Industrial Commodities Research Articles

Patriarcapitalism? Towards an Intertwined History of Inheritance law and Capitalism from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution (c. 1350–1850)

Abstract This article examines the patriarchal nature of inheritance law in late medieval and early modern England, the existence of an aristocratic offensive in the field of law against women’s inheritance rights between the 14th and the 18th century, and the relation between this offensive and the rise of agrarian capitalism. It then investigates the favorable effects of this legal legacy on the accumulation and concentration of the means of agrarian, coal and industrial commodity production in the hands of a minority of male aristocrats and bourgeois who played a significant role in the making of the Industrial Revolution.

Ambient-pressure alkoxycarbonylation for sustainable synthesis of ester

Alkoxycarbonylation reactions are common in the chemical industry, yet process sustainability is limited by the inefficient utilization of CO. In this study, we address this issue and demonstrate that significant improvements can be achieved by adopting a heterogeneously catalyzed process, using a Ru/NbOx catalyst. The Ru/NbOx catalyst enables the direct synthesis of methyl propionate, a key industrial commodity, with over 98% selectivity from CO, ethylene and methanol, without any ligands or acid/base promoters. Under ambient CO pressure, a high CO utilization efficiency (336 mmolestermolCO−1h−1) is achieved. Mechanistic investigations reveal that CO undergoes a methoxycarbonyl (COOCH3) intermediate pathway, attacking the terminal carbon atom of alkene and yielding linear esters. The origins of prevailing linear regioselectivity in esters are revealed. The infrared spectroscopic feature of the key COOCH3 species is observed at 1750 cm−1 (C=O vibration) both experimentally and computationally. The broad substrate applicability of Ru/NbOx catalyst for ester production is demonstrated. This process offers a sustainable and efficient approach with high CO utilization and atom economy for the synthesis of esters.

The nexus between mineral, renewable commodities, and regional stock sectors during health and military crises

We examine the return and volatility spillover dynamics and their portfolio implications among regional stock super-sectors, mineral (Energy, Industrial, and Precious Metals), and renewable (Agricultural and Livestock) commodities. To this end, we apply the time-varying parameter-vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model to analyze the intersectoral-commodity linkages separately in four major regions (Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia Pacific, and North America). The empirical results show that stock market sectors dominate the spillover transmission mechanism, while commodities emerge as net recipients of shocks. Moreover, we find heterogeneous connectedness patterns between stock sectors and commodities, predominantly running from the Energy and Basic Resources stocks to the Energy and Industrial Metals commodities. Thus, energy commodities play a more vital role as a spreader of volatility shocks amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the wake of the Russia-Ukraine war. The optimal portfolio weights reflect two episodes of “flight to safety” towards all commodities except Energy, triggered by the pandemic and the war, as investors decrease their fund allocation to stocks in favor of commodities.

Sosialisasi Dan Praktek Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dalam Pembuatan Sirup Jahe Pada Dasawiswa Melati Sumberanyar Banyuputih Situbondo

The ginger plant has an important role in the development of health in Indonesia, both as a preventive and promotive approach to maintaining health. This plant is a type of rhizome that is easy to cultivate and is widespread in Indonesia. Apart from being used as a spice and cooking spice, ginger is also an important commodity in industry, especially in the production of ginger powder and syrup. One example of the activities carried out is the socialization of ginger making in Ranurejo Hamlet, Sumberanyar Village, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency, East Java Province, which is specifically aimed at women of Dasawiswa Melati Rt.002 Rw.001. The method applied in this activity is participatory, where participants are directly involved in its implementation. The entire socialization process went smoothly, with participants showing high enthusiasm and activeness in participating in this activity.

