmelnytskyi, Odesa, Cherkasy, and Sumy regions).
 The number of appeals for qualified specialized medical care and issuance of disability certificates was studied. The formation of occupational diseases of health care workers was also determined and their statistical information was provided.
 Conclusions. For the high-quality functioning of the health care sector and the reduction of mortality among medical workers, it is necessary to implement the proposed model of social insurance for health care workers. It is this kind of insurance that will ensure the proper life of health care workers, preserve and restore their working capacity, reduce the rate of deaths among them with a low financial loss for them and their family members.

ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF VIRAL INJURIES THE WAYS OF YOGO'S DEGRADATION IN CURRENT REALITIES

In the presented work, an analysis of industrial injuries in recent years was carried out, taking into account the peculiarities of the modern period. The relevance of this work is due to the high level of industrial injuries and occupational diseases in Ukraine compared to the industrialized countries of the European Union. Data are given on the dynamics of the causes of accidents for the period from 2015 to 2022, taking into account changes in the classification of causes. The most injury-prone sectors of the economy in the above-mentioned period were considered and measures to reduce industrial injuries were proposed. Data for the study were taken from open sources of information. The analysis of the obtained results showed an unchanged leading position in the considered period of the organizational causes of accidents, despite the introduction of the fourth group of causes into the classifier. According to the results of the study, it was shown that the introduction of the fourth group of causes of accidents has an appropriate rationale, established patterns regarding the most trauma-hazardous branches of the economy in the years under review, and determined a low motivational component of occupational safety, which determines the predominance of organizational causes of industrial injuries. It was established that the reduction of industrial injuries is impossible without teaching occupational safety issues in higher education institutions by future heads of structural units and leading specialists. The need to improve occupational health and safety training for employees at all levels, as well as the use of mandatory professional selection and more thorough control over periodic preventive medical examinations, was noted.

Overview of Occupational Injuries Among Registered Nurses in Washington State, 2007 to 2019.

Registered nurses (RNs) represent the largest segment of the health care workforce and have unique job demands and occupational health considerations. The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence, cost, and causes of occupational injuries among RNs in Washington State and to quantify the cumulative cost and burden of each type of injury, relative to all injuries among RNs. Annual injury claims data covered under Washington State workers' compensation (WC) fund were analyzed over a 13-year period (2007-2019). Annual mean incidence and cost of injuries were calculated and stratified by nature, source, and event/exposure. Negative binomial regression models were used to examine trends in injury incidence over time, for injury incidence overall, and by the most common injury classifications. Between 2007 and 2019, 10,839 WC claims were filed and accepted for Washington State RNs (annual M = 834), totaling more than US$65 million. No significant trend in overall injury incidence was observed (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.94, 1.05]). The most common injury exposures were bodily reaction and exertion, contact with objects and equipment, falls, and assaults and violent acts. To our knowledge, this is the first broad study of the incidence and costs of occupational injuries among RNs across all workplace settings. We identified high-cost, high-frequency incidence rates of musculoskeletal, sharp, and violence-related occupational injury claims, highlighting intervention targets. Implications for Occupational Health Practice: Policy makers, health systems, and occupational health nurse leaders can use this information to identify priority areas where evidence-based occupational health and prevention programs are most needed.

Occupational accidents and injuries: clinical experiences of a tertiary hospital

Aims: Occupational accidents are a significant public health problem due to mortality and morbidity. This study aims to examine the patients who applied to the emergency department due to occupational accidents and their clinical outcomes. Methods: In this retrospective, descriptive, and cross-sectional study, patients older than 18 who applied to the emergency service of Samsun University Samsun Training and Research Hospital due to a work accident between January 1, 2020, and January 1, 2023, were included. Data such as the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, the mechanisms of the accidents, the season of the occupational accident, the injured anatomical regions of the patients, the clinical conditions requiring hospitalization, the hospitalized clinic, and whether mortality has developed or not recorded. Results: Two hundred seventy patients were included in the study. 94.1% of the patients were male. There was no difference in age between men and women. Falling was the most common injury mechanism (49.3%). Extremity injuries were the most frequently injured anatomical location (51.8%). It was observed that occupational accidents occurred most frequently in summer (33.7%). Mortality developed in 2.6% (n=7) of the patients. It was determined that mortality did not develop in any of the patients admitted to the service, and the mortality rate was 13.6 % (6/44) among the patients who required intensive care treatment. Conclusion: In this study, we determined that the injuries due to occupational accidents are primarily male and occur during the summer and fall seasons, orthopedic injuries occur more frequently, and the clinical follow-up style is essential in the outcome. The data obtained will guide the determination of the measures that can be taken to improve occupational safety.

