Industrial Communication Research Articles

Predictor-corrector models for lightweight massive machine-type communications in Industry 4.0

Future Industry 4.0 scenarios are characterized by seamless integration between computational and physical processes. To achieve this objective, dense platforms made of small sensing nodes and other resource constraint devices are ubiquitously deployed. All these devices have a limited number of computational resources, just enough to perform the simple operation they are in charge of. The remaining operations are delegated to powerful gateways that manage sensing nodes, but resources are never unlimited, and as more and more devices are deployed on Industry 4.0 platforms, gateways present more problems to handle massive machine-type communications. Although the problems are diverse, those related to security are especially critical. To enable sensing nodes to establish secure communications, several semiconductor companies are currently promoting a new generation of devices based on Physical Unclonable Functions, whose usage grows every year in many real industrial scenarios. Those hardware devices do not consume any computational resource but force the gateway to keep large key-value catalogues for each individual node. In this context, memory usage is not scalable and processing delays increase exponentially with each new node on the platform. In this paper, we address this challenge through predictor-corrector models, representing the key-value catalogues. Models are mathematically complex, but we argue that they consume less computational resources than current approaches. The lightweight models are based on complex functions managed as Laurent series, cubic spline interpolations, and Boolean functions also developed as series. Unknown parameters in these models are predicted, and eventually corrected to calculate the output value for each given key. The initial parameters are based on the Kane Yee formula. An experimental analysis and a performance evaluation are provided in the experimental section, showing that the proposed approach causes a significant reduction in the resource consumption.

One World, One Network: Revisiting Digital Dichotomy Theory of the Media

The advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) brings about the debate regarding the potentials of technological innovations for inequities and inequalities. Since the 20th century, when McLuhan argued that technologies help extend human capacity, media technologies have been regarded as liberating and empowering. Technologies aided human manipulation of mechanical and electronic processes in the media and communication industries. The paper examines the fundamental issue of digital dominance in information technologies. Interrogates how developing countries may, or have been left behind in the journey towards building knowledge societies because of poor technological infrastructure and systems. The analysis rekindles the global information order to the past, such as media dominance, information inequality, asymmetrical and imbalanced information flow. By adding the power of computing to mechanical and electronic innovation of the past, as captured by MacBride recommends changes to address inequities in global media representations in the 21st-century society. The network societies are now better connected. This conceptual paper discovered that the resultant gluts of information further intensify the nature of global and social challenges. Given digital divide concerns being accelerated as captured in the Digital Dichotomy Theory (DD-Theory) is proposed towards understanding the inherent global media communication dynamics. The theory asserts that entities without the same predisposing factors will often significantly vary in adoption time of current experience(s). The paper found that technology-aided media communication realities do play out and affect humanity in such an uneven manner as well. Within this context, there is a digital dichotomy that affects actual media communication outcomes, especially in developing societies.

(Invited) 3D Morphable Electronic Systems Via Deterministic Microfolding

DNA and proteins fold in three dimensions (3D) to enable functions that sustain life. Emulation of such reversible folding schemes for functional materials can create promising opportunities for advancing a wide range of technologies. In particular, morphing 3D mesostructures via multiple dimensions for high-performance materials including monocrystalline silicon can enable unconventional designs in sensory robotics, biomedical devices, microelectronics, and microelectromechanical systems. Existing approaches to morphing functional materials mostly rely on planar processes, which often complicates needed mechanisms for structural reconfiguration and limits the choice of materials composition and dimension. This presentation will introduce a bioinspired microfolding strategy to realize 3D reconfigurable microelectronic systems in freestanding forms with various advanced materials and complex architectures. The microfolding mechanism allows access to any transitional states of the folded 3D structures in a reversible fashion, to modulate functionalities on demand. Demonstrations on microantennas for telecommunication, wearable accelerometers for tremor monitoring, and epicardial bioelectronic probes for cardiac mapping, all of which are achieved via the microfolding strategy, further highlight the high potential for a broad range of applications in healthcare and communications industry.

