Industrial Heritage Sites Research Articles

Industrial heritage, different social powers and public policy in East Asia: a comparison of typical cases in China and Japan

East Asian countries frequently consider how to balance diversified social power relations through policy formulation and implementation when developing public policies on industrial heritage. In terms of industrial heritage transformation and renewal, the Chinese and Japanese governments have developed two distinct models. In general, the Chinese government favors real estate projects, whereas Japan favors tourism projects. However, the examples used in this article, Hanyang Steel Factory and Tomioka Silk Mill, demonstrate a more complicated situation. First, these two cases can be viewed as two distinct cultural markets cultivated under the leadership of the government. From the perspective of policy design, although both are in line with their respective national conditions, each has its own advantages and disadvantages, requiring the continuous optimization of preservation policy. Second, the responsibilities that the government should bear in the process of transforming industrial heritage sites should have boundaries, and there should be closer cooperation between the government and the private sector. Finally, there is a similarity between the two models: worker gentrification has not been achieved through the transformation of industrial heritage, and the loss of local workers from the community will hinder the sustainability of the inheritance and dissemination of regional industrial culture.

Heritage conservation as a territorialised urban strategy: conservative reuse of socialist industrial heritage in China

ABSTRACT Industrial heritage conservative reuse has become a territorialised urban strategy in China’s recent urban regeneration programmes in which the local state mobilises appropriate property market participants. The spatialised interpretation of two socialist industrial heritage sites in Hangzhou reveals that industrial heritage conservation has been undertaken as property commodity development with built environment enhancement and economic rewards as priorities. Cultural values and social narratives have yet to be reconstructed to play critical roles in the territorialisation of industrial heritage. Anticipated community engagement and non-state interests’ bargaining power have been restrained by the state who exerts vigilance against social unrest that could be brought by heritage conservation.

‘The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales’ — A New Industrial World Heritage Site

ABSTRACT UNESCO’s inscription of ‘The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales’ as a World Heritage Site in 2021 added for the first time a cultural landscape of quarrying to the World Heritage list, the culmination of a 12-year bid process for Gwynedd Council as the promoting local authority. Its six Component Parts exhibit clear visual and functional relationships with the wider landscape of Snowdonia and the sea, but also significant differences in terms of extraction, processing, workers’ settlements and transport. These were described and analysed in a well-produced dossier informed by a comprehensive comparative study, which set out how Wales’ robust systems of landscape protection ensured their effective management, and made clear the strong political, business and community support which the bid enjoyed, based on clear goals and ambitions. Inscription makes clear that there is a strong case for other globally significant quarrying landscapes to become World Heritage Sites.

ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫЕ ОБЪЕКТЫ КАК ЧАСТЬ КУЛЬТУРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ

This article examines the relevance of studying, preserving and classifying industrial objects in the context of industrial heritage as a part of a cultural and historical thing. A number of classifications of industrial heritage by functional and typical features are considered, and the author also proposes a classification based on the principle of preservation and historical and cultural value. The author considers the world's experience in using industrial heritage sites as museums.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ТУРИЗМА В ЧЕБОКСАРСКОМ ГОРОДСКОМ ОКРУГЕ

The Cheboksary city district has a good tourist and geographical position. The city is situated on inter-regional tourist routes (river cruises, car routes) and neighbors large agglomerations of the region. All this can help attract a significant number of tourists. Yet, natural-historical and cultural resources are inexpressive, and, therefore, the city has an insignificant tourist and recreational base. The main region’s attraction is the ethnic culture of the Chuvash people. However, it is strongly deformed, there was no component of urban architecture in it and this component is almost absent at present. It appears that a new focus on industrial tourism, based on the production system of the city, will make it possible to attract tourists to Cheboksary. Industrial tourism is a new direction of tourism and it has been included in the list of tourist services in Russia relatively recently. For this reason, industrial tourism as a phenomenon has been little researched and this study is the first to consider it from the given perspective. The purpose of our research is to analyze the possibilities of the industrial (production) system of the Cheboksary urban district in terms of the development of industrial tourism. The economic entities of the city were assessed on the basis of existing GOSTs and standards enshrined in regulatory legal acts. The city has industrial heritage sites represented by ‘industrial’ museums. Among the most famous ones is the unique Scientific and Technical Museum of the Tractor History of the Tractor Plants Concern. On the territory of the city, there are specialized exhibitions of science and technology. The development of a relatively new tourism direction requires significant material expenditures not only from the owners of industrial enterprises but also from the city authorities. It is necessary to develop and implement in municipal government bodies an appropriate organizational and legal structure that would provide organizational, methodological, technological, and material assistance in the creation and promotion of production-tourist-excursion products. Industrial tourism is undoubtedly possible, but for now on a small-scale basis, and mainly for solving the image problems.

