Industrial Development Of Russia Research Articles

Development of Russia’s industry: Some regularities and prospects

Industry is the substratum of material production and the economy as a whole. Numerous discussions about the need for new industrialisation make us turn again to the analysis of the state of industrial potential and results of industrial development in Russia. The study aims to explain the performance of the Russian industry in terms of the most relevant and aggregated indicators characterising its functioning, and to formulate its long-term development tasks. The methodological basis of the study is the theory of industrial development. Methods of planning and industrial analysis are used. The evidence is the data for 2012–2022 retrieved from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System. The research concludes about the ‘contracted’ development of the Russian industry. The growth rate of the gross value added is more significantly impacted by the dynamics of fixed capital rather than that of labour. Yet the labour contributed greatly to the creation of the new value, which indicates the predominance of labour-intensive technologies, or obsolete capital-intensive technologies. The study empirically confirms that some periods saw a ‘paradox of rapid industrialisation’, that is, a substantially lower rate of economic growth against a higher growth of industry and modernisation of its fixed assets. The general conclusion is that when conducting industrial policy, it is necessary to influence the state of the labour and capital factors in the manufacturing sectors. The industrialisation of the Russian economy needs to be oriented towards the technological substitution through the creation of new fixed assets; in addition, the losses of greatly reduced labour potential should be compensated. A promising avenue is the organisation of analytical planning for the state-owned industry and indicative planning for private industries along with the adoption of a law on the state sector.

Научный вклад А. Г. Козлова в изучение истории Северо-Востока России

The article presents the main results of the scientific activities of A. G. Kozlov (1951-2006), Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of History and Archeology of the North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of the FEB RAS, local historian, and populiser of science. In 1997-2006, he was involved with various problems of Magadan оblast history, peculiarities in the industrial development of Russia's North-East, the Dalstroy economic activities, correctional labour policy in the area in the 1930s-1950s, as well as the foundation and development of the city of Magadan. A. G. Kozlov made a significant contribution to studying the history of Magadan oblast.

Анализ стратегического подхода к отраслевому развитию в России

The article analyzes the strategic approach to industrial development in Russia. The author studied the regulatory environment, i.e., strategies, programs, and projects, that affects economic sectors and sets the vector of industrial development. A detailed analysis of these strategies, programs, and projects revealed a number of significant shortcomings that reduce the effectiveness of the public administration system for long-term industrial and socio-economic development. The author described the theoretical foundations of economic and industrial development, best practices in building effective industrial growth drivers, and existing methodological flaws in the strategic approach to industrial strategies in Russia. The research revealed the need to change the methodological approach to strategizing in Russia. As an effective solution, the author proposed the methodology of industrial strategizing based on the general theory of strategy and methodology of strategizing developed by the National School of Strategizing and Professor Vladimir L. Kvint, Dr.Sc. (Econ.), Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Industrial development in Russia: the study of sectoral structure

The article deals with the issues of studying the sectoral structure of the economy of the Russian Federation and the transformation of the sectoral structure of industry. A sample of macroeconomic indicators characterizing the structure of industrial production by gross value added, the number of employed personnel, the value of exports for the period 1990-2022 was formed and analyzed. Open statistical data consolidated by the UN International Organization for Industrial Development (UNIDO) and Rosstat were used. Calculations of structural shifts in the manufacturing industry of the Russian Federation have been carried out. The article shows that the sectoral structure of the Russian economy has undergone tremendous structural transformations. During the period under review, the sectoral structure of industry in terms of gross value added was significantly transformed: the share of oil refining, chemical industry, metallurgy is increasing, while the share of machine-building and instrument-making is decreasing. In the sectoral structure of employment, the share of high-tech industries such as machine building and electronics and agriculture is decreasing, while the share of employment in trade and construction, transportation and communication is increasing. In the sectoral structure of exports, the share of manufacturing industries is decreasing and the share of extractive industries is increasing. It is concluded that for a long time the sectoral structure of the Russian economy has been under the influence of deindustrialization.

