Industry Foundation Research Articles

3D object recognition using deep learning for automatically generating semantic BIM data

The successful reuse of Building Information Model (BIM) data is reliant on the use of clearly defined objects. File formats such as the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) along with classification systems offer approaches to standardising semantic BIM data. Inconsistent application of these standards during BIM authoring results in objects that are unable to be reused across systems. This research proposes a Machine Learning (ML) based alternative for detecting objects and enriching BIM data based on geometrical representations of objects to support interoperability across systems throughout the supply chain. First, an existing dataset of training and test data is modified to correspond with predefined data types from the IFC schema. Second, a convolutional deep belief network is implemented and applied on new testing data from the National BIM Library to identify 3D objects and enabling semantic enrichment of BIM data. Finally, the testing is extended to four real-world industry BIM models. The findings show that the geometric data from emerging BIM object libraries can be used to search and retrieve objects within industry BIM models based on geometric rather than semantic data.

An ontology‐based rule mapping approach for integrating IFC and CityGML

AbstractBuilding information modeling (BIM) and geographic information system (GIS) are often integrated to achieve more refined urban management. Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) are widely used standards in BIM and GIS. The main problem of the transformation of these two standards lies in the gap between them in geometry and semantics. This article introduces an ontology‐based rule mapping approach, achieving the transformation from IFC to CityGML through coordinate system conversion, geometric expression conversion, and semantic mapping. For semantic mapping, we have designed and established rules, enabling the effective mapping of the IFC model to the CityGML level of detail 0 (LOD0) to LOD4 model based on entities, appearance properties and building properties. To fully demonstrate the entire process, we give a detailed elaboration of the conversion of several IFC models.

BIM-LADM AMALGAMATION — A REVIEW

Abstract. This paper discussed two International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, namely, ISO 19152 – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and ISO 16739 – Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), to identify three-dimensional (3D) multi-floor building rights. These days, it is challenging to characterize all multifunctional structures due to the increase in complex buildings. High-rise building land and property information management is recommended through building information modeling (BIM). Countries like the Netherlands, Australia, and Turkey have considered adopting BIM for their land administration. A land administration standard, such as LADM, offers better legal and physical representation in identifying the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) of the spatial units and stakeholders. However, LADM falls short in representing all building elements, such as semantic information and invisible functional spaces. Hence, this paper reviews incorporating additional information from BIM to create a comprehensive three-dimensional building representation including legal information from LADM. Issues and challenges also being highlighted with some recommendations for possible future works.

CO2 utilization for methanol production: a review on the safety concerns and countermeasures.

The catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide is one of the important ways to achieve the goal of carbon neutralization, which can be further divided into electrocatalysis, thermal catalysis, and photocatalysis. Although photocatalysis and electrocatalysis have the advantages of mild reaction conditions and low energy consumption, the thermal catalytic conversion of CO2 has larger processing capacity, better reduction effect, and more complete industrial foundation, which is a promising technology in the future. During the development of new technology from laboratory to industrial application, ensuring the safety of production process is essential. In this work, safety optimization design of equipment, safety performance of catalysts, accident types, and their countermeasures in the industrial applications of CO2 to methanol are reviewed and discussed in depth. Based on that, future research demands for industrial process safety of CO2 to methanol were proposed, which provide guidance for the large-scale application of CO2 thermal catalytic conversion technology.

Pilot-scale acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation from corn stover

Biobutanol is an advanced biofuel that can be produced from excess lignocellulose via acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Although significant technological progress has been made in this field, attempts at large-scale lignocellulosic ABE production remain scarce. In this study, 1 m3 scale ABE fermentation was investigated using high inhibitor tolerance Clostridium acetobutylicum ABE-P1201 and steam-exploded corn stover hydrolysate (SECSH). Before expanding the fermentation scale, the detoxification process for SECSH was simplified by process engineering. Results revealed that appropriate pH management during the fed-batch cultivation could largely decrease the inhibition of the toxic components in undetoxified SECSH to the solventogenesis phase of the ABE-P1201 strains, avoiding “acid crash”. Therefore, after naturalizing the pH by Ca(OH)2, the undetoxified SECSH, without removal of the solid components, reached 17.68 ± 1.30 g/L of ABE production with 0.34 ± 0.01 g/g of yield in 1 L scale bioreactor. Based on this strategy, the fermentation scale gradually expanded from laboratory-scale apparatus to pilot-scale bioreactors. Finally, 17.05 ± 1.20 g/L of ABE titer and 0.32 ± 0.01 g/g of ABE yield were realized in 1 m3 bioreactor, corresponding to approximately 145 kg of ABE production from 1 t of dry corn stover. The pilot-scale ABE fermentation demonstrated excellent stability during repeated operations. This study provided a simplified ABE fermentation strategy and verified the feasibility of the pilot process, providing tremendous significance and a solid foundation for the future industrialization of second-generation ABE plants.