Predictors of musculoskeletal disorders and job satisfaction among office workers of an oil company: A cross-sectional study in Iran.

Musculoskeletal disorders are among the significant causes of disabilities and occupational injuries all over the world and can reduce the quality of life and job satisfaction. These disorders prevail among the office workers of the Iranian Oil Company, though research on the involved factors is limited. The present study investigated the incidence and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders and their association with job satisfaction among the office workers of the Iranian Oil Company. The present research was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study on 210 male office workers of the Iranian Oil Company. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the rate of job satisfaction were measured by Nordic Musculoskeletal and Minnesota job Satisfaction Questionnaires, respectively. The relationship between the variables was analyzed by the SPSS 28 software. The most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders among office workers in the past 12 months were associated with the neck, waist, and knee organs, with 45.70, 41, and 38.10 percentages. Smoking, second jobs, and physical injury histories were identified as three risk factors connected to musculoskeletal disorders (p < 0.05). Forty-one percent of the participants were moderately satisfied with their jobs, and this number was significantly related to musculoskeletal disorders in the shoulders, elbows, back, waist, and knees (p < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that second jobs, smoking, and physical injury histories are three risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among office workers of the Iranian Oil Company. Thus, it is imperative to identify at-risk office workers and train and encourage them to take preventive actions and employ ergonomic job equipment.

Remote behavior audit of hazardous activitiesand conditions in the oil and gas industry during video monitoring

The article discusses the problem of implementing a behavior safety audit, which is an effective tool for preventing industrial injuries and the basis for creating a behavioral model of workers. The article describes the behavior safety audit aimed to identify unsafe worker actions and hazardous work conditions at hazardous production facilities in the oil and gas industry. The possibility of conducting a behavioral safety audit is substantiated based on the analysis of video recordings of work at hazardous production facilities during drilling operations, underground and major well repairs. The study suggests conducting the remote behavior safety audit of “hazardous actions” and “hazardous conditions” in order to identify and prevent possible dangerous situations when performing standard and high-risk works. Flowcharts of the sequence of remote behavior safety audits of “hazardous actions” and “hazardous conditions” are presented.

Navigating the Path to Recovery: A Scoping Review of Return to Work Program for Manufacture Workers After Occupational Injury

Introduction: Workplace accidents in the manufacturing industry may significantly affect both a worker's capacity to return to work and their general well-being. Effective return-to-work programs may help disabled workers rehabilitate. The present scoping review endeavors to scrutinize the extant body of literature pertaining to Return to Work programs tailored specifically for individuals employed in the manufacturing industry who have experienced occupational injuries. Methods: A comprehensive exploration was conducted across various scholarly databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search technique includes return-to-work, occupational injury, and manufacturing keywords. Inclusion criteria were used to screen studies. Results: A total of 5 studies were included in the final analysis, representing a range of program types, implementation strategies, and evaluation methods. The results of this review suggest that return-to-work programs can be effective in facilitating workers' return to work after occupational injury and promoting positive health outcomes. Key program components identified as contributing to program effectiveness included workplace accommodations, early return-to-work programs, and rehabilitation services. Conclusion: This scoping review emphasizes the necessity of return-to-work programs for wounded manufacturing employees. The findings of this comprehensive review indicate that return-to-work programs when meticulously crafted and effectively executed, possess the capacity to assume a pivotal function in facilitating the reintegration of injured workers into the workforce, while concurrently enhancing their holistic health outcomes. Additional investigation is warranted to enhance comprehension of the precise constituents of a program that contribute to its triumph and to delve into the efficacy of diverse implementation methodologies.

RISK-BASED APPROACH WHEN SELECTING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR WORKERS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

With the high risk of injury in the oil industry, worker safety is of paramount importance. Personal protective equipment (PPE) plays a critical role in worker protecting from various occupational hazards.Since September 1, 2023, according to the Order of the Ministry of Labor, uniform standard rules using a risk-based approach when issuing personal protective equipment were introduced,. If previously PPE was issued according to uniform standard rules, now standards drawing up will consist of two stages:- selection based on the employee’s position/profession;- selection based on risks at a given workplace.But how to do this and is the risk-based approach effective? Why is the selection of workwear based on anthropometric data very effective and will reduce the risk of injury and increase performance? By adopting a risk-based approach to the PPE selection process, the quality and safety of work can be significantly improved. This paper examines the benefits of using a risk-based approach and its role in occupational safety when choosing PPE.

