Industrial Factories Research Articles

Application of green technology to treat fibrous (textile) waste and recycling of used chemicals for reutilization of similar waste

Industrial factories, especially textile mills, usually release untreated waste into the environment. These textile industries produce large volumes of waste that harms the environment and humans. Waste treatment procedures are expensive. However, foreign buyers choose companies with waste-treatment facilities or ecologically friendly methods. In this study, color was extracted from discarded textile fibers using colorimetric analysis, and then synthetic fiber components were recycled using eco-friendly processes and materials. There was also an evaluation of the regenerated chemicals' ability to treat analogous garbage. Samples processed with both new and recycled chemicals were found to be free of color and synthetic components, providing strong evidence that the recycled chemicals are just as effective. The treated materials passed safety testing showing no traces of Azo or Formaldehyde. As a result of the waste treatment process, the samples were in an appropriate state, having lost their color and all synthetic components. Because their physico-mechanical qualities were not altered by the treatment, the samples may be safely discharged into the environment or used as a raw material in the textile industry's spinning division to make fresh yarn. Chemicals originally used to treat fibrous debris were recycled and put to good use in a circular process that saved money in the long run. The method used to treat textile industry fiber waste is feasible for widespread implementation, which is both practical and helpful in the fight against environmental degradation.

Unlocking the magic in mycelium: Using synthetic biology to optimize filamentous fungi for biomanufacturing and sustainability.

Filamentous fungi drive carbon and nutrient cycling across our global ecosystems, through its interactions with growing and decaying flora and their constituent microbiomes. The remarkable metabolic diversity, secretion ability, and fiber-like mycelial structure that have evolved in filamentous fungi have been increasingly exploited in commercial operations. The industrial potential of mycelial fermentation ranges from the discovery and bioproduction of enzymes and bioactive compounds, the decarbonization of food and material production, to environmental remediation and enhanced agricultural production. Despite its fundamental impact in ecology and biotechnology, molds and mushrooms have not, to-date, significantly intersected with synthetic biology in ways comparable to other industrial cell factories (e.g. Escherichia coli,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Komagataella phaffii). In this review, we summarize a suite of synthetic biology and computational tools for the mining, engineering and optimization of filamentous fungi as a bioproduction chassis. A combination of methods across genetic engineering, mutagenesis, experimental evolution, and computational modeling can be used to address strain development bottlenecks in established and emerging industries. These include slow mycelium growth rate, low production yields, non-optimal growth in alternative feedstocks, and difficulties in downstream purification. In the scope of biomanufacturing, we then detail previous efforts in improving key bottlenecks by targeting protein processing and secretion pathways, hyphae morphogenesis, and transcriptional control. Bringing synthetic biology practices into the hidden world of molds and mushrooms will serve to expand the limited panel of host organisms that allow for commercially-feasible and environmentally-sustainable bioproduction of enzymes, chemicals, therapeutics, foods, and materials of the future.

Sosialisasi Strategi Pemasaran Modern Bagi Pelaku Usaha Kecil Menengah Produk Makanan Berbahan Dasar Singkong di Kelurahan Blooto Kota Mojokerto

The abundance of crops, especially cassava in the Blooto sub-district, has made many people sell processed food products made from cassava. However, due to a lack of information about marketing strategies, SMEs products from the Blooto sub-district can only be sold in the local market. Even then, they must compete with products from outside which are the result of large-scale industrial factories with well-known brands. This community service report tries to provide the best solution on modern digital marketing promotion strategies by utilizing social media to help SMEs market their products so they can penetrate regional, national and even foreign markets. Of course this is also balanced with attractive product innovations as well as support from the government as regulatory policy makers.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF WOMEN WORKERS WITH DEVELOPMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GAINING THEIR ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND SECURING THE FUTURE OF THEIR CHILDREN