Terkedilmiş Endüstriyel Alanların Kültürel Peyzaja Kazandırılması

18. yy başlarında buhar gücünün bulunması ve özellikle de buharlı trenlerin kullanıma geçmesi ile yani teknolojik yenilikler nedeniyle bir devrim yaşanmıştır. Özellikle kentlerin üretim merkezleri olan endüstriyel alanlarda hacim, konum, kapasite, iş gücü, ulaşım ve alt yapı gibi konularda değişimler olmuş, kentlerde büyük ölçekli yapılı alanlar gelişmiştir. Teknolojideki hızlı değişim, kentlerdeki yoğunluk ve genişleme nedenleri ile geçmişin kent çeperlerindeki endüstri alanları kent merkezlerinde kalmış, öz işlerini gerçekleştiremedikleri noktada da atıl bir görünüm sergilemeye devam etmektedir. Öte yandan geçmişten günümüze süregelen bu yapılar kent mekanının ve kent hafızasının da bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle endüstriyel miras alanlarının kültürel peyzaj kapsamında değerlendirilmesi durumu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında endüstriyel miras ve kültürel peyzaj kavramları açıklanmış ve bu kavramların birbirleri ile olan ilişkileri literatür taraması ve tartışma yöntemi ile ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. endüstri mirasının kültürel peyzaja kazandırılmasındaki esasların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan literatür çalışmasında terkedilmiş endüstriyel alanların dönüştürülmesinde izlenecek stratejilerin farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. İlgili çalışmaların incelenmesi sonucunda, seçilen fenomenolojik yaklaşım, çok kriterli karar verme yöntemi ve doku nakli yöntemleri incelenmiş, birbirleri ile ortak noktaları veya farklılıkları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Endüstri miras alanı dönüşüm stratejilerinin belirlenmesinde dikkate alınması gereken önemli parametrelerden biri mekânsal planlama ve tasarım kararlarının kentin fiziksel gelişme ve yayılma politikalarıyla entegre olacak şekilde alınması olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu parametreler ışığında endüstri mirasının Dünya ve Türkiye örnekleri incelenerek değerlendirmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Adaptive reuse of factory chimneys – industrial heritage symbols and urban landmarks

Industrial heritage buildings and sites are seen as an important part of urban regeneration and sustainable development strategies over the last two decades for a number of reasons. Of particular note is the genius loci that accompanies them, but also the potential to attract artists and creative industries. In this sense, factory chimneys are a strong visual element and also an important symbol. At the same time, thanks to their distinctive proportions, they have also become an unmissable part of the urban structure of cities, in which they can assume a compositional and orienting role (a landmark), comparable with church spires or belfries with all due respect. In order to design adaptive reuse of the chimney, it is therefore necessary to place it in a context that is not only spatial but also symbolic, both in relation to its immediate surroundings and in a wider context. Often, however, the subject of the new use of the chimney is only raised when at least the material context of the chimney was irreversibly altered; in extreme situations, the chimney is the only surviving element of the original structure. However, the lost authenticity – the originality of the preserved building structure or technological flow – also opens up new meanings and other possibilities for the use of a solitary chimney in a transformed environment. The contribution introduces adaptive reuse possibilities of the industrial chimneys within the sustainable urban development, considering both industrial heritage values and specific chimney construction limits.

The Potential for Industrial Tourism Development in Ukraine: Kryvyi Rih Case Study

The aim of the article is to investigate the industrial tourist potential of the city of Kryvyi Rih based on the identification and description of its industrial heritage. The potential for industrial tourism development in Kryvyi Rih as a city with a powerful base of active industrial facilities and heritage sites is revealed. Attention is focused on the importance and necessity of using its this potential for tourism development by declaring this goal in medium and long-term development programs and strategies. Examples of using the city’s industrial heritage as tourist attractions are given. Problems and prospective directions for industrial tourism development in Kryvyi Rih are highlighted.

Experiencing authenticity to environmentally responsible behavior: Assessing the effects of perceived value, tourist emotion, and recollection on industrial heritage tourism.