Asymmetric connectedness and investment strategies between commodities and Islamic banks: Evidence from gulf cooperative council (GCC) markets

The study uses the data of thirteen Islamic Banks (IB) in the GCC region and sixteen commodities that include soft agriculture, energy, industry, and precious metal commodities. Murabaha transactions makes up most of the revenues of the Islamic banks, whereas commodities set up the biggest portion of the assets among Murabaha transactions, therefore commodities and IB revenues are expected to comove. Interestingly, empirical findings suggest that most of the Islamic banks and commodities are not significantly affected by the shocks from other markets. We further observe that negative shocks have a higher impact on market connectedness among used assets compared to the positive returns and find a significant role of risk variables in explaining the magnitude of spillover between used assets. We perform robustness of our results in sub-samples periods during Shale Oil Revolution, Global Financial Crisis, and the COVID-19. Additionally, the multivariate portfolio analysis shows some risk reduction properties of the majority of the used assets. The performance evaluation measures demonstrate that weights selected based on dynamic connectedness network presents diversification opportunities. These findings help investors and portfolio managers to remain alert to the movements of the risk factors and calibrate there hedging and portfolio management strategies by taking long and short positions as incorporation of Islamic banks and commodities in the GCC region in a portfolio could yield risk reduction benefits and profitability.

Digital Fabrication for Circular Timber Construction: A Case Study

The European timber industry has successfully implemented the cascading utilization of wood for several decades, downcycling material resources at the end of each product cycle by turning them into new industrial commodities through additional manufacturing procedures. In its current implementation, this approach is effective in keeping wooden materials in circulation. However, a significant amount of material still reaches the end-of-life stage through incineration prematurely, constituting a considerable waste of valuable resources. Therefore, we propose repurposing low-quality, low-engineered waste wood for architectural applications to avoid unnecessary downcycling processes. Specifically, we suggest a digital design and fabrication method to build tectonic structures using repurposed timber offcuts. As a case study, we present a pavilion structure built at a 1:1 scale, demonstrating the potential of digital technologies for circular timber construction. Based on this case study, we discuss how digital fabrication and material grading can foster a transition towards a circular built environment.

Operating windows and techno-economics of a power-to-methanol process utilizing proton-conducting high temperature electrolyzers

Methanol is a crucial commodity in the chemical industry and is employed as precursor for many products. It can be used to store fluctuating renewable energy, specifically benefiting from its liquid state at ambient temperatures. As the demand for green, renewable methanol is projected to soar in the next decades, environmentally friendly and sustainable pathways for its production have to be provided. Through the combination of proton-conducting high temperature electrolysis for the provision of dry H2 with a heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2, efficient and simple power-to-methanol production processes can be established. Here, a novel power-to-methanol system model capable of real-time transient simulation is presented and viable operating windows are determined for different key operating parameters of the respective main process stages. A techno-economic assessment is carried out to determine the specific production costs of renewable methanol. Specific methanol production costs of 2419 € t−1MeOH for small-scale applications (1.12 MW) were retrieved, which corresponds to a more than fourfold increase over the current market price of conventionally produced methanol. Increases in system scale are found to decrease the methanol production costs due to economy-of-scale effects. The sensitivity of the process economics is assessed with regards to crucial operational and capital characteristics.

Impact of global heterogeneity of renewable energy supply on heavy industrial production and green value chains

On the path to climate neutrality, global production locations and trade patterns of basic materials might change due to the heterogeneous availability of renewable electricity. Here we estimate the ‘renewables pull’, that is, the energy-cost savings, for varying depths of relocation for three key tradable energy-intensive industrial commodities: steel, urea and ethylene. For an electricity-price difference of €40 MWh−1, we find respective relocation savings of 18%, 32% and 38%, which might, despite soft factors in the private sector, lead to green relocation. Conserving today’s production patterns by shipping hydrogen is substantially costlier, whereas trading intermediate products could save costs while keeping substantial value creation in renewable-scarce importing regions. In renewable-scarce regions, a societal debate on macroeconomic, industrial and geopolitical implications is needed, potentially resulting in selective policies of green-relocation protection.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) clones differing in disease tolerance provides novel insights into the disease response associated with abnormal leaf fall disease caused by Phytophthora meadii