This research focuses on the impact that women's participation in the workforce has on development. In this context, 12 women and 4 employer representatives were interviewed in an industrial factory located in Ankara’s Sincan region. Data were collected during the interview with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. The duration of the interviews with the participants was approximately 90 minutes. After deciphering the interviews, women's narratives and the concepts of modernization and conflict theories were used to form thematic analysis units. In this context the themes of obstacles to women's employment, reflection of rural poverty to the city (rural poverty-urban poverty), the effect that women's work in the workplace has on development (Female workers' gains in terms of economic freedom - Their children's becoming a qualified workforce by getting education) and identification of female workers with their work - sense of belonging were determined. According to the results of the research, it has been detected that the participating women workers entered business life due to compulsory reasons, gained their economic freedom and stood on their own feet, it was effective that they worked to secure the future of their children and earned money, that they loved their job very much and were satisfied with their work. It was concluded that women do not have an awareness of development, but their working situation contributes to the development of both them and the country.

Investigation of cadmium and nickel biosorption by Pseudomonas sp. via response surface methodology.

The environmental contamination of heavy metals has grown over the last several decades along with global industrialization and now constitutes a serious threat to human health. In this research, high cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) resistant bacteria that were chosen for heavy metal biosorption were isolated from the Industries Factory in Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recognized as the isolated bacterium based on its morphological, physiological, biochemical, antibiotic resistance testing, and 16S rRNA sequences. The bacteria had the highest concentrations of resistance to Cd (up to 1600ppm) and Ni, according to the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test (up to 2000ppm). Single-factor studies in single and binary systems were used to examine the effects of temperature, contact duration, pH value, starting Cd and Ni concentration, and biomass dose on the Cd and Ni adsorption by P. aeruginosa. The Cd and Ni biosorption in binary solutions was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD). The investigation revealed that at pH 7.0, 45°C, and 1.5 gL-1 biomass dose, the greatest biosorption efficiency for Cd and Ni was 92.43 percent and 88.45 percent, respectively. According to the adsorption of Cd and Ni in urban water, under these similarly extreme conditions, Cd adsorption drops to 54% and Ni to 60%. Analysis Potential functional groups involving interactions between cells and metal ions were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Different compounds and heavy metal ions were found to have been adsorbed to the surface of the biosorbent by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). It was determined that P. aeruginosa had a high rate of Cd and Ni adsorption and that variations in pH level had a greater impact than other parameters. The findings imply that P. aeruginosa biomass may be an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly method for removing Cd and Ni from contaminated settings. It also has a reasonable capacity for biosorption in both a natural environment and a laboratory environment.

Heavy metals accumulation in soil and uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare) irrigated with contaminated water

Impacts of nine heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn) contamination in irrigation water on the soil, shoots, and roots of barely were investigated. Due to freshwater shortages, the use of available and inexpensive urban wastewater with input from local industrial factories containing heavy metals in irrigation is still practiced in the Middle East including Palestine. Barely was grown in plastic pots filled with sandy soil irrigated with simulated treated wastewater during two growing seasons. The metal treatments investigated include one, three, nine, and 15 multiples of the average metal content of treated effluent. Results showed that (i) Barley showed similar growth responses but different metal uptake patterns, (ii) Cd, Fe, Pb, and Zn in roots and shoots of barley were higher than WHO permissible levels, (iii) all metals accumulated in the soil had lower content than WHO permissible levels, (iv) The average value of enrichment factor (EF) for most heavy metals used was around unity indicating poor enrichment to soil and translocation to roots and shoots, (v) The highest Translocation factor (TF = 57.8) and Bioconcentration Factor (BCF = 126.8) was observed for K indicating its role in enhancing barley's tolerance to drought and its effectiveness in using barley in phytoremediation, and (vi) Barley growth and development and soil quality parameters were significantly affected by repetitive and increased irrigation with wastewater containing heavy metals.