As an important part of cultural heritage, industrial heritage has important cultural, historical and economic values. There are many studies on authentic experience in industrial heritage sites, but the studies on responsible behavior of authentic experience to environment of industrial heritages are still lacking. Therefore, this study takes Nanjing Quarry Park as the research object and S-O-R theory as the theoretical basis, after combing the literature on five aspects of authentic experience, perceived value, emotion, tourists' recollection and environmentally responsible behavior, the authors made questionnaires and conducted field research, the authentic data of tourists' authentic experience in Nanjing Quarry Park were obtained by questionnaire and analyzed, and the research model of responsible environmental behavior of authentic experience in industrial heritage scenic spots was constructed. In conclusion, this study found that authentic experience and perceived value can induce positive and negative emotions in tourists, and then produce memories, and act on environmentally responsible behavior. Emotion plays a part of mediating role in authentic experience, perceived value, recollection and environmentally responsible behavior. Positive emotion and perceived value have significant positive effects on recollection and tourists' responsible behavior, while negative emotion and perceived value have significant negative effects on recollection, there was no significant negative effect on responsible behavior of environment. Authentic experience is an important antecedent of emotion.

A study of the affective motives of city industrial heritage tourists: a case study from Tianjin, China

ABSTRACT Tourism is an important way that industrial heritage can be utilised. Tourism can reduce the economic pressure on the government, allowing it to preserve industrial heritage. The motivation of industrial heritage tourists remains under-researched, and in particular the affective motives. As a result, the development model of industrial heritage tourism in China cannot meet tourists' needs. This study therefore constructs and verifies a measurement model of industrial heritage tourists' affective motives, focusing on the Tianjin Industrial Heritage Site. A quantitative evaluation of tourists' affective motives for visiting the case site is conducted using questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews. Both the surveys and interviews used two dimensions of egoistic and altruistic affective motives. The altruistic affective motives of the industrial heritage tourists were generally stronger than their egoistic affective motives. Patriotism was the strongest affective motive and nostalgia the weakest. There were significant differences in the affective motives associated with different types of industrial heritage and tourists with different demographic characteristics.

Identification of determinants during the registration process of industrial heritage using a regression analysis

• Industrial sites are evaluated based on 22 distinct criteria under 6 main topics. • Detailed building characteristics are investigated. • Logistic regression applications are implemented to industrial heritage registration decisions. • Factors affecting registration status of industrial sites are quantified. • Regression analysis is an efficient method to criticize previous registration decisions. Due to technological developments, abandoned and damaged Industrial sites in Europe underwent a rapid transformation after World War II. As a reaction to losing these cultural values, the idea of valuing these industrial sites as the heritage of the Industrial Revolution was introduced in the 1950s. Since then, many studies have been conducted on preserving the industrial heritage. In these theoretical and empirical studies, we observe a lack of objective criteria and systematic methodology for identifying a given industrial site as heritage. There are differences in the perceptions of stakeholders, policymakers, and experts about industrial heritage in different countries. This study aims to identify the effective determinants of the registration decisions of industrial heritage sites in Turkey that were previously evaluated for registration. In this study, Ottoman Royal Factories from the 19th century and some important factories of the Early Turkish Republican Era in the first half of the 20th century are investigated, collecting characteristics of a total of 215 buildings from 12 industrial sites in Istanbul, Kocaeli, and Bursa provinces in Turkey. These industrial sites are evaluated based on 22 socio-cultural, architectural, structural, and industrial criteria. A binary logistic regression modeling approach is implemented to identify influential factors in the registration decisions of industrial heritages. Our regression model results reveal that building-specific factors like view, period, uniqueness, reflections of its period, and economic potential play an important role in registration decisions.

Typology, Preservation, and Regeneration of the Post-1949 Industrial Heritage in China: A Case Study of Shanghai

Industrial heritage is one of the most neglected types of cultural heritage and urban landscape, often being vulnerable to rather than blessed by urban (re)development. China is confronting an unprecedentedly intensive challenge of preserving industrial heritage, as the country has rapidly shifted towards post-industrialization only several years after being recognized as the “world’s factory” in the 21st century. However, none of the existing literature has systematically investigated the typology and preservation of China’s post-1949 industrial heritage. This research selects Shanghai—the largest metropolis and a prime industrial hub in China— for the case study, and examines 83 accredited modern industrial heritage sites in the city through typological analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, and GIS spatial analysis. Two principal findings are identified. First, there is a diverse range of the post-1949 industrial heritage in China, by industries, time, and spatial forms. Particularly the industrial block—where industrial development is intermingled with the surrounding urban fabric—is the dominant spatial type. Second, the preservation and regeneration of China’s post-1949 industrial heritage in the suburbs are substantially more complex and more threatened than those in the inner city. This study concludes by providing implications for enhanced management and investigation of China’s post-1949 industrial heritage preservation and regeneration.

