Inductive Proximity Sensor Research Articles

Instrumentation in Tractor for Evaluating Performance of a Tractor Drawn Rotavator

Performance measurement of agricultural machinery is essential for enhancing their efficiency for which they are operated. The performance related data helps the operator to select optimum operating parameters which reduce fuel consumption and increase field productivity. This study was aimed to develop various sensing units and install them on the tractor for evaluating performance of a tractor drawn rotavator. A microcontroller based embedded system was developed for continuous recording of wheel slip, actual forward speed, throttle opening, engine speed, velocity ratio, draft and power take-off (PTO) torque related data while carrying out tillage operation with rotavator. The wheel slip (from 1.5% to 35%) and actual forward speed of the tractor (up to 6 km h-1) was measured using inductive proximity sensors. For measuring throttle opening (0 to 100%), engine speed (750 to 2500 rpm), draft (65 to 350 kg) and PTO torque (up to 420 N-m) values, a potentiometer, magnetic pickup sensor, S-type loadcell and PTO torque transducer, respectively, were used. For computing velocity ratio, peripheral speed of rotavator was measured using PTO speed data received from PTO torque transducer, and actual forward speed of tractor was measured using inductive proximity sensor. The developed sensing units were calibrated under both dynamic and static conditions, and were also verified in laboratory and field conditions. Results showed that output signals received from the sensing units varied linearly with applied load. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between measured and actual values was found to be below 5%. From the measured parameters, specific energy requirement and total power required for carrying out tillage operation could be computed. The power requirement was found to increase with increase in both gear and throttle settings. The specific energy requirement was minimum when rotavator was operated in L2 gear of the tractor. The minimum specific energy of 21 Wh m-3 was found at L2 gear and 75% throttle opening.

In-Motion, Non-Contact Detection of Ties and Ballasts on Railroad Tracks

This study aims to develop a robust and efficient system to identify ties and ballasts in motion using a variety of non-contact sensors mounted on a robotic rail cart. The sensors include distance LiDAR sensors and inductive proximity sensors for ferrous materials to collect data while traversing railroad tracks. Many existing tie/ballast health monitoring devices cannot be mounted on Hyrail vehicles for in-motion inspection due to their inability to filter out unwanted targets (i.e., ties or ballasts). The system studied here addresses that limitation by exploring several approaches based on distance LiDAR sensors. The first approach is based on calculating the running standard deviation of the measured distance from LiDAR sensors to tie or ballast surfaces. The second approach uses machine learning (ML) methods that combine two primary algorithms (Logistic Regression and Decision Tree) and three preprocessing methods (six models in total). The results indicate that the optimal configuration for non-contact, in-motion differentiation of ties and ballasts is integrating two distance LiDAR sensors with a Decision Tree model. This configuration provides rapid, accurate, and robust tie/ballast differentiation. The study also facilitates further sensor and inspection research and development in railroad track maintenance.

An Experimental Study of Odometer as a Navigation aid for Land Vehicle Application

Strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS) shall provide position, velocity, and orientation information with reference to a pre-defined reference frame. The SINS shall have excellent accuracy over a short duration and is highly self-contained. However, the errors in navigation solutions build up exponentially with time and make the system output very unstable. In order to mitigate these errors, there is a need for a damping mechanism through external aiding sensors. In this article, one such approach is proposed to improve navigation accuracy for land vehicles in the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) denied environment. The design and implementation of an odometer are carried out with the use of inductive proximity sensors and a mounting assembly to attach the odometer to one of the non-steering wheels of a vehicle. The odometer gives the pulse-high and pulse-low output with reference to the rotation of the wheel to which it is attached. Vehicle ground velocity is derived through sensed output pulses processed through quadrature decoder circuitry. Odometer measurements along with non-holonomic constraints (NHC) are used for minimizing velocity and position errors in SINS using an extended Kalman Filter (EKF) technique. Field trials are carried out to validate the proposed scheme of hybrid navigation with odometer design and experimental results are presented with a positioning accuracy of 0.05 % of distance travelled (DT).