Configuration Selection for Renewable Energy Community Using MCDM Methods

By 2050, the European Union plans to make Europe the first carbon-neutral continent and a global leader in climate-green industries. Recently, many decisions have been taken in the world to ensure the energy transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy. The creation of renewable energy communities (REC) is among the solutions used to increase this transition. This study presents 16 different configurations for energy self-consumption in RECs containing different industrial factories. One mathematical model is proposed for each configuration, and they have been solved according to different criteria. The comparisons are made between these configurations according to economic, environmental, technical, and social criteria. Then, four multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods are used to choose the best configurations considering all the criteria. For this purpose, the achieved results from the mathematical models are used as input for the MCDM methods. The findings demonstrate that the most effective configurations combine both individual and collective self-consumption. Furthermore, the inclusion of collective production results in multiple advantages, including a 64.71% rise in economic gains, a 26.95% decrease in CO2 emissions, a 21.39% improvement in self-sufficiency, and a significant increase in job creation by 175.24%. In addition, incorporating storage enables a substantial rise in the degree of self-sufficiency, leading to reduced reliance on the power grid and consequent reduction in CO2 emissions.

제주4·3 진압과 ‘냉전공간’으로서의 수용소

This article aims to illuminate ‘Camps in Jeju April 3rd Incident’ which was born newly as contested space between national power and ‘injured’ subjects. Camps in Jeju April 3rd Incident not only worked as oppression, control, surveillance and punishment against Jeju people but also aected formation of anti-communism subject. Research in these camps is a portion of the studies on Jeju April 3rd incident at that point.BRFrom the early period of Jeju April 3rd incident, the army and police set up and operated the camps. As scorched earth operation was reinforced in accordance with the oppression aer the May 10 general election, and the decree, martial law and evacuation order aer establishment of the ROK government, the need for expansion of the camp was increased. The camps were enlarged from 1949 January to reelection of May 10, when many people continued to surrender particularly because of reinforced pacification.BRThe Jeju Agricultural school camp and Jeju industrial alcohol factory camp were established, which were regarded as the symbol of the camp during Jeju April 3rd Incident. Public halls, schools, rice mills, Agriculture Association warehouses, personal houses and dugout huts were operated as camps across the Jeju island. But the camps’ limited capacity meant inmates of the camps suffered greatly from the situation.

Enhancing protein-based foam stability by xanthan gum and alkyl glycosides for the reduction of odor emissions from polluted soils

Odorous contamination would occur in the polluted soils' remediation of the abandoned industry factory. To suppress odorous substances’ emissions, a novel foam was prepared with plant protein, xanthan gum, and alkyl glycosides. Since xanthan gum and alkyl glycosides have the characteristics of prolonged foam half-life and enhanced foaming ability, the optimal ratio of xanthan gum to alkyl glycosides is crucial during foam formulation determination. When xanthan gum concentration increased from 0.00% to 0.30%, the viscosity of the foaming solution increased from 12 to 223 mPa∙s, while the surface tension declined by 12.3%. As a result, the foam half-life increased from 0.3 to 56 h, and the foaming volume decreased by 25.5%. On contrary, with the addition of alkyl glycosides, the surface tension decreased significantly, and the foaming volume increased by 36.5% under the xanthan gum concentration of 0.30%. Therefore, the optimal content of xanthan was 0.30% in the presence of 100 mM alkyl glycoside. Then, this novel foam could prevent 67% of p-xylene from escaping within 24 h. In actual sites, novel foams showed a barrier rate of over 75% on different odorous substances most of the time.

Smart energy management system framework for population dynamics modelling and suitable energy trajectories identification in islanded micro-grids

In an increasingly electrified and connected world, renewable energy production and robust distribution as well as sobriety paradigm, both for the individual and the society, will most likely play a central role regarding global systems stability. Consequently, while being able to conceive efficient storage systems coupled with robust energy management strategies present significant interests, a number of related studies often consider the human behaviour factor separately. While not decisive in large industrial factories, human demeanor impact cannot be overlooked in residential areas. As such, this work proposes an innovative and flexible dynamic population model, inspired from epidemiological methods, that allows simulation of a vast spectrum of social scenarios. By pairing this formalization with a smart energy management strategy, a complete framework is proposed. In particular, beyond the theoretical identification of sustainable parameters in a wide diversity of configurations, our experiments demonstrate the relevance of reinforcement learning agents as efficient energy management policies. Depending on the scenario, the trained agent enables an increase of the sustainability areas over baseline strategies up to 200%, thus hinting at ultimately softer societal impact.