Transformation of values of employees of an industrial enterprise based on the Shingo Model

During the transition to a highly volatile cycle of industrial development in Russia the issues of value orientations and real behavior models of the employees become especially important due to the need in further growth of labour productivity. Values, regarded as global mental attitudes, in many ways, determine the employees’ involvement and participation in the activities of the enterprise. Transformation of employees’ system of values, their increasing involvement into the company’s activities and the consequent growth of labour productivity are the basis for the growing product marginality. Within the practical and methodological study in hand the authors define the main stages of the values’ transformation and the basic components of each stage on the example of a machine-building plant. Transformation of the system of values was based on the approaches of a Japanese a practical scientist Shigeo Shingo called the Shingo values pyramid. His methodology has been adapted in the practical study on the real ground of the Russian industrial enterprise PJSC “Cryogenmash” which possesses its own deep scientific roots and academic peculiarity. The authors study the findings and adduce methodological artefacts obtained while creating the model of values and the new behavior model of an employee of an industrial enterprise. The authors suggested using the methodological approach developed within the study to create a book of values of an industrial enterprise. This approach will make it possible to increase the employees’ labour productivity by changing the model of their behavour in work situations.

Инновации как фактор изменения производительности предприятий: проблемы измерения и интерпретации

The purpose of this аrticle is to present the current state of empirical research in the field of assessing the impact of innovations on enterprise productivity, detailing the problems of statistical measurement of innovations and meaningful interpretation of accumulated results. To study a sample of scientific papers devoted to the quantitative analysis of the impact of innovations on productivity, the methods of multifactorial systematization, critical analysis, content analysis and synthetic generalization were used. The problems of statistical measurement and consistent interpretation are analyzed in the context of four levels: innovation as an economic phenomenon; innovation as a factor of productivity change in the economy of a particular country; innovation as a factor of comparative economic dynamics in the global scale and innovation as a factor of industrial development in Russia. Conclusions and Relevance. In the modern economy, innovations are an independent factor of production, different from scientific research, patented inventions, material and technical base and other factors. The impact of innovations is often insignificant against the background of other factors and (or) negative. Microeconomic studies carried out on the basis of the results of surveys of enterprises are strongly limited in terms of regional, sectoral and intertemporal coverage of the economy. The dominance of the subjective approach to measuring innovation and the CDM model to assess the relationship between innovation and productivity leads to the accumulation of less informative results. The analytical potential of mainstream approaches to the problem of assessing the impact of innovations on productivity is wearing out and it will not be possible to compensate for their weaknesses without losing comparability in the near future

Modeling Interregional Clustering in Industry: The Case Study of Russia

The paper deals with the relevant problem of industrial development in Russia’s regions. For the economic development of regions at a qualitatively new level, innovative clusters are an effective form of organizing industrial business. The positive effects of clustering are achieved, first of all, by combining the scientific and production potential of the territory. To model the processes of interregional clustering, the method of spatial econometrics based on Moran’s indices was used. The results of the study show that a number of Russian regions have a high potential for the creation and development of interregional ties. The development of industrial clustering at the interregional level can help to level the socio-economic development of regions. Relations between promising regions and those being sharply inferior to them in development, in the form of clusters, can lead to synergistic effects. It has been established that interregional interaction in traditional industries, such as metallurgy and mechanical engineering, is not always mutually beneficial. Territories of catching-up development can become resource donors in such relations. The authors have noted the priority of supporting interregional clusters, including high-tech enterprises. High-tech manufacturing is an active link in value chains. Therefore, the formation of interregional clustering in this area should become a strategic direction of industrial policy.

Пижемское титановое месторождение — новый объект ближайшего освоения в Арктической зоне России

The Pizhemskoye titanium deposit (Middle Timan) has become one of the most attractive deposits for the industrial development in Russia as a result of the successful protection and approval of reserves at the State Reserves Committee (November 2020). 60 years have passed since the first finds of titanium mineralization in the basin of the Pechora Pizhma and Umba rivers by the thematic teams of the Ukhta Geological Exploration Department and the Komi branch of the Academy of Sciences, and now the deposit is considered one of the largest in Russia and the World. Together with the Yarega oil-titanium deposit, they contain up to 80% of the reserves and predicted resources of titanium in Russia. Timan becomes the largest raw material base of titanium in the world, the intensive development of which is possible for several hundred years. The article highlights the geological structure of the Pizhemskoye deposit (revealed a cellular, bowl-like structure of ore bodies); material and complex polymineral composition of ores; the Neoproterozoic age. The author proves the hydrothermal-metamorphogenic genesis of the ores, considers the sources of the mineral matter and solution of the technological scheme for processing refractory ores. The Pizhemskoye deposit is classified as a new pseudorutile-leucoxene-quartz subtype of primary metamorphogenic deposits.