AUTOMATIC WASTE SEGREGATION AND MONITORING SYSTEM

The process of collecting, sorting, moving, and discarding trash to the proper sites is known as waste management. The most crucial problem to address in the design of a waste segregation and monitoring system is the separation of various waste kinds. This means that the garbage must still be separated by hand, which is detrimental to the segregator itself. An automated segregator and monitoring system is reported in this project. Recycling plastic is one way to address this. The practice of recovering plastic that has been thrown away as garbage and repurposing it is known as plastic recycling. The primary controller of the segregating portion is an Arduino UNO. To detect the kind of waste, it has three sensors: a moisture sensor, a capacitive proximity sensor, and an inductive proximity sensor. Trash is categorized as plastic, dry, moist, and metallic. The monitoring portion keeps an eye on the garbage collecting procedure. An economical waste management solution for separating plastic, dry, moist, and metallic trash without requiring constant human attention is the automated waste segregator and monitoring system. Key Words: Waste Management, Segregator, Monitoring, Garbage.

Development of an Electronic Actuating Control Mechanism to Operate a Remotely Controlled 2-Wheel Rice Transplanter

Mechanical transplanters are adopted to reduce human drudgery in manual transplanting. Different types of manual and self-propelled paddy transplanters are commercially available. The human involvement is higher for operating a 2-wheel paddy transplanter operator has to walk 10-22 km behind the machine in a day in puddled field conditions under high temperature (38-440 C) and humid conditions (70-80% RH) in summer. Besides that, the operator has to walk within the 30 cm row width, which causes chafing between the thighs of an operator. To reduce the physical and physiological workload of an operator, an integrated control lever actuating mechanism with gear motors was developed to operate a 2-wheel paddy transplanter remotely. The inductive proximity sensors (SN04-N distance detector) were used to control the crank rotation position of the gear motors, motor drives (BTS 7960), and microcontroller (STM32F4) was used to connect with the auto-driver kit to control the motor mechanism and sensors. The auto-driver kit consisted of a variety of accessories, a physical programmable circuit board, and software, that runs on a PC, used to write and upload computer code as a simplified version of C++ to the physical board. Although the initial cost of the machine with the developed system has been increased up to 28%, but at the same time the effective field capacity has been increased from 0.158 ± 0.02 ha h-1 to 0.175 ± 0.04, resulting the area covered per day and per year has also increased up to 11%. With the development of remotely controlled system, the labor requirement has been reduced from 20± 1 to 13± 1 man h ha-1, which results reduction up to 40%. Moreover, the human fatigue in terms of physical and physiological work load involved while walking behind the transplanter has been eliminated at much extent. As compared to the existing walk-behind type paddy transplanter, the net profit with the developed system rise up to 18.50 to 26.61 % per year and a boost of 34.10 to 51.63% in benefit-cost ratio. Field evaluation of a developed remote-controlled system for a two-wheel rice transplanter would be viable, reducing fatigue among machine operators/farm workers while increasing work productivity and safety.

SCADA for waste sorting system as an environmental conservation effort

Improperly managed household waste has led to environmental pollution. The methods of reducing, reusing, and recycling are effective in reducing waste volume. Therefore, waste needs to be sorted by type. Automated waste sorting using the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system consists of Capacitive Proximity Sensors, Inductive Proximity Sensors, and Infrared Proximity Sensors to detect the types of waste, a PLC TM221CE40R as the controller, and an Android-based HMI (Human Machine Interface) to monitor real-time waste bin fill levels. The types of waste to be sorted are organic, inorganic, and metal. The system comprises 1 main bin for users to deposit waste and 3 waste bins for the sorted materials. When users deposit a certain type of waste, the sensors detect the type of waste. This information triggers the motors of the 3 waste bins to rotate and stop right beneath the main bin, matching the waste type. The bottom of the main bin opens, allowing the waste to enter the appropriate container. Test results have shown that the system is capable of correctly sorting all types of organic and metal waste. However, for inorganic waste, the system correctly sorts only when the waste is clear in color.