Life cycle assessment on the vanadium production process: A multi-objective assessment under environmental and economic perspectives

To ensure energy conservation and emission reduction, a quantitative evaluation of V2O5 production from environmental and economic perspectives is crucial for process optimization. However, a typical life cycle assessment (LCA) can not fulfill this important role from producers and market perspectives. In this research, Three typical V2O5 production processes (PⅠ: sodium roasting, PⅡ: calcium roasting, and PⅢ: sub-molten salt production process) were selected under the raw material of vanadium slag. A multi-objective assessment under LCA, comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA), and economic assessment perspectives are established for V2O5 production processes. Under the multi-objective comprehensive assessment, the best process was PIII, which combines cleaner production and end-of-pipe treatment with minimal pollutants emission and optimal benefits. Raw material section and vanadium slag are the key process and substance, respectively. With this comprehensive evaluation, the best vanadium production process is revealed which can guide industrial factories to optimize relevant production processes.

Construction Sheets Made of High-Performance Flame-Retardant Nonwoven Fabrics and Combustion-Resistant Polyurethane Foam: Preparation Process and Property Evaluations

In this study, nonwoven fabrics, rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), Basalt woven fabrics, and an aluminum foil film mold are used to produce multi-functional composite sheets with flame-retardant, sound-absorbing, and electromagnetic-shielding functions. The nonwoven layer is composed of Nomex fibers, flame-retardant PET fibers, and low-melting-point (LMPET) fibers via the needle rolling process. The optimal Nomex fiber/flame-retardant PET fiber/LMPET fiber (N/F/L) nonwoven fabrics are then combined with rigid polyurethane (PU) foam, Basalt woven fabric, and an aluminum foil film mold, thereby producing nonwoven/rigid polyurethane foam/Basalt woven fabric composite sheets that are wrapped in the aluminized foil film. The test results indicate that formed with a foaming density of 60 kg/m3 and 10 wt% of a flame retardant, the composite sheets exhibit electromagnetic interference shielding efficacy (EMI SE) that exceeds 40 dB and limiting oxygen index (LOI) that is greater than 26. The efficient and highly reproducible experimental design proposed in this study can produce multifunctional composite sheets that feature excellent combustion resistance, sound absorption, and EMI SE and are suitable for use in the transportation, industrial factories, and building wall fields.

Innovation performance mediating relationship between TQM practices and organisational performance in the Ethiopian Garment Industry

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between total quality management (TQM) practices and innovation performance and their impact on organisational performance in the case of the Garment Industry (Adama, Ethiopia). The empirical data was collected using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire that was distributed to employees of different departments and factories in the case industry. A simple random sampling technique was used. 88.40% response rate was obtained. SPSS 28-version was used for statistical data analysis. Raw data were initially refined by various statistical processes and further analysed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics by correlation and regression analysis to determine the relationship between TQM practices (independent variable) and organisational performance (dependent variable) and innovation performance as a mediating factor. The Hayes’ Process Macro was used as a statistical analysis in SPSS to estimate the path coefficients using multiple regression. The tool provides insights into the direct and indirect effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable through the existence of moderating variables and mediation variables. Findings revealed that TQM practices were found to be correlated with organisational performance. Hayes’ Process Macro output revealed the individual coefficient between the TQM index (TQMI) and innovation performance with beta=0.74, TQMI and organisational performance with beta=0.71. The total effect of TQMI on organisational performance with beta=0.71, the direct effect of TQMI on organisational performance with beta=0.49, and indirect effect(s) of TQMI on organisational performance with beta=0.22 with p=0.000 and all 95 percent confidence internal level. The variance accounted for the role of innovation performance as a mediating factor is partial with 30.97 percent and a positive relationship between TQMI and organisational performance. The study was limited by including only one big industry in Adama city, making this may not be adequate to generalize the results for the entire Ethiopian garment industry. This study helps practitioners to understand how TQM practices support innovation performance and the role of the latter in promoting the implementation of TQM practices and ensuring organisational performance.