Mobile Customer Satisfaction Scoring Research Based on Quadratic Dimension Reduction and Machine Learning Integration

Customer satisfaction is a measure of the degree of satisfaction of customer experience. Among the three major operators in China, China Mobile plays an important role in the communication field. A study of customer satisfaction with China Mobile will have a significant positive impact on the sustainable development of the entire communication industry. In order to respond to customer needs accurately, a mobile customer satisfaction research method based on quadratic dimensionality reduction and machine learning integration is proposed. Firstly, the core evaluation system of impact satisfaction is established, through the integration of systematic clustering and exploratory factor analysis for quadratic dimensionality reduction. Then, unreasonable data in the core influencing factors are eliminated. Finally, the gradient-boosted decision tree (GBDT) machine learning algorithm is applied to predict satisfaction, with a prediction accuracy of up to 99%, and the highly accurate satisfaction prediction can quickly respond to customer needs and feedback to improve customer experience and satisfaction.

Digitalization of fitness and sports

Digitalization is the process of transforming analogue technologies and processes into digital ones. These transformations are expressed in the deep penetration of digital technologies into all processes of the sports industry, their optimisation, increased productivity, and improved communication with consumers. The digitalization process is driving changes in society that have both technological, economic, and social aspects. The purpose of the article is to explore the aspects and impact of digitalization on the fitness and sports sectors and to identify opportunities, challenges, and directions for the development of the sports industry created by digitalization. Research methods: theoretical analysis, systematisation, and generalisation of scientific and methodological literature in the field of fitness and sports. Results of the study. The digitalization of fitness and sports is a trend that is gaining popularity both in Ukraine and around the world. The market for digital products and services in the sports industry will continue to grow. And understanding the latest trends and using digital tools will become key competencies for professionals in this industry in the future. Conclusions. Digitalization has made sports more accessible; it has allowed coaches, athletes, and fitness enthusiasts to obtain more accurate and individualised data about their training and increase its effectiveness. For fitness facilities and sports organisations, the use of digital tools creates opportunities to expand their audience, improve customer performance, enhance the quality of their services, and, as a result, increase revenue. For national sports federations, the digitalization process will help them regain institutional capacity, simplify reporting, make their activities more transparent and public, which will reduce corruption risks, and accelerate the development of domestic IT technologies in the field of physical culture and sports.

DA-DMPF: Delay-aware differential multi-path forwarding of industrial time-triggered flows in deterministic network

The time-sensitive network (TSN) utilizes gating technology to achieve mixed traffic transmission across the common network, replacing dedicated networks with time division multiplexing, simplifying the interconnection architecture. TSN fundamentally changes the uncertainty of traditional Ethernet through clock synchronization, traffic scheduling, and network configuration. TSN can meet the requirements of industrial communication for low delay, low jitter, and high-reliable data transmission. It is also fully compatible with the existing Ethernet system and is an important communication platform supporting the development of the industrial Internet. Time-triggered flow is the key flow responsible for transmitting real-time data in time-sensitive networks. Its transmission should strictly follow the gating schedule. Selecting different transmission paths will affect the success rate of scheduling. To solve the delay optimization problem of industrial time-triggered (TT) flow path selection, this paper proposes a novel forwarding mechanism for industrial TT flow, namely delay-aware differential multi-path forwarding (DA-DMPF). This mechanism first designs a multipath forwarding index based on sending delay and processing delay by analyzing the end-to-end delay, then converts the multipath forwarding problem into a 0-1 integer linear planning problem, and finally solves the forwarding path set of the stream through differential multipath forwarding algorithm to achieve low delay parallel transmission of the stream. The simulation results show that compared with load-balanced multi-path forwarding and Hop-Load forwarding mechanisms, this scheme reduces the end-to-end average delay of industrial TT flows by 22.55% and 17.32% respectively, meeting the low delay transmission requirements of TT flows.