Design Smart Trash Based On the Inductive Proximity Sensor

Smart waste management, including a waste sorting system based on type, strongly supports the "Intelligent waste management and categorization system" program to support the development of modern cities. Therefore, this research is related to the design of smart waste based on an inductive distance sensor that uses Arduino Uno as a microcontroller. The method used in this research is research and development which consists of mechanical design and control system programming. The results obtained from this research are an intelligent waste design based on an inductive distance sensor that uses Arduino Uno as a microcontroller and uses a conveyor system as a waste transporter. The test results on the ultrasonic sensor were that several objects could be detected at a distance of 15 cm and the conveyor stopped for 0.5 seconds. The test results on the proximity sensor are that the object is read by the proximity sensor when the object is 2 cm from the sensor, and if the object is metal waste then the servo motor moves 30 degrees to the right, if it is non-metallic waste then the servo motor moves 30 degrees to the left

RANCANG BANGUN TEMPAT SAMPAH OTOMATIS DENGAN PEMILAH SAMPAH ORGANIK DAN ANORGANIK DISERTAI NOTIFIKASI SMS BERBASIS ARDUINO

Garbage is a material left over from human activities which is an environmental issue and causes environmental pollution. Humans themselves are lazy to throw garbage in its place or are accustomed to littering, causing garbage to be scattered everywhere which in turn can cause garbage pollution, unpleasant odors and in the end can cause flooding. In this study, we will make a tool to sort organic and inorganic waste along with an Arduino-based SMS notification, namely by making a tool to sort out the types of organic waste and inorganic waste types which will later be classified separately and collected in their own place so that the waste is not mixed. To distinguish organic and inorganic waste using a capacitive proximity sensor as a separator of organic waste, an inductive proximity sensor as a separator of inorganic waste, arduino nano as a microcontroller to run all the work of the tool system. Servo motor as a sorting drive. GSM SIM 800l module as a sender of SMS notification of garbage that has been successfully sorted.

Railway Waste Management

Abstract: A smart waste management system is of great necessity looking at the current increase in waste produced every year. This is a very unorganized sector where no such precautions are taken for proper waste disposal. Railways face difficulty in managing the waste produced inside the coaches. In order to help the government and protect nature from corrosive nonbiodegradable waste this waste management system was designed. In this project Arduino UNO was the main processor used along with sensors like inductive proximity sensor and soil moisture sensor. The main principle of the project was based on the information processed by the sensors and effective segregation of the waste individual bins to store the waste produced. A main support is placed which helps in holding the complete structure together

Automated smart waste segregation system using IoT technology

One of the major challenges faced not just by India but globally as well is waste management. India is the second most populous country and naturally generates tonnes of garbage daily. It is common to find dustbins overflowing with junk scattered everywhere, not to mention that segregation of waste is conveniently neglected. Many-a-times it is observed that despite providing separate bins for dry and wet trash, the convention is carelessly ignored. With the traditional methods of periodic garbage collection and manual segregation of wet, metallic, non-recyclable, and recyclable waste proving to be inefficient, there is a need for a better solution. With the help of IoT, a more effective solution is proposed to improve the current system and take a step forward toward the vision of smart cities. The proposed system uses smart garbage tracking, segregation, and collection systems, interfaced with ultrasonic sensors, rainfall/moisture sensors, inductive proximity sensors, and servo motors, along with the necessary hardware, with Arduino as the main controlling unit. The Arduino platform is used as a software platform for the working of the model and obtaining the expected results.