Superimposed Renewal of Industrial Heritage under the Guidance of Low Maintenance and Sustainability—Renewal of Refinery Site in Jinan Tianhong Community

The renewal of industrial heritage is a long process. With the development of society, a single form of renewal can no longer meet the needs of the public and environment in China. In the case that a large number of industrial heritage sites require secondary renewal, it becomes an urgent issue to consider how to achieve sustainability in the process of superimposed renewal, reduce the amount of future renewal changes, and at the same time realize economic and environmental friendliness, reduce maintenance costs, achieve cyclic spontaneous renewal, and ensure the feasibility, variability and growth of the reserved renewal. Jinan Tianhong Community Refinery Industrial Heritage Park was selected as the case study in this paper based on the theory of low maintenance to explore the strategy of superimposed renewal under the guidance of low maintenance and sustainability-oriented superimposed design in the social process; thus, the design of the secondary renewal of industrial heritage can create an eco-friendly space for activities from an ecological perspective, so as to achieve low-maintenance, low-intervention and sustainable industrial heritage renewal in the long-term.

The de-industrialisation discourse and the loss of modern industrial heritage in the Arab world: Jordan as a case study

PurposeIndustrial heritage is considered an essential part of cultural heritage in the world. This heritage suffers from continued marginalisation in the Arab world, particularly in Jordan, where many industrial heritage sites have not been protected or studied well due to the lack of a clear definition of cultural heritage. Most of these sites, built in the 20th century, are gradually disappearing or scheduled for demolition. This paper explores the de-industrialisation discourse and the loss of modern industrial heritage in the Arab world, especially in Jordan.Design/methodology/approachThis research investigates the modern industrial heritage in Jordan as a case study in the Arab world. A comprehensive understanding of the industrial heritage has been obtained by adopting a case study approach and using a reconnaissance survey of potential industrial heritage sites in Jordan.FindingsSeven categories were used in the analysis of the de-industrialisation phenomenon of heritage sites: ownership, location, design and types; structure, significance, deterioration and physical condition and conservation attempts and alterations. Three main approaches to industrial heritage were identified: demolition, occasional maintenance and rare examples of conservation and adaptive reuse.Research limitations/implicationsThis study sheds light on the ownership issue of industrial structures in Jordan and invites policymakers, relevant authorities, private organisations and the public to consider the challenges and impact of de-industrialisation of such sites.Originality/valueThis research raises awareness of the de-industrialisation discourse, and highlights the value of industrial architecture dating back to the modernity period, which was short-lived in Jordan. It also calls for serious consideration of these sites to support sustainable development in the Arab World.

The Guidance and Control of Urban Planning for Reuse of Industrial Heritage: A Study of Nanjing

Industrial heritage is among the products of modern urban development, and the influencing factors of its regeneration and development are often complex. Due to different national conditions, the research progress and approaches in industrial heritage reuse in China are different from other countries. While industrial heritage sites in Europe have become part of urban redevelopment in several regions, China still focuses mostly on single objects, lacking systematic analysis, especially at the urban scale. Regarding the city of Nanjing, an operational approach to complex urban dynamics is proposed based on a simplified analysis of official statistics, maps and GIS technology. The influence mechanisms of Nanjing’s urban planning on industrial heritage regeneration and development after 1990 are analyzed. The results show that urban growth boundaries, traffic accessibility, eco-environmental policies, population distribution, industrial renovation investment and natural resource change all have a significant impact on the abandonment and regeneration of Nanjing industrial heritage. This study expands the research perspective of industrial heritage reuse in China and proposes a clearer systematic planning strategy for the future of industrial heritage in cities.

The Transformation Process of a Former Industrial Plant into an Industrial Heritage Tourist Site as Open Innovation

The study focused on the application of Open Innovations (OI) in industrial heritage tourist sites. The transformation of a former industrial plant into a tourist attraction is one of the most effective ways of heritage preservation. However the process of revitalization can take years or even decades, and guidelines set from experienced facilities that have already gone this path could be extremely valuable for regions aspiring to hold such sites in the future. The benefits would be mutual if the OI had an Outbound Pecuniary structure. Therefore the main goal of our study was to recognize the attitude of industrial heritage sites towards the concept of OI and sharing their experiences regarding revitalization and their business models. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on European Route of Industrial Heritage (ERIH) members. The results that were received from 70 sites show that a vast majority of the subjects are open to the idea of OI with no limitations coming from the type of ownership they have, nor from the sector a recipient of OI would be from. The benefits gained from OI to ERIH sites could have a potentially significant impact on their future development.