Influence of Service Quality, Price Perception and Quality of the Customer Experience Customer Loyalty with Customer Satisfaction as a Variable Intervening

The impact Covid-19 epidemic made all operations have gone digital in response to the Next Normal. Increasing competition in the information and communication industry demonstrates the progress of digital transformation for the telecommunication requirements of not only individuals, but also businesses as the primary target market form of company. To maintain the longevity of the company's operation, steps must be taken to understand the demands of customer satisfaction. This study aims to analyze Service Quality, Price Perceptions and Customer Experience on Customer Loyalty of Telkom Indonesia's Enterprise Company with Consumer Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable. According to internal business data for 2022, the research population is 150 enterprise customers with SEM-PLS as analysis method. The results showed that service quality, price perception and customer experience had a significant positive effect on enterprise customer satisfaction and customer satisfaction had a significant positive effect on customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction has a significant positive effect on Service Quality and Price Perception on customer loyalty, while Customer Experience has an insignificant positive effect on customer loyalty.

Exploration on the Development Path of Journalism and Communication Education in China in the Context of ChatGPT

After entering 2023, the cultivation of high-level talents in news communication has once again become a topic of great concern to the education circles around the world. The further development and update of artificial intelligence technologies such as ChatGPT have impacted the social cognitive system. Compared with other industries, the news communication industry has the closest business relationship with ChatGPT, and the news communication industry plays a major role in the production, circulation and service of large-scale knowledge content. Therefore, this paper discusses the path exploration of the development of journalism and communication education in the context of ChatGPT from the perspectives of digital development model, project-based teaching scenario and "publicity" in journalism and communication education.

The effect of communication on construction project management processes during the covid-19 pandemic period: a case study in Türkiye

The construction industry has had to struggle with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in all sectors. In this process, effective communication has become more significant. This study is aimed to evaluate the significance of effective communication in the COVID-19 process in the Turkish construction industry. Moreover, the causes of communication problems during the project management process and the communication problems among the project stakeholders were investigated. A survey study was applied and the data suitability to the normal distribution was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The significance relations between the seven different demographic characteristics of the sample and the answers were determined using the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. The relative importance index (RII) method was used to determine the participants' perceptions regarding relative importance. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the views of architects and engineers on the significance of communication in the construction industry as well as investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic period. This study provides a basis for construction practitioners and scientists who aim to examine the significance of effective communication in the construction industry and the communication problems experienced under the impact of the pandemic. Moreover, it will contribute to the elimination or minimization of communication-related issues. It will help managers and stakeholders in the construction industry develop strategies to avoid what may occur in ensuring effective communication due to any pandemic such as COVID-19.

Online Complaints on Hotel Services in Indonesia: A Comparison Study of Asian and English-Speaking Country Visitors

Communication in the Indonesian hospitality industry impacts on the growth of domestic and foreign tourists’ number who visit the country. And one of the communication forms in this business is visitor review on hospitality platforms. This review offers several advantages since, for example, hotels will be able to find out customers' levels of satisfaction, needs, or complaints on hotel services and facilities. And these aspects can be used to evaluate the business’ performance in gaining profit. Based on that urgency, this study aims to investigate the complaint structures and strategies written by Asian and English-speaking country visitors on both domestic chain hotels (DCH) and international chain hotels (ICH) in the TripAdvisor page, an international-based travel site. Furthermore, a qualitative descriptive research method is employed along with note-taking as the data collection technique, and the theory used is the complaint speech act strategy presented by Trosborg. The results of this study indicate that the complaint structure consists of several components, namely: title, opening sentence, content (complaint sentence), closing sentence, and parting or valediction. In detail, the structure component that appears the least is parting since it is only found in Asian visitor reviews on ICH. While, the most common complaint strategy used by DCH and ICH visitors is annoyance. It can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the use of complaints strategies between Asian and English-speaking country visitors in both DCH and ICH. It happens due to globalization where the world communities carry out high mobility between cultures even though they have geographical boundaries; thus, they are able to influence each other frequently

A new low‐cost and low‐power industrial internet of things infrastructure for effective integration of distributed and isolated systems with smart grids

AbstractInternet of Things (IoT) has recently become one of the fast‐growing technologies in the world. Integrating existing systems with smart grids still represents a significant challenge arising from the massive cost of upgrading the infrastructure. This paper provides an IoT infrastructure solution based on a newly designed low‐cost microcontroller‐based IoT remote terminal unit (RTU) to integrate new, old, and conventional sites of existing grids with smart grids. The IoT RTU supports Wi‐Fi communication and includes digital/analog inputs and outputs besides the advantage of serial data transmission standard RS‐485 as an industrial field communication (IFC). The Modbus communication protocol is utilized as a serial industrial protocol that can be interfaced over the RS‐485 standard. The advantage of having an IFC protocol integrated into the IoT infrastructure enables to link any supported device and publish the required data to the cloud, besides the ability to add smart metering technologies, which allows Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) in these areas. IoT‐enabled Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is integrated with the proposed IoT infrastructure for its advantages of remote monitoring and control. The proposed IoT infrastructure is characterized by proper data security and low power consumption. The IoT infrastructure is simulated with an existing real application for proof of concept, and the results are discussed for different case studies.