Improving the system of measures to support industrial development in Russia

Currently, it is not individual enterprises that compete in the global market of industrial goods, but value chains. Within their framework, technological and production interfaces, diversification of demand markets, and optimization of business processes contribute to a sharp increase in the competitiveness of enterprises. The existing measures to support the development of industry do not confirm their effectiveness based on the results of work. To improve the system of support measures, the following steps are proposed: value chains should become the main tool for implementing the state’s industrial policy, measures for technological re-equipment based on intersectoral interaction of enterprises of high-tech and medium-tech industries should be implemented, as well as development institutions alternative to the banking sector should be formed. When implementing the proposed state support measures, the conditions for the sustainable development of the manufacturing industry in Russia are formed.

Sectoral and territorial industrial policy in the strategic documents of Russia and its regions

The article analyses the consistency of sectoral and territorial industrial policy target benchmarks reflected in federal and regional strategic documents of territorial socio-economic systems. The results of a comparison of this benchmarks showed that there is no unified approach to defining goals, quantitative and qualitative composition of target indicators of industrial development not only among strategic documents of various nature (goal-setting, forecasting, territorial, sectoral), but also within sectoral documents of industrial development in Russia and its regions. There is also no clearly defined vertical decomposition of national priorities for industrial development according to the directions and levels of strategic planning of territorial socio-economic systems.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОБЛЕМ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ВЫЗОВОВ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

The article summarizes modern problems and ways to improve industrial development in Russia, taking into account the challenges of an innovative economy. A comparison is made between the planned in the Strategy for the Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 and the actually achieved indicators reflecting the state of the industry. The conclusion is made about the low level of implementation of the Strategy and the need for further programmatic and methodological support for transformations, taking into account the guidelines of neo-industrialization.

Forced Labour in the Industry of the Middle Volga Region in the First Half of the XIX Century

Introduction. Industrial development of Russia in the first half of the XIX century characterized by the existence of various forms and methods of labour organization in the industrial production system. The owners of large enterprises used different practices of attracting labour force, which gave rise to socio-economic and legal heterogeneity of workers. The article considers the importance of compulsory forms of labour organization, which played a significant role in Russian industry until the early 1860s. Materials and Methods. When solving the set research tasks, materials from the funds of federal and regional archives, published sources, as well as scientific literature were used. To analyze the nature and direction of the processes taking place in the industry of serf Russia, the modernization theory was used. The need to process a significant array of quantitative data required the use of a statistical method. Results. Based on the study of archival and published sources, as well as the available scientific literature on the topic, the main categories of workers employed in the industry of the Middle Volga region within the boundaries of the Kazan, Penza and Simbirsk provinces were identified, their quantitative analysis was carried out, and some parameters were considered that show the specifics of their social-economic and legal situation. The study showed that the army of forced labor in the industrial sphere of the region in question was represented mainly by possessive workers, as well as serfs, who were reoriented to industrial labor by their owners. During the implementation of the research program, the conclusion was drawn: despite the growth in the use of hired labour in domestic industry in the first half of the 19th century, the Middle Volga region remained one of the regions where the practice of using forced labour in industrial enterprises not only persisted, but also intensified. Discussion and Conclusion. As the study shows, the dynamics of the change in the ratio of forced and civilian labour was multidirectional. In particular, in the industry of the Kazan province, the prevalence of civilian workers was noted, the proportion of which steadily increased throughout the period under study. On the contrary, with regard to the Penza and Simbirsk provinces, there was an increase in the use of forced labor, which was associated with the intensification of industrial entrepreneurship of the nobles. In the sectoral plan, the most active use of serf labor in industry was recorded in the cloth and distillery industries. It should be noted that in the second quarter of the XIX century the practice of using monetary forms of payment by industrial nobles for the labour of their own serfs. In the Kazan province, forced labour was represented mainly by the possessory workers of the Kazan cloth factory. By the early 1850s they were removed from the system of “possession law” and passed into the free estates. The presence of possessional workers was also recorded at metallurgical plants in the Penza province, which continued to remain on the “possession rights” until the early 1860s. In general, we can conclude that a specific feature of Russian industry in the pre-reform period was the extreme limitation of the “legal” free labor market, which led to the preservation of a large role for compulsory forms of labor organization.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПРИОРИТЕТЫ НОВОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