Numerical Analysis of Inductive Proximity Sensors for Non-Ferrous Targets

Abstract Proximity sensors are devices found in many fields of activity from the automotive area to robotics and beyond. Among them, proximity sensors occupy an important place due to their low price and reliable response. They are found in a wide range of sizes and detection distances. In this work, a comparative study was carried out on two constructive solutions - one shielded and one unshielded. The response provided by the sensor was followed through a 2D FEMM analysis varying a series of parameters: the material from which the target is made, the distance between the target and the sensor, as well as its operating frequency. The results highlight the influence of these parameters by changing some quantities of a magnetic nature such as the spectrum of the magnetic flux density, the magnetic energy stored by the target, respectively the inductance of the sensor coil.

Comparison of DC Motor Speed Calculation Efficiency between Inductive Proximity Sensor and Rotary Encoder

This study examines the level of effectiveness and efficiency of a sensor on the calculation of the rotational speed (RPM) of a DC motor, considering that the calculation of the rotational speed of an electric motor, both AC motors and DC motors, greatly influences the output of the system. the speed of motor rotation is very influential in several fields, such as power generation, which will affect the output voltage that will be generated. There are many methods for measuring the rotational speed of a motor, including using an inductive proximity sensor and a rotary encoder combined with a PLC as a control center and data processor so that the rotational speed can be read. the output of the proximity sensor and rotary encoder will be connected to the PLC input pin so that data will appear in the form of a pulse value which can be seen in the program that has been made. The data obtained will be processed in a program that uses special instructions, namely PRV. In comparison, the speed of a dc motor will be changed using a PWM module or pulse width modulation to adjust the rotational speed of the motor. From the results of experiments that have been carried out using the proximity sensor, it gives an average motor speed reading of 6420 Rpm with an error of -10.3, and experiments carried out using a rotary encoder give an average motor speed reading of 6409.3 Rpm with an error of 0.4 so that it can be concluded that the use of a rotary encoder is more accurate than the use of a proximity sensor to calculate motor speed.

Development of the Metal and Non-Metal Waste Sorting System Design by using an Arduino Uno

A material is waste if it has been utilised and no longer desired. Waste needs to be appropriately managed and disposed of. However, most of the waste is not effectively managed and disposed of. As a result, it has brought up certain difficulties, such as environmental pollution, which can affect human health. Every year, more waste is produced around the world, and not all parties are aware of the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness by making solid waste segregation a daily practise. In this regard, several initiatives have been taken by the government, such as introducing various campaigns towards a better environment, such as the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) as well as the solid waste separation campaign. This paper presents the design and development process of a waste sorting system that can separate metal and non-metal materials by using an Arduino UNO. The benefit of this system is that it has a notification system that may alert the person or entity in charge when the trash in the bins is full. The system's design and development go through four major phases. Phase 1 is the design of the circuit, Phase 2 is the development of the Arduino Uno coding and simulation; Phase 3 is the assembly, testing, and prototype development; and Phase 4 is the results analysis. This system is a complete success. When detecting metal and non-metal materials, all three input components—the proximity sensor, the IR sensor, and the ultrasonic sensor are fully functional. The servo motor will move the non-metal material to the right side of the bin if the IR sensor detects non-metal material, and if the inductive proximity sensor detects metal material, the servo motor will move the metal material to the left side of the bin, ensuring that waste is separated properly.

500 MHz high resolution proximity sensors with fully integrated digital counter

We report on the design and characterization of two inductive proximity sensors based on LC oscillators operating at 500 MHz. The distance from the target is obtained by measuring the oscillation frequency variation. Both sensors contain an off-chip LC resonator consisting of a two turns 4 mm diameter planar coil and a ceramic capacitor. The LC resonator is connected to integrated CMOS electronics. The first sensor output stage consists of a buffer whereas the second sensor output stage includes a co-integrated 21 bits digital frequency counter. The first sensor has frequency noise floor of 0.085 Hz/Hz above 3 kHz. At a distance of 200 μm from the coil, the resolution is 0.2 pm/Hz and the integrated resolution from 1 mHz to 1 kHz is 22 pmrms. The second sensor reaches a noise floor of 2 Hz/Hz corresponding to a resolution of 5 pm/Hz and an integrated resolution of 900 pmrms.