Deep learning in physical layer communications: Evolution and prospects in 5G and 6G networks

AbstractWith the rapid development of the communication industry in the fifth generation and the advance towards the intelligent society of the sixth generation wireless networks, traditional methods are unable to meet the ever‐growing demands for higher data rates and improved quality of service. Deep learning (DL) has achieved unprecedented success in various fields such as computer vision, large language model processing, and speech recognition due to its powerful representation capabilities and computational convenience. It has also made significant progress in the communication field in meeting stringent demands and overcoming deficiencies in existing technologies. The main purpose of this article is to uncover the latest advancements in the field of DL‐based algorithm methods in the physical layer of wireless communication, introduce their potential applications in the next generation of communication mechanisms, and finally summarize the open research questions.

The impact of green finance on the optimization of industrial structure: Evidence from China.

Green finance promotes the optimization of industrial structure and continuous improvement of ecological environment by supporting the development of green industries. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2020, this paper uses the entropy weight TOPSIS method to measure the development level of green finance and the level of industrial structure optimization in China, and constructs a panel data model to empirically test the impact of green finance on the upgrading of China's industrial structure. The study finds that there is still an imbalance and insufficiency in the development of green finance and industrial structure optimization in China. From 2012 to 2020, the development level of green finance and the level of industrial structure optimization in China have been continuously rising, but there is obvious heterogeneity, showing an eastern>central>western spatial pattern. Empirical analysis results show that at the significance level of 1‰, the development of green finance has a significant promoting effect on the rationalization and upgrading of the industrial structure. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the impact of green finance on industrial structure optimization. In terms of regional heterogeneity, at the significance level of 1‰, the role of green finance in promoting the optimization of industrial structure in central and western China is higher than that in eastern China, and the impact of green finance on China's industrial structure shows a spatial pattern of western>central>eastern China. In terms of industry heterogeneity, at the significance level of 1‰, green finance has a significant promoting effect on the development of green industries, and a significant inhibiting effect on the development of high-energy-consuming industries. Specifically, in the green industry, green finance has the greatest promoting effect on the communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry; in the high-energy-consuming industry, green finance has the greatest inhibiting effect on the black metal smelting and rolling processing industry, and the smallest impact on the petroleum, coal and other fuel processing industry. Finally, based on this, policy suggestions for green finance to support the optimization of industrial structure are proposed from two dimensions: government and financial institutions.

Thermally insulating carbon nanotubes and copper ferrite based porous polydimethylsiloxane foams for absorption-dominant electromagnetic interference shielding performance

The exponential growth of the electronic and communication industry in the last 50 years raised serious concerns about electromagnetic (EM) pollution. Consequently, suitable composite materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding have been developed to reduce EM pollution. In the present work, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticle-based porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite foams were prepared using the baking soda template method. The PDMS foam acts as the 3-dimensional (3D) porous network, CNT gives the required conductive path and magnetic CuFe2O4 provides the necessary magnetic loss, so that the resultant foams achieved high EMI shielding through the absorption mechanism. Without the inclusion of CuFe2O4, the total EMI SE of the PDMS foam is lower than 20 dB, while various contents of the added CuFe2O4 improve the EMI SE up to 32 dB at a thickness of 3 mm. In addition, the thermal insulation properties are also reported and the resultant material shows a moderately low thermal conductivity of 0.046 W m−1 K−1. These characteristics of the composite foam highlight the strong absorption-dominated EMI shielding and thermal insulation performance, allowing it to successfully meet a wide range of applications.