Requiring Circularity Data in Bim With Information Delivery Specification

Implementing the circular economy model in the built environment demands high-quality information about the building stock and products. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is considered vital to capturing relevant information. This study uses a constructive research method to assess BIM support for effectively capturing circularity-related information. We identified circularity needs and transcribed them into actionable, machine-interpretable form, applying the novel Information Delivery Specification (IDS) standard. Considered use cases include material composition, quality and identity, environmental impacts, and disassembly aspects. We discuss the benefits, challenges, and suitability of modelling such information based on the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) schema. The developed IDS specification allows for semi-automated compliance checking of BIM content. Most considered aspects can be expressed in BIM but often lack consistent terminology. Difficult to document are disassembly instructions and elements’ connections. Discussed technical limitations help rationalise the amount of information reasonable to capture in BIM. The study bridges the gap between sustainability expert demand for data and BIM deliverables. Resultant knowledge enables practitioners to increase the availability of quality data relevant for future building disassembly, reuse or adaptation.

The Complexity of Chinese Cereal Vinegar Flavor: A Compositional and Sensory Perspective.

With a millennium-long history, traditional Chinese cereal vinegar (CCV) is a significant part of China's cultural heritage. The unique flavor of CCV is derived from the use of cereal and its bran as raw materials and solid-state fermentation as a brewing technique. This paper systemically summarized recent research progress on the aroma compounds in CCV, the biochemical generation of aroma compounds during the brewing process, and the association between sensory perception and the primary aroma compounds. Furthermore, a complete CCV lexicon and sensory wheel prototype were constructed. This study aims to lay a foundation for future CCV aroma research, quality improvement, and industrialization.

Classification of the machine state in turning processes by using the acoustic emission

Processing digital information stands as a crucial foundation of Industry 4.0, facilitating a spectrum of activities from monitoring processes to their understanding and optimization. The application of data processing techniques, including feature extraction and classification, coupled with the identification of the most suitable features for specific purposes, continues to pose a significant challenge in the manufacturing sector. This research investigates the suitability of classification methods for machine and tool state classification by employing acoustic emission (AE) sensors during the dry turning of Ti6Al4V. Features such as quantiles, Fourier coefficients, and mel-frequency cepstral coefficients are extracted from the AE signals to facilitate classification. From this features the 20 best are selected for the classification to reduce the dimension of the feature space and redundancy. Algorithms including decision tree, k-nearest-neighbors (KNN), and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) are tested for the classification of machine states. Of these, QDA exhibits the highest accuracy at 98.6 %. Nonetheless, an examination of the confusion matrix reveals that certain classes, influenced by imbalanced training data, exhibit a lower prediction accuracy. In summary, the study affirms the potential of AE sensors for machine state recognition and tool condition monitoring. Although QDA emerges as the most acurate classifier, there remains an avenue for refinement, particularly in training data optimization and decision-making processes, to augment accuracy.

DETERMINING COMPONENTS OF THE METHODOLOGICAL PLATFORM OF THE CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATION IN THE CONDITIONS FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS OF PROJECT EXECUTORS