Choreography as a tool to understand architectural situatedness: a mediating intervention at Hiedanranta industrial heritage site, Finland

This contribution takes the notion of situated experience as a starting point for explorations in practices of moving and making. Striving to privilege embodied experience and situated meanings, this contribution presents an experimental educational project at a former industrial site in Finland. The on-site intervention has been developed by the Master of Architecture research and design studio ‘Transdisciplinary Encounter: Choreographing Architectural Values’ by combining philosophical reflections on the experience of place and situation with a practical perspective. Twenty-four students from the studio based at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) worked in a context that encompassed a former pulp factory and a manor house in Tampere, Finland. Engaging this urban site in the direct vicinity of forests and lakes, and foregrounding our bodies’ capacity to ‘make space’, the studio explored research and making methods derived from the field of dance and choreography, particularly focusing on the relationship between movement and ‘situatedness’.

New insight into human health risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on surfaces of buildings and facilities for industrial legacy regeneration

Although many industrial heritage sites have been repurposed into attractive landscapes, the contamination and health risks from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on industrial legacy surfaces remain unexplored. We collected 441wiping surface samples from 95 buildings and facilities at Beijing coking plant in China and found that the concentrations of 16 US EPA priority PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from ND-982.16 and ND-4262.20 mg/m2 on the surfaces of buildings and facilities, respectively. The main source of PAHs was the coking process, and spatial distribution of PAHs was consistent with ∑16PAHs in the soil. The carcinogenic risks of BaP, DBA, BbF, BaA, Ind of the facilities remained as industrial heritage relics, and those of Bap, DBA and BbF in the buildings with commercial uses exceeded the acceptable level (10−6). The hazard quotient of 9 PAHs was below the acceptable level (1.0). The remedial goals for BaP and DBA (0.11 mg/m2) and BbF, BaA and Ind (1.14 mg/m2) at the facility heritage relics were derived. Similarly, the RGs for the buildings with commercial uses of BaP, DBA and BbF were 0.16, 0.16, and 1.64 mg/m2, respectively. Overall, we determined that carcinogenic PAHs on the surfaces of industrial legacy should be regulated for regeneration.

Drawing spatial memories to life: mapping a Queensland heritage-listed woollen mill

ABSTRACT This article explores research methods around the generative process of remembering spaces. It discusses a participant’s extraordinary lists and drawings, ‘maps’ of factory layouts, created from memory, of an industrial heritage site, a woollen mill closed in 1971, situated in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. These methods investigate the conditions, and entanglements across time, that enable detailed recall. The paper considers both, methods in the present that create an affective resonance with the past; and types of experiences in the past creating detailed memories in the present. The findings offer a combination of ethnographic methods for accessing those memories by being in-situ with participants through interviews, drawings, site walkthroughs, photo-elicitation and a perspective of wayfaring. Thus, the article contributes to geographical methods research exploring the generative, iterative and affective productions of memory and place.

Analysis of spatial structure and influencing factors of the distribution of national industrial heritage sites in China based on mathematical calculations.

An in-depth analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics and overall pattern of industrial heritage sites in China provides not only a comprehensive understanding of the current status of industrial heritage but also a reference for its protection and ongoing utilization. A total of 170 industrial heritage sites that were included in the List of National Industrial Heritage of China were selected as the research objects. Their spatial structure characteristics were quantitatively analyzed based on a kernel density analysis of ArcGIS and imbalance and Gini coefficient index of function calculations. The results show that the distribution of industrial heritage sites in China presents a strong aggregation trend and a distribution pattern of four cores, six centers, and multiple scattered points. The distribution of industrial heritage sites in 34 administrative regions is extremely imbalanced. A total of 170 industrial heritage sites are distributed across 27 administrative regions; 52.35% are concentrated in the East and Southwest divisions. According to the index definitions, this research analyzed their influencing factors from perspectives of the natural and social environments. The results show that the industrial heritage sites in China are mainly distributed in traditional agricultural and commercial areas with rich natural or water transport resources. The current study of major historical events in modern China and the growth curve of industrial heritage concludes that China's industry has experienced five stages of development: Ancient, Beginning, Accelerated Development, Climax, and Slowdown. The geographical divisions and distribution of categories show colonial and socialist characteristics.