KONDISI UDARA PADA AREA KERJA PABRIK TAHU HARAPAN MAJU DEPOK, JAWA BARAT

The temperature of the human body is strongly influenced by the working climate of its environment. A high-pressure work environment will certainly have an influence on the worker's body temperature and make a separate burden for workers in a work environment. Humans have the ability to adapt in colder and hotter environments with certain restrictions. The consequences that occur when a person does physical activity in a hot temperature place is not only affected by the decrease in achievement of his activity but also increases the risk of developing diseases caused by hot temperatures. Workers who are exposed to hot temperatures continuously can cause dehydration to hyperthermia. In the tofu industry, there is a process of grinding and cooking of course using tools that will be a source of heat in the work environment. The purpose of this Community Service (PKM) is to provide information to factory industry owners and workers to know about the air conditions at the work site and how the time allowed to work so as not to cause comfort and health disruption for workers. The implementation method is carried out by conducting surveys, data retrieval and socialization hybridly. After the community service activities, managers and Harapan Maju Tofu Industrial workers to know the working climate conditions in their work environment so as to create safe and comfortable working conditions

CHARACTERISTICS OF PINE NEEDLES EXPOSED TO POLLUTION IN SILESIA, POLAND: CARBON ISOTOPES, iWUE, AND TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN PINE NEEDLES

ABSTRACTHere, we present the results of carbon isotope and elemental analysis of one-year-old Pinus Sylvestris L. needles collected in 2021 from 10 sampling sites in a highly populated and industrialized area of Poland. The needles were exposed to air pollution for one year. The chemical analysis of the samples was performed using different methods: radiocarbon analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry, stable isotope analysis using isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Variations in the carbon isotopes and elemental composition of pine needles were due to a mixture of carbon dioxide originating from different sources such as households, vehicle traffic, and industrial factories.

Determining Student's Welding Skill for Visual Welding Inspector (CSWIP 3.0) Certificate Using Profile Matching

Welding is skill needed in many machinery and factory industries. Welding as skill is acknowledged by having a certificate. As certification cost is high, the skill must match the criteria for each test in a certification. In recent years, Politeknik Negeri Medan has held 7 times Visual Welding Inspector (CSWIP 3.0) certification with 57% of the participant pass the certification. Many participants not sure about the possibility of passing the certification process thus hesitating in taking this exam for the certification is costly. This research purpose the usage of profile matching method in determining the possibility of passing the certification. The result is suggested as a recommendation for taking the exam, but not preventing the examinee to take the certification test. The result shown that according to profile matching criteria, 75% people with recommendation is passing the certification, while all the people who didn’t meet the criteria and still taking the exam didn’t pass the test for certification.

Bin Picking for Ship-Building Logistics Using Perception and Grasping Systems

Bin picking is a challenging task involving many research domains within the perception and grasping fields, for which there are no perfect and reliable solutions available that are applicable to a wide range of unstructured and cluttered environments present in industrial factories and logistics centers. This paper contributes with research on the topic of object segmentation in cluttered scenarios, independent of previous object shape knowledge, for textured and textureless objects. In addition, it addresses the demand for extended datasets in deep learning tasks with realistic data. We propose a solution using a Mask R-CNN for 2D object segmentation, trained with real data acquired from a RGB-D sensor and synthetic data generated in Blender, combined with 3D point-cloud segmentation to extract a segmented point cloud belonging to a single object from the bin. Next, it is employed a re-configurable pipeline for 6-DoF object pose estimation, followed by a grasp planner to select a feasible grasp pose. The experimental results show that the object segmentation approach is efficient and accurate in cluttered scenarios with several occlusions. The neural network model was trained with both real and simulated data, enhancing the success rate from the previous classical segmentation, displaying an overall grasping success rate of 87.5%.