THE MEDICOLEGAL EVALUATION OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURY CASES APPLIED TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT OF CUMHURIYET UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Work accidents are of great concern to society because they directly affect the health and life of workers and the production process of the enterprise, as well as creating significant social and economic costs for workers, employers, the country's economy and society. In this study, the total of 1.048 occupational injury cases who applied to Emergency Department of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine between 2011-2015 was evaluated. &#x0D; In this study; frequency, chi-square and percentage tests were used in the analysis of data. 1.034 (98.7%) of the cases was male and the rest was female. The cases were more often between the ages of 25-34 (36.2%). 64.2% of applications to emergency were occured between 08:01-17:00. The accidents were more often at metal/machine industry (20.8%). It was seen that it was not mentioned whether the injuries could be resolved with simple medical intervention in 84.4% of the reports. There wasn’t an alcohol evaluation at most (92%) of the cases. Most of the injuries were located at upper extremity (39.6%). The most observed lesion was soft tissue damage (35.3%). 624 of the cases (59.6%) were discharged after treatment in emergency department. It was determined that the number of cases applied to the Department of Forensic Medicine by the prosecutor's office or court decision after occupational accident was 29 (2.8%); in 79.3% of cases, the injuries could be resolved with simple medical intervention; in 24.1%, there was life-threatening; in 3.4%, there was declining function; in 6.9%, there was loss of function. &#x0D; Inadequacies in the writing of forensic reports will cause serious legal problems. In addition, it was concluded that it is important to raise awareness for all healthcare personnel, especially emergency physicians, and to provide up-to-date training for forensic case reporting and proper-complete preparation of forensic reports.

IMPROVEMENT OF LABOR PROTECTION AND SAFETY AT THE ENTERPRISES OF THE WEST SIBERIAN OIL AND GAS COMPLEX IN 1964-1991

The article discusses the development of the labor protection system in the health care of the Tyumen region in the context of creating the oil and gas industry. The stages of improving occupational health and safety, as components of the preventive direction of Soviet health care, are analyzed. The reasons for the high level of injuries at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry in the region are identified and justified, the types of occupational injuries are considered. Based on the study, the author concludes that in the Tyumen region, in the conditions of lack of funds and people, despite the targeted and systematic implementation of labor protection measures, the reduction of injuries and the incidence of illness among workers was extremely slow. These indicators were significantly higher than those for the Russian Federation and existing planned standards. The study of occupational safety and health at the enterprises of the WSOGC of the period under review multiplies the number of scientific problems studied, deepens knowledge on the history of health care in the Tyumen region. The materials of the article can be useful for conducting research on the history of Siberia, for developing independent special courses, as additional material for reading courses on History of the industry or region.

Methodological Approach to the Analysis and Assessment of Professional Risks

An analysis implementing the requirements of regulatory legal acts on the assessment of professional risks was carried out. It is noted that the current regulatory legal acts regulate various approaches and methods of defining the same concept: the professional risk of an employee. The authors of the article propose a methodological approach to assessing occupational risks, which allows developing specific measures to prevent occupational injuries, occupational diseases and introducing an effective risk management system at enterprises. The proposed methodological approach is a combination of expert, probabilistic and statistical research methods of identifying potential hazards, analyzing their sources and establishing a set of criterion parameters and their values for risk assessment. The article presents the results of studying and assessing professional risks carried out for an organization performing non-destructive testing work on the main pipeline transporting oil and oil products. Multifactorial models are presented for determining the danger of falling of defect evaluators at the workplace and severity of the consequences of implementing hazards.