Rubber is an important industrial commodity and Hevea brasiliensis is the commercial source of natural rubber (NR). Abnormal Leaf Fall (ALF) disease caused by Phytophthora meadii is one of the major diseases affecting yield of NR. Understanding Hevea-Phytophthora interaction mechanism is essential to manage this devastating disease. Transcriptome analysis was employed to gain an understanding on the molecular mechanisms that confer resistance to Phytophthora that would facilitate development of disease-tolerant Hevea clones. As our current understanding of Hevea-Phytophthora interaction is limited, an attempt was made to analyze and compare the transcriptomes of tolerant and susceptible clones of H. brasiliensis in response to P. meadii infection (in healthy and Phytophthora challenge-inoculated condition) during early, middle and late phases of infection by using the RNA-Seq technology. The transcriptome sequencing generated an average of 19,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both clones. When comparing the tolerant clone to the susceptible clone, there was an overall increase in the number of DEGs and a progression in the number of DEGs, indicating a more active engagement of transcriptional activity in the tolerant clone. Functional annotation, KEGG analysis and enrichment analysis revealed that the major pathways enriched for the DEGs were involved in plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction. An analysis of DEGs during each phase showed that the most active transcripts involved in defense mechanisms were activated during mid-phase and in the case of susceptible clone least transcripts were induced during mid-phase than in any other phase in both the clones. Many DEGs belonging to the MYB, NAC, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factor families were observed in both clones. Comparative studies revealed their differential involvement in tolerant and susceptible clones against Phytophthora infection. These findings may facilitate further exploration of Hevea-Phytophthora interaction and in cloning for defense related genes.

Study of influence of genus and mycorrhizae dosage on the growth of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) in the seedling and post-seedling phases in inceptisols soil

Pogostemon cablin Benth. (Lamiaceae) is the source of patchouli essential oil, which is an important and unique commodity in the fragrance industry. Patchouli plants are also cultivated on inceptisol with low nutrient content and CEC exchange. The use of mycorrhiza is expected to increase nutrient absorption, and plant performance of patchouli. This research is divided into 2 phases, namely the seedling and post-seedling phases. This study applies a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 x 3 factorial and 3 replications. The observed factors were genus mycorrhizae; namely M1 (Glomus mossae), M2 (Gigaspora cf gigantea), and M3 (Glomus mossae + Gigaspora cf gigantea); and mycorrhizal dose; namely D1 (5 g), D2 (10 g), and D3 (15 g). Data were subjected to analysis of ANOVA using SPSS ver. 21.0 with Tukey’s test. In the seedling and post-seedling phases, the initiation of Glomus mossae had a significant impact on the growth of patchouli and mycorrhiza colonization. The best mycorrhizae dose is 5g which has a significant effect on the number of leaves at 135 and 150 DAP. The interaction of Glomus mossae at a dose of 10 g mycorrhizae has a significant effect on the stem diameter 135 and 150 DAP.

Jaminan Goverment Guarantee Dalam Kredit Sindikasi (Sebagai Alternatif Pembiayaan Infrastruktur Jalan Tol)