Digital technologies of construction organization are becoming increasingly common and necessary tools for effective management of processes on construction sites. In today's world, where speed and accuracy of work are of crucial importance, the use of digital technologies allows to achieve the highest productivity and efficiency in the construction sector. The article analyzes the paradigms of implementation of construction organization processes on the basis of modern information technologies, defines the development trends of the implementation of enterprise management processes in the structure and means of intellectual information systems. An important analytical means of adjusting decisions regarding reengineering and digital transformations of operating systems in the format of introduced methodologies and tools is a subsystem of formalized adjustment of decisions, which allows to establish a measure of the sensitivity of the effective indicators of the "digital transformations" project to the deviation of functional, time and other parameters from the expected trajectory of the implementation cycle of such a project , which are considered as "random" values, discretely distributed in a certain range of "deviations". The leading and systemic means of getting out of crisis and destructive situations for construction enterprises, as well as for other industrial enterprises, is the innovative radical or partial transformation (modernization) of the operating system of the enterprise and the system and structure of the administration of its activities operating at the enterprise on the basis of the latest information technologies of the architectural environment, including virtual design and construction (VDC, Virtual Design Construction), integrated digital delivery (IDD Integrated Digital Delivery), building information modeling (BIM, Building Information Modeling) and IFC format (Industry Foundation Classes). The article highlights the technologies used in the construction and implementation of models of management processes in information systems, the use of which simplifies the complexity of modernizing the information system to solve the tasks of construction organization processes. The main models of the organization of activities in the conditions of digitalization and the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the management processes of the construction enterprise using information systems as a digital way of presenting the directive organizational-technological and technical-functional characteristics of the construction object are defined and systematized.

Recent Technological Advancements in BIM and LCA Integration for Sustainable Construction: A Review

In the high-energy, high-carbon landscape of the construction industry, a detailed and precise life cycle assessment (LCA) is essential. This review examines the role of building information modeling (BIM) software in streamlining the LCA process to enhance efficiency and accuracy. Despite its potential, challenges such as software interoperability and compatibility persist, with no unified standard for choosing BIM-integrated LCA software. Besides, the review explores the capabilities and limitations of various BIM software, LCA tools, and energy consumption tools, and presents characteristics of BIM-LCA integration cases. It critically discusses BIM-LCA integration methods and data exchange techniques, including bill of quantities import, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) import, BIM viewer usage, direct LCA calculations with BIM plugins, and LCA plugin calculations. Finally, concluding with future perspectives, the study aims to guide the development of advanced LCA tools for better integration with BIM software, addressing a vital need in sustainable construction practices.

BIM and Sustainable Design: A Review of Strategies and Tools for Green Building Practices

Building Information Modeling (BIM) provides a robust foundation for driving sustainability across architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) practices. This paper presents a systematic review of literature elucidating the confluence of BIM tools and processes with accelerated performance simulations and green building certification systems needed to guide environmentally sensitive design. Integrated Revit-Insight 360 is shown to enable 21% lower energy use intensity (EUI) and 8.5% reduced lifecycle costs over baseline for an office building through rapid multi-objective optimization spanning orientation, envelope and HVAC properties. Enhanced integrated platforms perform detailed thermal zoning analysis capturing realistic solar gains and heat storage effects, right-sizing heating equipment by 7.2% over conventional workflows. Further, BIM automation mitigates nearly 50-80% of manual calculations for BEAM Plus, LEED prerequisites and accelerates documentation for certification. However, interoperability issues inhibiting holistic sustainability evaluations persist due to lack of modeling standards. Emerging tools exemplify modular green assessment connecting multi-vendor engines to resolve underlying technical barriers. As BIM object definitions and seamless analytical integration matures, widespread mainstreaming for sustainability is foreseeable. While current measured metrics revolve around energy use, emissions and green certification, future work needs to address social and economic indicators also enabled by data-rich BIMs. Nevertheless, coupled with continuous monitoring for validation, BIM provides the foundation for the AEC industry to progress towards comprehensive sustainable building lifecycles.

Full-Custom 90 nm CNTFET Process Design Kit: Characterization, Modeling, and Implementation

As the semiconductor industry enters the post-Moore era, the carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) has become a powerful substitute for silicon-based transistors beyond 5 nm process nodes due to its high mobility, low power consumption, and ultra-thin-body electrical advantages. Carbon-based transistor technology has made significant progress in device manufacture and preparation, but carbon-based process design kits (PDKs) that meet the standards of commercial design tools are still an important bottleneck hindering the development of carbon-based integrated circuits. For the first time, a complete full-custom 90 nm CNTFET PDK is proposed in this paper, which includes Pcells for transistors, resistors, and capacitors; a compact model; DRC/LVS/PEX rules; and a standard cell and timing library. It can support the entire design flow of analog, digital, and mixed-signal carbon-based integrated circuits. To achieve an accurate compact model, the back-gate effect of CNTFETs and the influence of gate/drain voltage on transport probability are analyzed. Then the theoretical formulas for mobility and channel current are established. The comparison of the simulation and test results of CNTFET characteristics proves the accuracy of the compact model. Using this PDK, combined with standard IC design tools and design flow, the circuit and layout of an operational amplifier, SRAM, and 8-bit counter are completed. The simulation results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the PDK, laying a solid foundation for the large-scale industrialization of carbon-based integrated circuits.