A numerical and experimental investigation of mitigation of the vibration in a structure using single pendulum type mass damper

The main objective of the present work is that to construct a combined Pendulum Type Mass Damper (PTMD) in a structure to demonstrate the effect of damping of vibrations. In order to achieve this, a simple prototype has been developed. An inductive proximity sensor has been used to measure the vibrations of prototype with the PTMD system in terms of the induced voltage signal. The induced voltage signals have been acquired by using an Arduino UNO controller board. The experiments have been carried out to measure the amplitude of displacement of the vibrations in the structure in terms of voltage signals for two cases: (i) Without adding the damper or tuned mass and (ii) With adding the damper or tuned mass of 100 g, 150 g, 200 g, 250 g and 300 g respectively. However, this work reports the experimental results only for 250 g. The theoretical analysis of PTMD has been studied and presented in this paper. A numerical model for the combined pendulum type mass damper with the structure has been developed by using MATLAB SIMULINK. A series of simulations have been carried out for the various values the mass ratio, μ = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 to show the effect damper or tuned mass on the vibrations of the structure. The simulation results of amplitude of displacement of the structure have been analyzed and presented in both time domain and frequency domain. By keeping the same condition of experimental analysis of 250 g damper or tuned mass, the simulations have been carried out for two cases: (i) Without absorber mass (mass ratio, μ=0) and (ii) With a damper mass of 250 g (mass ratio, μ=0.33) in order to validate the experimental results.

Recommendation Machine for Avoiding Health and Environmental Hazards by Segregating Medical Wastes – A Survey

Abstract: A growing amount of medical waste needs to be physically segregated. We are recommending a medical waste segregation device for it. The primary goal of this project is to suggest the segregation of waste in municipal offices of India, where the majority of debris is separated using rag pickers which primarily separate the trash from hospitals, which are harmful and dangerous containers made up of toxic metals, by hand. Unfavourable linger leads to health properties such as tuberculosis, tumour, and poisoning metals, which may result in a lower standard of living, decreased longevity, and other side effects. An automated medical waste segregation device is being offered to solve this issue. In medical facilities like hospitals and clinics, this is helpful. India generates 62 million metric tons of waste each year, of which 45 million are disposed of in ways that are dangerous to the environment and human health. Waste management must be effective in intelligent cities. The study proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-based garbage system that separates waste from various streams, including wet and dry, plastic, paper, metal, and glass. Establish a management system that will improve the chances of recovery and subsequent recycling. The process is simple to control because the system uses an Arduino microcontroller. This separation system's phases include an infrared sensor, an inductive proximity sensor, a raindrop sensor, a photoelectric sensor, and a separation bin. The sensor on each piece of waste detects it and directs it to a specific container for additional processing. The isolated data status will be available in the cloud for monitoring and management

Development and Performance Assessment of Real-time Rotational Speed Measurement System for Agricultural Application

Rotational speed is one of the most important parameters in the performance of any system. It becomes more vital when the rotational speed measurement is required on real-time basis. Measurement of rotational speed has a crucial role in automation of agricultural machineries for various purposes. The existing real-time speed measurement systems are susceptible to the varying working environment. Therefore, it was necessary to study the performance of available sensor. In this study four different sensors (inductive proximity, Infrared (IR), Hall effect and optical proximity sensors) were tested in three different working environments (indoor, outdoor and outdoor dusty condition) for two different spacings (2 and 5 mm) between sensors and target. A laboratory setup was developed to test the performance of the sensors in terms of percentage deviation in rotational speeds measurement compared to actual values. The values were recorded in Secure Digital (SD) card and analysed using full factorial design. The means of the different levels were compared using Tukey’s (b) method. There was significant difference in sensor response for different conditions. The percentage of deviation in speed for Hall effect, inductive proximity, IR and optical proximity sensors varied from 0.55 to 1.03, 1.20 to 32.29, 21.37 to 100.00 and 35.18 to 99.98%, respectively. The study concluded that the Hall effect sensor was more suitable for rotational speed measurement than the other sensors without being affected by working environment.