The article reveals the dynamics of their growth based on the results of the analysis of the main indicators of industrial development in the Voronezh region. At the same time, regional growth rates exceed the national ones. On the basis of the revealed trend, a conclusion was made about the effective implementation of the regional industrial policy. The intensification of activities in the field of industrial modernization in the region reflects the ongoing industrial policy. It has been determined that favorable conditions for conducting industrial and production activities and the investment attractiveness of a region depend on a systematic approach to the development of industrial clusters, territories of advanced socio-economic development, techno- and industrial parks. The components of the prospects for the high-tech industrial complex, the key directions for improving the regional industrial policy, namely, regulatory and organizational support, the implementation of regional programs and federal projects, and cooperation with business structures have been determined. A special economic zone of industrial-production type on an innovative basis contributes to import substitution and the creation of new types of industrial products. The distribution of regions according to different levels of industrial development in Russia indicates the need to solve the problems of effective spatial planning and placement of productive forces in the country, the use of selective management of the country's spatial development. An important influence on the economic development of the country's regions is exerted by the content of the regional industrial policy and the ways of its implementation.

Russian industry innovative activity in the process of transition to the digital economy: trends, threats and opportunities

The current changes in the economy made up by the transition to the sixth technological order and the development of the “Fourth industrial revolution” concept, are impossible without the innovative technologies development and implementation. In these circumstances it becomes highly important for the industrial enterprises to implement innovative solutions via the use of modern information and communication technologies. This article reveals the problems of the Russian Federation industrial enterprises innovation implementation in the course of transition to the digital economy. The analysis of the innovation activity indicators and the assessment of the software and information and communication technologies use by the Russian Federation industrial production organizations in 2017-2019 were made according to the Federal State Statistics Service data. From the research results the author identifies positive and negative trends in the innovative industrial development in Russia, and identifies the threats to the industrial production innovative solutions implementation and possible ways to minimize them. For this research the author used such methods as: comparative and logical analysis, system approach, graph and table scientific research methods.

A Strategy of Economic and Industrial Development of Russia in the Worldwide Instability Environment

The subject of the researchis the development of the Russian economy through enhancing its management efficiency.The relevanceof the problem is caused by the need to overcome the slow economic development before 2024–2030 as well as by fundamental changes in the global economy associated with the collapse of the globalization policy and the transition to the state protectionism, which requires changing the approach to the domestic economy management. Other important factors are a variety of economic development strategies available and the need to choose and justify an optimum strategy for the development of Russia.The purpose of the researchwas the development of a sound economic strategy and guidelines for its implementation with account for aggregate influencing factors. A comprehensive strategy for the development of the national economy is proposed based on the optimal combination of defense-industrial, resource, stabilization and innovation strategies while taking into account the specifics of Russia. To evaluate the condition and prospects of the Russian economic development, two groups of factors have been identified: external economic and internal economic. With account for their impact, the guidelines for the integrated economic strategy implementation are proposed. As a result of the research findings,it is concludedthat to achieve the goals set it is reasonable to ensure the balanced development of foreign economic relations based on joint large-scale international investment projects; increase the manufacturing and exports of hightech and deep processing products; ensure intensive growth of labor productivity and product quality based on industry modernization. The research was based on studying and analyzing information from domestic and foreign sources, Presidential decrees, resolutions and decisions of the State Duma and the Government, materials of the Russian Statistical Service (Rosstat) and relevant periodicals. In the course of the research, methods of analysis and synthesis, selection of the main link and classification were used. The results of the research can be helpful in the implementation of the economic development strategy and for management of structural transformations.

Dynamics, Peculiarities and Financial Factors for the Industrial Development of the South of Russia

The article presents the problems of the regional peculiarities and financial aspects of the industrial development of Russia its southern European territories - the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasian Federal District. A plan of research of the financial factors of sustainable industrial development in Russia was offered. According to this plan, the authors performed the analysis of industry paying attention to the regions of the South of Russia. The plan is based upon the consequent interrelation of the estimation of state and financial aspects of industrial development at the macro- and mesolevels including the analysis of the financial state and rates of the sustainable development of the regional industrial companies-leaders. The structural and dynamic peculiarities of the industrial sector development of the South's economy are shown in the context of two federal districts; the regional companies-leaders of the South are also distinguished and studied from the point of view of the sustainable growth.