Linked data to streaming data sensors sources for direct access

Goal: Industrial operations are complex, and data sensors assure safety and reliable information for production improvements. Multiple stakeholders can take advantage of data acquisition for post-analysis and process control. Providing users and systems with friendly access to operating data is fundamental to the digital transition in the industry 4.0 scenario. Linking data and systems over ontologies and Industry Foundation Classes will boost supply chain performance in many layers. This paper presents the concept of valid data points over Uniform Resource Identifiers for sensor time-series into triples stores via Application Programming Interfaces. Design/Methodology/Approach: A streaming data source approach to integrating industrial sensor data and sharing it via Uniform Resource Identifiers is developed and tested using Node-Red with multiple data connection types, such as the Industry Foundation Classes and open-source time series databases. Results: The detailed proof of concept presented valid the feasibility of sharing sensor data via Uniform Resource Identifiers. The findings provide a backbone of a system able to interop Message Queuing Telemetry Transport data, Resource Description Framework datasets and Industry Foundation Classes schema. Limitations of the investigation: The system envisaged was tested using simulated data. However, it is expected to have similar results from real data use. Nevertheless, more research will be needed to implement more features, such as three-dimensional object integration. Practical implications: The solution designed and tested presented can be used in practice for companies that desire to expand via linked data shareability and interoperability. Also, researchers can advance the solution for specific features, such as creating an open-source data query and manipulation language. Originality/Value: This paper examines future deployments of systems-to-systems interoperability targeting user-friendly data shareability. It is meant to be useful for industrial and academic developments.

Digital twin modeling method based on IFC standards for building construction processes

Intelligent construction is a necessary way to improve the traditional construction method, and digital twin can be a crucial technology to promote intelligent construction. However, the construction field currently needs a unified method to build a standardized and universally applicable digital twin model, which is incredibly challenging in construction. Therefore, this paper proposes a general method to construct a digital twin construction process model based on the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard, aiming to realize real-time monitoring, control, and visualization management of the construction site. The method constructs a digital twin fusion model from three levels: geometric model, resource model, and behavioral model by establishing an IFC semantic model of the construction process, storing the fusion model data and the construction site data into a database, and completing the dynamic interaction of the twin data in the database. At the same time, the digital twin platform is developed to realize the visualization and control of the construction site. Combined with practical cases and analysis, the implementation effect of the method is shown and verified. The results show that the method can adapt itself to different scenarios on the construction site, which is conducive to promoting application of the digital twin in the field of construction and provides a reference to the research of practicing digital twin theory and practice.

BIM in construction waste management: A conceptual model based on the industry foundation classes standard

Building Information Modeling (BIM) represents an innovation in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. In the environmental context, the management of buildings through BIM contributes to preserving resources and promoting more sustainable environments. This research explores the application of BIM in construction and demolition waste (CDW) management and the sustainability of buildings. The method consisted of applying Design Science Research (DSR) to develop a conceptual information model based on the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) to meet CDW indicators and to assist in the CDW management activity. The conceptual model presented a perspective on application in CDW management and emphasized the importance of mapping information exchanges in BIM to optimize activities in civil construction. However, the results depend directly on the information available in the IFC model. The proposed conceptual model presents the potential to automate waste management with the flexibility of applying it to different phases of the construction life cycle. The results of CDW management can contribute to other types of sustainability analyses.