The application of the tsukamoto fuzzy method in controlling the dryer for shrimp cracker hygienization


 
 
 
 The process of drying crackers is traditionally carried out on the side of the road and open places. The impact of drying on product quality, especially hygiene because it is directly contaminated with dust, pollutants and pathogenic microbes. Drying depends on the sun's heat which affects the continuity of production and the level of drought. How to identify food hygiene using an inductive proximity sensor functions as a metal content detector. Because the metal content when ingested by humans is very dangerous. Drying is affected by temperature, moisture content and capacity. Oven drying application is equipped with an inductive proximity sensor and a DS18B20 temperature sensor. The Fuzzy Tsukamoto method for weight problems is grouped into a separate set. So that it can process oven temperature data. The control system for drying 3 shelves of crackers totaling 250 takes 25.6 minutes, drying 5 shelves of crackers totaling 410 takes 31.6 minutes. The drying process temperature is 30OC-70OC, the temperature used is a minimum of 60OC and a maximum of 65OC. Drying near the maximum temperature experiences a slowdown. If drying is done traditionally with the help of sunlight it takes longer.
 
 
 

Real Time Automation and Ratio Control Using PLC & SCADA in Industry 4.0

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems play a critical role in the management and regulation of critical infrastructure. SCADA systems brings us closer to the real-time application world. All process and equipment control capability is typically provided by a Distributed Control System (DCS) in industries such as power stations, agricultural systems, chemical and water treatment plants. Instead of control through DCS, this paper proposes a SCADA and PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) system to control the ratio control division and the assembly line division inside the chemical plant. A specific design and implementation method for development of SCADA/PLC based real time ratio control and automated assembly line system in a chemical plant is introduced. The assembly line division is further divided into sorting stage, filling stage and the auxiliary stage, which includes the capping unit, labelling unit and then the storage. In the ratio control division, we have defined the levels inside the mixer and ratio of the raw materials through human machine interface (HMI) panel. The ratio of raw materials is kept constant on the basis of flow rates of wild stream and manipulated stream. There is a flexibility in defining new levels and the ratios of the raw materials inside the mixer. But here we taken the predefined levels (low, medium, high) and ratios (3:4, 2:1, 2:5). Control valves are used for regulating the flow of the compositions. In the assembly line division, the containers are sorted on the basis of size and type of material used i.e., big sized metallic containers and small sized non-metallic containers by inductive and capacitive proximity sensors. All the processes are facilitated with laser beam type or reflective type sensors on the conveyor system. Building a highly stable and dependable PLC/SCADA system instead of Distributed Control System is required to achieve automatic management and control of chemical industry processes to reduce waste manpower and physical resources, as well as to improve worker safety.

Realtime Filtering of Waste Separate Equipment in Irrigation Channels

There are still many people who are not aware of disposing of waste in its place, including littering, one of which is in irrigation canals which can clog the channels and the many types of waste that can be found. To reduce waste in irrigation canals, an automatic waste separator was made. This automatic waste separator aims to transport waste in irrigation canals using two stages of conveyors, namely conveyor 1 for conveying lines from under water and conveyor 2 for waste separation lines, after which the waste is separated. according to the category, namely by using an inductive proximity sensor for Metal Waste and will be separated by using a servo motor, for non-metallic waste will be allowed to run on conveyor 2 then the waste is put into a trash can which can be monitored by ultrasonic sensors to see the height of the contents of the bin the trash. Monitoring this garbage separator uses the NodeMCU ESP 8266 WIFI as a connector with the BLYNK application to see whether the contents of the trash can are full or not by the cleaning officer on duty then the full trash can will be replaced with an empty trash can with monitoring control via BLYNK.