The technology management path and its development trend in the field of communication engineering in the era of big data

In the face of the sustainable development of social economy and technical means, the current demand for communication is getting higher and higher, so improving the technical ability of the communication industry can better meet the communication needs of social justice. From the perspective of the long-term development of the communication industry, it is very important to identify the main path and development trend of technology management. Therefore, after understanding the basic characteristics of the field of communication engineering in the era of big data, this paper mainly studies the three technical management paths of cost control, talent training and cable management, and then determines the development trend of the field of communication engineering in the era of big data.

Lightweight Encryption Assisted Man-in-The-Middle Attack-Resilient Steganography Model for Secure Satellite Imagery Services: LEMARS

The role of communication technologies has become increasingly vital in various fields such as industrial communication, surveillance and monitoring, healthcare, and data communication, leading to a surge in demand for these technologies in recent years. In this research paper, the LEMARS model is proposed as a novel and robust lightweight encryption assisted Man-in-The-Middle (MITM) attack-resilient steganography model for secure satellite imagery services. The proposed solution combines lightweight encryption and attack-resilient embedding to achieve higher attack-resilience with low computational cost and optimal reconstruction quality. The use of Feistel architecture-driven substitution and permutation-based block-cipher encryption and heuristic-driven pixel adjustment method for MITM-Adaptive B-Channel Embedding results in higher imperceptibility and superior attack-resilience under uncertain channels. The strategic amalgamation of FSPN-BCE, L2D-IWT, and HD-OMABE enabled attack-resilient steganography for secure satellite communication. The performance of LEMARS has been evaluated using Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), entropy, Non-Parametric Change Rate (NPCR), Unified Average Change Intensity (UACI), and regular and singular block pattern changes. LEMARS achieved a PSNR value of 58.02 dB, an entropy value of 6.15 dB, an NPCR value of 99.84%, a UACI value of 33.70, and exhibited minimal block pattern changes. These results indicate that the proposed model achieved higher attack-resilience with low computational cost and optimal reconstruction quality. The research aimed to improve encryption and embedding methods to achieve an MITM-attack resilient embedding solution for secure satellite imagery services. The proposed LEMARS model exhibited superiority over other state-of-the-art methods, affirming the robustness of the proposed LEMARS model for real-time multimedia data security purposes, including remote sensing, satellite imagery services, telemedicine, and EHR. In conclusion, the LEMARS model offers an optimal solution for multimedia data security, combining lightweight encryption and attack-resilient embedding to achieve higher attack-resilience with low computational cost and optimal reconstruction quality.

Prevalence of bacterial isolates from cell phone surfaces in Madonna University Elele Campus

Cell phones is a major revolution in the communication industry. In recent times, cell phone is carried by almost everybody, however, in some areas where not everyone has a cell phone, people patronize paid phone booths to communicate with loved ones. Madonna University, Elele Campus, is in Rivers State Nigeria and accommodates the University where all the students and staff are living on campus, The Madonna University Teaching Hospital, the pilgrimage center where pilgrims from all over the world visit regularly. There are phone booths at strategic locations where individuals pay and use their phone. Since different people use the same phone with their hands and mouth to make calls, this research was aimed at accessing the prevalence of bacteria isolates from cell phone surfaces in Madonna University, Elele campus, and the susceptibility of these organisms to commonly used antibiotics. Fifty swab samples were collected from the surface of cell phones at various locations in Madonna University, Elele Campus, and were microbiologically analyzed for the aerobic bacteria count and susceptibility to different antibiotics using the pour-plate method. Madonna University Teaching Hospital phone booth recorded the highest total aerobic bacterial count and number of bacteria isolates compared to other centers. Staphylococcus species was significantly (p<0.05) the most prevalent bacteria species isolated on the cell phones, and the percentage occurrence of various isolates were: Staphylococcus species (59.5%), Salmonella species (19.1%), Streptococcus specie (9.5%) Psuedomonas species (3.1%) and Escherichia coli (2.1%). Among the gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli had 100% susceptibility against all the antibiotics, Salmonella species recorded 100% susceptibility against ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamycin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin while Proteus species had 100% against streptomycin and chloramphenicol. For the gram-positive, Streptococcus species and Staphylococcus species recorded a significant percentage of susceptibility ranging from 62.5% to 100% against some of the antibiotics used. This study conclude that cell phone surfaces could be a reservoir for different disease causing micro-organism and users should take precaution against bacterial infection while using cell phone.