The development of an area that has an impact on the community's economy and the fulfillment of the community's basic needs requires the development of road infrastructure that supports the distribution process to run quickly and efficiently. This development is to fulfill the mobility of the community so that they become mutually connected with other regions in order to create acceleration of regional development. The state in meeting the infrastructure needs for the development of the region is expected to be able to improve the surrounding economy and other areas that are connected to the construction of the road infrastructure. Based on the provisions of Law Number 38 of 2004 concerning Roads in Article 43 it states that toll roads are built to facilitate traffic in developing areas, to increase mobility and distribution of basic needs and industrial commodities. Toll roads are one of the infrastructures that are considered effective in meeting the mobility needs of the community. The construction of the toll road is a development project that requires a large amount of money. The government provides funding concessions for Business Entities appointed to carry out the construction of toll roads. One of the financing instruments that can be used by Business Entities in meeting the funding needs for Toll Road development is syndicated bank loans. Syndicated bank loans can be used with a guarantee, one of which is a Government Guarantee or Government Guarantee. The aim of this research is to know and understand the legal standing of government guarantees in syndicated bank loans. The legal theory used is Normative Law Theory to find the truth based on the applicable positive law. This legal research method is empirical juridical based on the school of sociological jurisprudence based on normative law by observing laws and regulations. The results of the study found that syndicated loans are different from single loans in circulation in general. Syndicated credit begins with the stages of offering credit to syndicated participants (participants), giving mandates, memorandum information, meeting prospective debtors to obtain syndicated credit approval, signing the credit agreement and ending with publication. Guarantees on syndicated loans are preferred creditors who have the right to pay off credit first.

The Strategy of Growing the Rubber Processing Industry Subsector as a Competitive Agro Industry Commodity for the Regional Economy of Jambi Province

The growth of the processing industrial sector in Jambi province shows a decline, where the contribution of the industrial sector is quite worrying considering that the industrial sector is expected to play a role in encouraging economic growth, alleviating poverty, and creating jobs to reduce the high level of unemployment. Regional industrial development efforts mean that each region has superior commodities that illustrate the region's potential or ability to produce products, create added value, utilize resources, provide employment opportunities, generate income for the community and local government, and have prospects for increasing productivity and investment. The decline in contribution and the relatively small growth of industry must receive special attention from the government to encourage the industry again and prevent deindustrialization Jambi Province is the fourth largest rubber-producing region in the country, after South Sumatra, North Sumatra, and Riau. In 2021, land use in Jambi Province will still be dominated by plantation commodities with a contribution of 21.3 percent. Rubber production in Jambi will be 310 thousand tons in 2021. In 2021, the number of rubber farmers in Jambi Province will be 154,834 people, (National Leading Plantation Statistics, 2019-2021) this research aims to analyze the determinants of growth and development of the rubber processing industry subsector as a competitive agro-industry commodity for the regional economy of Jambi Province and to analyze the competitiveness of the rubber processing industry sub-sector as an agro-industry commodity for the regional economy of Jambi Province and its growth strategy. The analytical tools used to analyze the determinants of growth and development of the rubber processing industry subsector in the Jambi area are the Simultaneous Equation Model, Simple Regression, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), and the Analytical Network Process (ANP) Method

Il prosciutto, tra storia, cultura ed economia

This contribution focuses on a description of the history of ham from antiquity to the present day, highlighting the economic and cultural evolutions of a product that is now among the most widespread in the world. Issues linked to production systems, consumption practices and territorial promotion strategies will therefore be involved, which characterize the fundamental fields in the contemporary narrative of an agricultural product that has now become a cultural and industrial commodity with great international impact.

Collaborative Governance Concept on Youth Football Governance in Indonesia

Purpose: The study aimed to demonstrate general governance study development leading to collaborative governance related to youth football development to map the position of collaborative governance studies for youth football development Theoritical framework: This study used the general governance concept leading to the collaborative governance concept related to football development. The correlation is that experts consider collaborative governance to be the exit of chronic social issues (Muslim et al., 2021). Although Indonesian football is not a chronic social issue, minimum national achievements with the resources are ought to have serious measures. Moreover, the public’s expectation for national football achievements is astronomical. Method: This Study Literature Review (SLR) will use the Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) method. It aimed to summarize scientific evidence available concerning the research topic, identify gaps in related studies, and recommend future studies regarding the objective and results of various articles. For substance analysis use Nvivo 12, which was described in the form of a word cloud and cluster analysis. Research mapping was conducted using the Vos Viewer analysis to display the research map of football governance and its interrelationships. Results and Conclusions: The study results showed that football governance studies are abundant in developed football countries, particularly Europe, and mostly focused on club governance, competition governance, and involvement of parties leading to football as an industrial commodity. In Indonesia, football publications merely emerged in 2000, discussing football technical issues and recommending the importance of governance studies. Further governance study development mainly discusses the relationship between the government and the federation. Thus, it is often observed from the conflict perspective. Research implications: There are plenty of opportunities to conduct research with various study focus or concern. Several studies are recommending implementing more extensive involvement and suggesting the importance of various parties in football governance, i.e., conceptually, such studies continuously shift to be closer to the collaborative perspective. Orginality/value: There is no study on youth football development collaborative governance. From the institutional aspect, relationships between related parties are often observed from the conflict perspective. Thus, prioritizing the collaborative governance perspective is urgent.