The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy on Emotional Divorce and Self-efficacy of Working Couples

Introduction: Emotional divorce happens when a man and a woman live coldly together but do not request a legal divorce. So the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of acceptance and commitment group therapy (ACT) on emotional divorce and self-efficacy of couples.
 Methods: This was a experimental study with a control group. The statistical population consisted of 338 married people working in an industrial factory in Bu Ali town of Hamedan province in 2020. After distributing an emotional divorce questionnaire, authors selected 60 people with emotional divorce problems. Then, 40 people who had obtained average scores in the self-efficacy questionnaire were selected as the sample and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received acceptance and commitment-based treatment for 8 weeks, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Research instruments were Gottman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (1994) as well as self-efficacy questionnaire of Scherer et al., (1982) used as a pre-test-post-test. SPSS version 23 software was used for data analysis Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the distribution of the variables. According to the level of significance (P <0.05) of the variables of emotional divorce and self-efficacy, the normality of the distribution of scores in the experimental and control groups is confirmed. Leven's test was used to examine the presumption of variances' equality of the two groups in the population.
 Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed that acceptance and commitment group treatment reduced the scores of emotional divorce (p <0.05) and increased self-efficacy (p <0.05) in the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test phase. The results of Leven test for the emotional divorce variable (P = 0.414, F = 0.682) and self-efficacy variable (P = 0.601, F = 0.278) confirmed variances' equality
 Conclusions: Acceptance and commitment group therapy was able to significantly reduce emotional divorce and increase self-efficacy compared to the control group. Therefore, it is possible to prevent acceptance and commitment therapy to reduce emotional divorce and prevent psychological and social damage.

Udział duchowieństwa katolickiego w życiu politycznym i społecznym Polski w latach 1918–1939 na przykładzie diecezji włocławskiej

When Poland regained its independence, the catholic clergy actively took part in shaping social and political life of the country. They called for unity, harmony and the need to build a country based on catholic teaching of the Church. The clergy from Włocławek sympathized with the National Democracy – that was the party which had a great deal of support from all bishops of Włocławek. Polish Christian Democratic Party had also a lot of supporters in those days, the Party existed under this name until 1937, when it united with the National Worker’s Party forming Labour Party. You could say that the clergy were in favor of social solidarity, whose realization was a corporate system, which should be understood as an authentic socio-economic autonomy, created with the help of the country but the initiative itself came from society. An important external factor, which ordered priests to engage in political affairs, was the social radicalism among the urban and rural population. A peasant movement played a significant role here. The clergy relatively favorable referred to the polish parties such as “Piast” and “Stronnictwo Ludowe”. The priests worked for many organizations, associations, trade unions or school. A great deal of efforts had to be put into the functioning of agricultural circles or fire brigades. The priests were also involved in the activities of local government, the development of cooperative movement. They performed various functions in educational and cultural organizations. Those working in industrial factories were involved in trade union movement, whose ideology was based on principles of Christian ethic and the existing social order.

Potential for Energy Efficiency Improvements to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Thailand’s Industrial Estates

This study aimed to evaluate the potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the implementation of energy-efficient measures that involve the replacement of existing machinery and equipment with high-efficiency alternatives. The study’s scope encompassed all industrial factories situated within the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand’s (IEAT) industrial estates. The study utilized data from the designated factory’s energy management report database, which included information regarding the machinery, equipment, and other relevant data pertinent to the research. The categorization of machinery and equipment systems could be done based on the type of energy consumed, which includes electricity and thermal energy. The potential for increasing energy efficiency could be evaluated for each of these energy systems. The study conducted an initial evaluation based on the available data from the designated factory database with regards to enhancing the efficiency of machinery and equipment. Subsequently, the scale-up concept was applied to evaluate the potential of energy efficiency enhancements for the entire industrial factory. The study findings revealed a total GHG reduction potential of 4.63 MtCO2e, with thermal energy measures accounting for 3.05 MtCO2e (65.83%) and electricity measures accounting for 1.58 MtCO2e (34.17%). Among the various measures, the implementation of insulating measures for thermal equipment in the furnace system showcased the most significant potential for GHG reduction, with a potential reduction of 2.26 MtCO2e, accounting for 48.73% of the total GHG reduction potential. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that a reduction of 1 MtCO2e in GHG emissions could potentially result in a corresponding reduction in energy costs amounting to approximately 8,449–8,889 million baht.