Legal support of labor protection standards under martial law

Purpose. To study the peculiarities of legal provision of labor protection issues in crisis conditions, in particular in conditions of military operations, to propose conditions-indicators and additions to legislative provisions for the improvement of legal regulation in this area and harmonization of the labor law norms introduced during the war with the existing norms of legislation. Methodology. General and special methods of cognition are used: content analysis – to establish that even indirect influence of military actions is a significant factor in industrial injuries; formal-legal method – to substantiate the need to take into account impact of complex risks on employees’ life and health; special-legal method – to propose proactive approach and system of local regulatory acts; logical generalization – to establish that military actions cause new grounds for the employer’s legal responsibility. Findings. It is indicated that peculiarities of legal provision of labor protection issues in the conditions of martial law require the introduction of changes and additions. It is indicated that the influence of complex risks in cases of threats to employees, which include industrial and military circumstances, needs legal clarification. The legal substantiation for the need to take into account the impact of complex risks in case of industrial injury cases is provided. Legal tools for assessing impact of complex risks, in particular re-certification of workplaces, are proposed. Originality. A proactive approach is proposed for leveling consequences of risks to working conditions by preparing employees for possible threats by implementing systematic, echeloned labor protection policy. The system of local normative acts of the enterprise should be the instrument of this policy. Indicator conditions and additions to legislative provisions are proposed. Practical value. The developed recommendations will contribute to the legal regulation of labor protection and the harmonization of new norms of labor law with the existing norms of legislation in the field of labor protection.

Injury as a Threat To Health, Experiences of Falling From Trees in Farmers: A Qualitative Study

Background: Falling is a significant cause of occupational injuries and fatalities among farmers, and falling from trees is one of the most common causes of injury resulting in a high number of visits to health centers. Despite this, there is limited evidence on the factors associated with falling from walnut trees. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to falling from walnut trees from the perspective of farmers and farmworkers. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 farmers and farmworkers who had experienced falling from walnut trees as recorded in the National Accidents Record Program from September to October 2017 in Tuyserkan county, Iran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Moreover, data rigor was ensured through participant and external checks. All interviews were recorded and analyzed using content analysis methods. Results: Data analysis led to the extraction of six themes, including psychological factors, physical factors, behavioral and habitual factors, economic factors, factors related to walnut trees, and atmospheric agents, along with 18 subthemes for behavioral, human, and environmental factors. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that with appropriate interventions and training, farmers and farmworkers can be guided and assisted so as to prevent the occurrence of falling from walnut trees. In addition to educational interventions, health promotion measures such as providing safety equipment and insurance coverage can be essential in reducing injuries.

Study of AEB and active seat belt on driver injury in vehicle–vehicle frontal oblique crash

The safety of vehicle occupants in oblique collision scenarios continues to pose challenges, even with the implementation of Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) systems. While AEB reduces collision risks, studies indicate it may heighten injury risks for out-of-position (OOP) occupants. To counteract this issue, the integration of active seat belts in vehicles equipped with AEB systems is recommended. Firstly, this study established an oblique angle collision scenario post-AEB activation using data from the Chinese National Automobile Accident In-depth Investigation System (NAIS) database, analyzed through Prescan software. The dynamic response of the vehicle was examined. Following this, finite element (FE) models were validated to assess the effects of collision overlap rate, AEB braking strategy, and active seat belt pre-tensioning on occupant injuries and kinematics. Under specific collision conditions, the impact of the timing and amount of seat belt pre-tensioning, as well as airbag deployment timing on occupant injuries, was also explored. Findings revealed that a 75% collision overlap rate significantly increases driver injury risk. Active seat belts effectively mitigate injuries caused by OOP statuses during AEB interventions, with the lowest Weighted Injury Criterion (WIC) observed at a pre-tensioning time of 200 ms for active seat belts. The study further suggests that optimal results in reducing occupant injuries are achieved when active pre-tensioning seat belts are complemented by appropriately timed airbag deployment.

The potential of exoskeletons in construction: barriers and challenges

Purpose Exoskeletons are moving into industries with the potential to reduce muscle strains and prevent occupational injuries. Although exoskeletons have been designed and tested in laboratory settings, rare empirical studies of their application in construction have been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study is on in a real-life setting testing the applicability of adopting exoskeletons in the construction industry. Design/methodology/approach A feasibility study of exoskeletons in construction is conducted by testing a passive exoskeleton, designed for shoulder support. Five bricklayers tested in a two-month period the exoskeleton, each wearing it for a three-day period while carrying out normal work activities. Test data in terms of interviews were collected and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings The application of exoskeletons in construction revealed several limitations, where the two primary ones are the exoskeleton is not designed while considering the tasks of a bricklayer causing several challenges and the exoskeleton only supports a single upward motion while limiting other movements and even counteracted when a downward movement was necessary. Originality/value The identified challenges could easily have been revealed by coupling the design and testing of exoskeletons to actual application. Thus, the design approach needs to be reversed. Instead of designing an exoskeleton to support a specific body part or motion and then identifying where it is applicable, it should target specific industries and focus on the actual work and movements and the necessary support. As part of the change, the design metrics should be reevaluated to reflect the work to support.