Innovative Approach to Convert Geographic Information System-Based Highway Models into Multidimensional Building Information Modeling Platforms Using Dynamo

This study proposes an innovative process of transforming a geographic information system (GIS)-based highway model into a robust building information modeling (BIM) platform using Dynamo visual programming tool. The existing GIS system used by the Indiana Department of Transportation for highway network representation has significant limitations of data storage and handling capacity, representation of complex entities, and inclusion of crucial traffic data from weigh-in-motion and automatic traffic recorder stations. The developed process involves converting poly-curves from the GIS model into model-curves compatible with BIM, classifying attributes into shape families, and integrating traffic data from traffic recorder stations. The resulting multidimensional BIM platform, extending from three to eight dimensions, encompasses essential project details and traffic data. To ensure interoperability, an Open BIM process involving the generation of an industry foundation classes (IFC) file is utilized, allowing efficient data exchange among different software platforms and stakeholders.

Exploring the Effects of Industry 4.0/5.0 on Human Factors: A Preliminary Systematic Literature Review

Industry 5.0, built on the foundation of Industry 4.0, aims to integrate human capabilities and principles for a sustainable and human-centric industrial paradigm. This article proposes a systematic literature review to explore the empirical effects of Industry 4.0/5.0 (I4.0/5.0) technologies on human factors, emphasizing the often overlooked physical, psychological, and cognitive dimensions. The methodology, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, involved a Scopus search spanning from 2005-2023, ultimately resulting in a selection of 15 articles. The preliminary results depict the studied I4.0/5.0 technologies and their impact on workers’ physical, psychological, and cognitive aspects. Some (I4.0/5.0) technologies received significant attention, such as human-robot communication and human-robot interaction, while others remain understudied. The limited number of papers makes it difficult to compare and generalize the empirical results reported. In this regard, we propose avenues for refining this systematic literature review in future research endeavors.

Environmental regulation, energy consumption structure, and industrial pollution emissions

China has become the world’s largest carbon emitter due to its high-investment, low-efficiency development model. It is urgent to reduce industrial pollution emissions. This study analyzes the impact of environmental regulation intensity and energy consumption structure on industrial SO2 pollution emissions by establishing a fixed-effect regression model based on panel data from 2009 to 2018 in China. The results show that the overall environmental regulation intensity in China has a significant negative effect on industrial pollution emissions. In other words, increasing the level of environmental regulation is conducive to reducing industrial pollution emissions. The proportion of coal consumption in the overall national energy consumption structure directly and positively correlated with the concentration of industrial pollution emissions. Due to the differences in economic development and industrial foundation, the pollution emissions effect shows significant heterogeneity in the eastern and western regions of China under the constraint of environmental regulation. Based on these conclusions, this article proposes policy recommendations from four aspects: (1) strengthen environmental regulation, and pay attention to optimize the form of environmental regulation. For example, in the West of China, the government can encourage enterprises to carry out technological innovation and develop green energy hubs by policy and financial support; (2)improve the energy consumption structure, such as encouraging green production; (3) promote industrial structure adjustment and upgrading, such as promoting the energy saving transformation of energy-intensive enterprises, developing green technologies, and reducing the carbon emissions of industrial industries; (4)improve the foreign investment access system and guiding foreign investment to invest in key environmental protection projects.

Research on Partial Model Extraction of Railway Infrastructure Based on the Industry Foundation Classes Files

Research on Partial Model Extraction of Railway Infrastructure Based on the Industry Foundation Classes Files

Interaction between BIM and FE models in structural health monitoring

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is already widely used in civil engineering projects. Digital building models that contain geometric as well as semantic information are usually generated and could be then managed throughout a structural service life. A BIM model could generally serve as a primary source of any required information on a building, including the finite element (FE) models or monitoring systems as well. The interaction between BIM and FE models is of great importance for structural engineering as it helps increase productivity and minimize mistakes due to human factors. Moreover, with the help of structural health monitoring (SHM), it should be possible to update BIM and FE models to the current state of the structure and to maintain the remaining service life. Obviously, FE models of different complexity and element dimensionality are required for the same structure in view of various structural or material limit states considered during the structural design phase and the service life as well. The present contribution describes the development of an approach that allows FE models of different complexity to be consistently extracted from the same BIM model. It focuses on the openBIM technology incorporating the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format. The corresponding IFC file is enriched with FEM and SHM relevant information, for example, FE size and dimensionality as well as positions and conditions of the sensors. Using such information in the BIM model, the FE model for ANSYS APDL can be consistently created. The simulation or monitoring results can be subsequently introduced back into the original BIM model, thus describing the actual structural state. The approach will be illustrated by an example of a laboratory structure.