Fabrication of low dielectric constant fluorinated poly(arylene ether nitrile) composites by cross-linking with metal-organic frameworks

The communication industry has been developing rapidly, but there is still a huge challenge in low dielectric materials. Porous polymer materials have been extensively studied as low dielectric materials. However, their application is limited by poor mechanical properties, high water absorption, etc. In this work, fluorinated poly(arylene ether nitrile) containing carboxyl groups (PEN) are designed and synthesized and then MOF-3 is used as a nanoporous filler and crosslinker. Through simple heat treatment, cross-linked networks are constructed and the overall performance of the composite films has been significantly improved. Benefiting from the introduction of cross-linked networks and the porous structure of MOF-3, the dielectric constant of PEN-M-3 composite films is as low as 2.33 at 1 MHz, and the water uptake is as low as 0.126%. In addition, all the composite films have excellent thermal stability (T5% > 490 °C) and outstanding mechanical properties (tensile strength > 82 MPa). Such excellent performance will have the potential to be applied to low dielectric materials, and this strategy will also provide a new approach for the design and preparation of low dielectric materials.

Barriers and countermeasures of construction and demolition waste recycling enterprises under circular economy

The rapid development of urbanization has led to a considerable amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, resulting in various environmental issues. While recycling of C&D waste is regarded as the most practical option in the circular economy framework, previous studies have mainly focused on macro analysis of C&D waste reduction and circular economy, while ignoring the business environment and conditions of C&D waste recycling enterprises (CDWREs). This research aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the barriers and develop countermeasures for C&D waste recycling enterprises from a circular economic perspective. This research employs several methods, including desktop study, semi-structured interviews, and onsite investigation, to examine the external market conditions and internal operations of CDWREs and analyze the internal and external environment of CDWREs by combining PEST analysis model (political, economic, social, and technological), Porter's five forces competition model, and value chain theory. The study discovered that construction waste recycling enterprises face various problems: (1) high costs, (2) limited channels for waste acquisition and residue treatment, (3) limited technological capabilities, (4) insufficient product competitiveness, and (5) lack of marketing strategies. Five countermeasures are proposed based on the results of the investigation, including building a closed-loop industrial chain, enhancing cooperation and communication, strengthening talent training and technological innovation, expanding product variety and market demands, and paying attention to market research and product marketing. This research provides practical guidance for the decision-making of CDWREs and contributes to the construction of the C&D waste circular economy industry chain.

Fluorinated polyimide with triphenyl pyridine structure for 5G communications: Low dielectric, highly hydrophobic, and highly transparent

With the rapid development of 5G communications, the traditional interlayer dielectric material polyimide (PI) requires modification due to its intrinsically high dielectric constant (Dk), high dielectric loss (Df), and high moisture absorption, which make it difficult to meet the needs of the high-frequency communications industry. In this paper, a new strategy for the preparation of novel PI with intrinsically low Dk and Df is proposed from the perspective of molecular structure design, the modification effect of superimposing bulky triphenyl pyridine structures and strong electronegativity groups, combined with long-chain anhydride to reduce the density of the imide structure. Therefore, three bulk diamine monomers (BPAB, PBAB3F, PBAB6F) containing triphenyl pyridine structures were designed in this paper and polymerized with 4,4′-(4,4′-isopropyldiphenoxy) phthalic anhydride (BPADA) to obtain three new PIs (PI-H, PI-CF3, PI-2CF3) with different fluorine contents, focusing on the relationship between structure and properties, especially the effect of fluorine content on dielectric properties. The results of the study show that the dielectric and hygroscopic properties of PI improve with increasing fluorine content. Among them, PI-2CF3 has the best overall performance, showing low dielectric (Dk = 2.72@10 GHz & Df = 0.00233@10 GHz), high transparency (Cut-off wavelength (λ0) = 389 nm, Maximum transmittance (Tvia) = 89%) and low hygroscopicity (Water absorption (Ma) = 0.246%, Contact angle (Ca) = 111°).