Organizational aspects of the sanatorium-resort treatment of victims at work: Using the example of Kuzbass

BACKGROUND: The problem of studying the organizational aspects in the medical and social rehabilitation of people of working age who suffer from industrial injuries and occupational diseases requires special consideration, since in modern conditions, the sociopolitical and socioeconomic cost of restoring labor losses is associated with the persistent loss of ability to work among qualified workers. One of the priority areas in the medical and social rehabilitation of victims is sanatorium-resort treatment.&#x0D; AIMS: To evaluate the organization of providing sanatorium-resort treatment to victims at work.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the official form of statistical observation of the activity of federal institutions of medical and social expertise № 7-sobes for 2022 in Kuzbass. The following methods were used: statistical analysis and content analysis of normative and methodological documents.&#x0D; RESULTS: According to the state form of statistical monitoring of the activities of federal institutions of medical and social examination № 7-social security for 2022 in Kuzbass, nearly all rehabilitation programs for victims contain medical rehabilitation measures — 24,452 (99.4%). Since the rehabilitation programs for victims include specific types, forms, and volumes of necessary rehabilitation measures that are optimal for the patients aimed at restoring and compensating for impaired body functions and restoring and compensating for the patient’s ability to carry out professional, household, and social activities, a typical list of services and measures of medical rehabilitation includes: medicines, 23,180 (94.3%); spa treatment, 21,127 (86.9%); and provision of medical products, 14,573 (61.8%). The most popular services for the medical rehabilitation of victims are sanatorium and resort services.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The organizational algorithm for providing sanatorium-resort treatment to victims at work begins with the selection of organizations that provide sanatorium-resort treatment services. The selection is made by the regional branches of the fund on a competitive basis in accordance with the current legislation in the field of public procurement. The main organizational mechanism is implemented within the framework of interdepartmental interaction between three departments: healthcare (medical organizations), federal institutions of the medical and social expertise, and territorial departments of the Social Fund of Russia.

Do safety management system standards indicate safer operations? Evidence from the OHSAS 18001 occupational health and safety standard

Problem definitionGiven the enormous disruptions and costs of occupational injuries, companies and buyers are increasingly looking to voluntary occupational health and safety standards to improve worker safety. Yet because these standards only require implementing certain processes and procedures, it is largely unknown whether certification actually conveys superior safety performance. We examine this relationship in the context of the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management system standard. Methodology/resultsWe analyze proprietary certification data over 1995 to 2016 from some of the world’s largest certification bodies and establishment-level injury data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, and find that U.S. establishments certified to OHSAS 18001 tend to be safer workplaces. OHSAS 18001 attracts establishments with fewer injury and illness cases than comparable establishments (a selection effect). Using propensity score matching and a difference-in-differences approach, we estimate that OHSAS 18001 certification reduces the total number of illness and injury cases by 20 percent and illness and injury cases associated with job transfers or restrictions by 24 percent. Managerial implicationsOur results indicate that becoming certified to a safety management standard can lead to meaningful improvements in workplace safety, and that OHSAS 18001 certification is a credible indicator of superior average safety performance, an important insight for buyers and suppliers. Given that OHSAS 18001 is the basis for the newer ISO 45001 standard that has quickly become the world’s third-most popular management system standard, this study provides promising evidence that ISO 45001 will also prove effective in distinguishing safer workplaces.

Exploring differences in injury severity between occupant groups involved in fatal rear-end crashes: a correlated random parameter logit model with mean heterogeneity

ABSTRACT Rear-end crashes are one of the most common crash types. Passenger cars involved in rear-end crashes frequently produce severe outcomes. However, no study investigated the differences in the injury severity of occupant groups when cars are involved as following and leading vehicles in rear-end crashes. Therefore, the focus of this investigation is to compare the key factors affecting the injury severity between the front- and rear-car occupant groups in rear-end crashes. First, data is extracted from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) for two types of rear-end crashes, including passenger cars as rear-end and rear-ended vehicles. Significant injury severity difference between front- and rear-car occupant groups is found by conducting likelihood ratio test. Moreover, the front- and rear-car occupant groups are modeled by the correlated random parameter logit model with heterogeneity in means (CRPLHM) and the random parameter logit model with heterogeneity in means (RPLHM), respectively. This study provides an insightful knowledge of mechanism of occupant injury severity in rear-end crashes.