Devil’s tree flower (Alstonia scholaris) extract: positive effects on growth performance and serum biochemical indices in Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)

ABSTRACT Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., a traditional herbal medicine, exhibits many biological activities in humans. Several activities have been confirmed either in vitro or in vivo. The plant might also provide health benefits in other living things. Its pharmacological activities let us expect the essential effects on fish species. To date, A. scholaris activity in Channa striata (Bloch, 1793), an economic farmed fish, has not yet been studied. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of the plant’s flower extract on growth performance and serum biochemical indices in C. striata. The experimental fish were fed with a control diet, comprising 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg extract supplement for 90 days. The results showed that the growth indices became significantly different (P < 0.05) after 60 days of the trial. Growth parameters; weight gain, average daily gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio tended to be improved in a dose-dependent manner. Serum ALT and triglyceride were significantly decreased in all treatment groups. Serum glucose was also affected by the extract. The results revealed that A. scholaris flower extract exhibits a beneficial effect on C. striata growth and health. The plant could be further determined as a valuable commodity for the aquaculture industry.

Mechanistic Study on Steric Activity Interplay of Olefin/Polar Monomers for Industrially Selective Late Transition Metal Catalytic Reactions.

A significant issue in developing metal-catalyzed plastic polymer materials is obtaining distinctive catalytic characteristics to compete with current plastics in industrial commodities. We performed first-principle DFT calculations on the key insertion steps for industrially important monomers, vinyl fluoride (VF) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (TFP), to explain how the ligand substitution patterns affect the complex's polymerization behaviors. Our results indicate that the favorable 2,1-insertion of TFP is caused by less deformation in the catalyst moiety of the complexes in contrast to the 1,2-insertion mode. In contrast to the VF monomer, the additional interaction between the fluorine atoms of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene and the carbons of the catalyst ligands also contributed to favor the 2,1-insertion. It was found that the regioselectivity of the monomer was predominated by the progressive alteration of the catalytic geometry caused by small dihedral angles that were developed after the ligand-monomer interaction. Based on the distribution of the 1,2- and 2,1-insertion products, the activity and selectivity were influenced by the steric environment surrounding the palladium center; thus, an increased steric bulk visibly improved the selectivity of the bulkier polar monomer (TFP) during the copolymerization mechanism. In contrast, better activity was maintained through a sterically less hindered Pd metal center; the calculated moderate energy barriers showed that a catalyst with less steric hindrance might provide an opportunity for a wide range of prospective industrial applications.

ARL Evaluation of a DEWMA Control Chart for Autocorrelated Data: A Case Study on Prices of Major Industrial Commodities