“IN THE SERVICE OF FACTORY...”: EVERYDAY WORK OF A FACTORYINSPECTOR OF SIMBIRSK PROVINCE IN THE END XIX – THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURIES

Introduction. One of the key institutions that influenced on the industrial development of Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries was the factory inspection. Closely integrated into the system of public administration, it went through several stages of its formation and development. Being in the very center of social contradictions within the increasingly aggravated “the workers’ matter”, the factory inspection was often criticized by various political forces, as well as by businessmen and the public. At the same time, factory inspectors were almost the only guarantors of the implementation of factory and labor legislation, defending the legitimate rights of workers and obliging owners and administration of industrial enterprises to fulfill their social obligations. Methods. To solve the tasks of the paper the elements of the methods of socio-institutional and legal analysis were used, which made possible the inclusion of the object of research in a broad system of socio-economic and institutional-legal relations. The application of the modernization theory enabled to include social transformation processes in the trend of industrial modernization. The method of micro-history allowed to consider the activity of a factory inspector in the focus of everyday life. Discussion and conclusion. In general, on the example of the activities of factory inspectors of Simbirsk province in the early XX century it is possible to see the huge amount of work they did, even in the provincial region, which was not among the advanced in the industrial sense. In resolving situations involving the violation of factory legislation and accompanied by labor disputes and conflicts between workers and entrepreneurs arising on this ground, factory inspectors were required impartiality and objectivity. In this case, quite often factory inspectors were forced to enter into a rather tough confrontation with the owners and administration of industrial enterprises. The above data allow us to state with full justification that factory inspectors had tried to perform their duties responsibly and skillfully. In fact, their professional activity was a kind of service to the state, to which there was a very quivering attitude in Russia and which continued to occupy an important place in the system of social values. Although it should be added here that service to the state in the activities of factory inspectors was supplemented by another important mission – the service to society.

On the strategy for industrial development of Russia

The article considers the problems of industrial policy and, accordingly, the industrial development strategy from the standpoint of the challenges facing the industry, the conditions for the adoption of strategic decisions and possible answers - the key directions of state activities. The main principles and directions are analyzed: investment, foreign trade, technological policies, certain aspects of territorial planning, state corporate and social policies. Proposals on the prospective goal-setting and possible results of industrial policy have been formulated.

The Historical and Ecological Analysis of Middle Volga Industrial Development in Russia in the Second Half of the XXth Century

The relevance of this article is substantiated by the fact that ecology along with economy and international relations is among three basic problems of modern Russian society development. In this context the historical and ecological analysis of the country’s industrial growth allows to trace the nature and reaction to the ecological degradation that determined the environment critical state at the present stage. The article provides the results of the historical and ecological analysis of Middle Volga area industrial development in the second half of the XX century in Russia. They allowed to designate the prospective guidelines of environment state optimization in the researched region. The materials of this article may be used for the purpose of effective economic, legal, technological, moral and organizational methods application to impact the forming economic system, its maximum ecologization to balance the development of diverse processes: economic development of the country and creation of the environment favorable for person’s life and health.

The Key Factors, Determining the Industrial Development of Russia under the Conditions of Membership in the WTO

Abstract The modern economy is developing under the influence of a number of trends. One of the key trends is globalization. It is not only essential content. It consists in the formation of a single world economic space. Globalization also has the legal consolidation. In the framework of international organizations is the formation of a unified global institutional rules regulating economic activity. One such organization is the World Trade Organization (WTO). Russia is a member of this organization. Accession to the WTO changed the composition of the factors influencing the development of Russian industry. The article analyzes the impact of the fact of WTO membership on the industry in Russia. Consider these areas influence the WTO industrial production, as a change in the competitive situation in the market, restrictions in the use of previously used instruments of state support of the industry, the liberalization of cross-border movement of financial resources, the availability of credit for industry and others. It is concluded that the need to adjust strategies for the development of industrial enterprises and state industrial policy in Russia. In the new environment industry in Russia on world markets should move from competition through lower prices to compete by introducing new technologies and improving product quality.