The double exponentially weighted moving average (DEWMA) control chart, an extension of the EWMA control chart, is a useful statistical process control tool for detecting small shift sizes in the mean of processes with either independent or autocorrelated observations. In this study, we derived explicit formulas to compute the average run length (ARL) for a moving average of order q (MA(q)) process with exponential white noise running on a DEWMA control chart and verified their accuracy by comparison with the numerical integral equation (NIE) method. The results for both were in good agreement with the actual ARL. To investigate the efficiency of the proposed procedure on the DEWMA control chart, a performance comparison between it and the standard and modified EWMA control charts was also conducted to determine which provided the smallest out-of-control ARL value for several scenarios involving MA(q) processes. It was found that the DEWMA control chart provided the lowest out-of-control ARL for all cases of varying the exponential smoothing parameter and shift size values. To illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology, the presented approach was applied to datasets of the prices of several major industrial commodities in Thailand. The findings show that the DEWMA procedure performed well in almost all of the scenarios tested. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-05-020 Full Text: PDF

“Watch your tone!”: Forecasting mining industry commodity prices with financial report tone

This paper presents robust evidence indicating that the tone of financial reports from the US mining industry firms can predict certain mining commodity returns. We assess this predictive ability with different tests, including evaluations of mean squared prediction errors, correlations, mean directional accuracy, and trading strategies. We compared our results with several benchmarks proposed in the literature, including the random walk, outperforming most statistically and economically. Our findings are related to the literature on firms' strategic disclosure choices, suggesting that firms may strategically tailor their disclosure decisions to influence investor expectations regarding future performance. Additionally, we conduct a series of placebo tests, revealing significant outcomes: (1) the tone of financial reports from other industries does not exhibit predictive power for mining industry commodity returns, (2) this predictive ability is not overshadowed when controlling for uncertainty measures, such as VIX, OVX, realized volatility and Google Trends commodity price searches, and (3) the tone of the mining industry's financial report does not predict returns for unrelated mining commodities. To our knowledge, our work is the first paper to employ financial report tone through text mining of nearly 60,000 financial reports to forecast commodity returns. Our findings substantially contribute to the commodity forecasting literature, offering valuable insights for portfolio managers and professionals seeking to enhance their forecasting capabilities.

An Analytical Study on Exchange Traded Funds(EFT’s) and Its Relationship With Market Movements

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) can be a valuable component in any investor's portfolio, whether they are sophisticated institutional money managers or novice investors just starting out. Some investors make ETFs the sole focus of their portfolios, building a well-diversified portfolio with just a few ETFs. Others use ETFs to complement their existing portfolios, relying on them to implement sophisticated investment strategies. However, like any other investment vehicle, in order to truly benefit from ETFs, investors must understand and use them appropriately. It has been identified that Equity Exchange Traded Funds are riskier than Gold Exchange Traded Funds for both years. Among Equity Exchange Traded Funds, Bank-Equity Exchange Traded Funds exhibit less risk percentage change. It can be suggested that investors should avoid investing in any investment avenue, such as exchange-traded funds, that does not generate returns higher than the risk-free rate of return. It is important to analyse and assess the underlying asset of an exchange-traded fund before investing in it. Gold is considered a safe haven during economic crises, bringing stability to a portfolio during economic slowdowns and recessions. Exchange-traded funds represent a basket of securities traded on an exchange, much like stocks. They are listed on recognized stock exchanges, and their units are directly traded during regular trading hours. Exchange-traded funds have been developed to track various industrial sectors, investment styles, fixed income, global investments, commodities, and currencies

Understanding Temperature and Pressure Effects of Lithium-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction

Ammonia is a critical industrial commodity due to its importance for fertilizers, but the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis generates significant carbon emissions. A lithium-mediated electrochemical route towards ammonia synthesis has been developed and validated. Nitrogen transport through nonaqueous electrolytes and the resulting solid-electrolyte-interphase microstructure and chemistry are important factors in determining ammonia selectivity. Here, I describe efforts to understand the operating temperature and pressure effects on lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction. Pressure and temperature are tuning knobs that affect nitrogen transport, electrolyte properties, solid-electrolyte-interphase chemistry and lithium microstructure. By changing pressure or temperature, we can drive the system towards nitridation over parasitic hydrogen evolution. This helps to better understand various kinetic, thermodynamic and transport dependencies of the lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction.