Induction Time Research Articles

High-performance static formation of methane hydrate in fixed bed constructed by incorporating expanded graphite into polyimide foam

Hydrate has been endowed with great potential in energy storage and transportation. However, the kinetics of its formation process has been a challenge, often requiring dynamic mechanical processes that are energy-intensive and cumbersome to operate. Herein, a well-designed expanded graphite (EG)/polyimide (PI) foam was first explored as fixed bed for the formation of methane hydrate. The results demonstrate that the EG/PI fixed bed exhibits a remarkable performance in hydrate formation under static conditions, with a high gas storage capacity of 149 V/V, a short induction time and a rapid formation rate of 13.1 V·V−1·min−1 at 6 MPa and −2 °C, and excellent recyclability, which are attributed to its stable micro/macro structures. Thereinto, the pores of EG serves as gas adsorption and reaction sites, initialing the formation with extremely short induction time. The three-dimensional framework of PI foam supports the uniform dispersion of EG particles and enables the efficient formation of hydrate under static condition. The EG/PI fixed bed decreases the water freezing point and leads to a high supercooling that facilitates the rapid nucleation of hydrate. Meanwhile, the fixed bed provides extensive mass-transfer channels, sufficient growing space, and superior heat conductivity, which contribute to the hydrate growth under static condition. This work not only offers a novel strategy for fabricating high-performance fixed bed, but also provides an insight into its promotion mechanism in hydrate formation.

High-efficiency production of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase from bacteria and its functional characterization

Plasmodium falciparum is the pathogen responsible for 90% of all malaria cases and is associated with severe complications and the highest fatality rate. Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) is a useful biomarker for the treatment and diagnosis of malaria; however, its use is limited by low production yield and functional activity. In this study, using Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) strain specialized for eukaryotic protein expression, we successfully expressed and purified PfLDH without a codon optimization process, which has previously been considered essential for protein expression in E. coli strains. The induction temperature and time were optimized for the overexpression of PfLDH using the transformed strain, and 31.3mg/L PfLDH protein was successfully purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The physical properties of the purified PfLDH were assessed by verifying tetramer formation, and the functional properties of PfLDH were assessed with a colorimetric assay using a substrate that reacts with PfLDH. Subsequently, the binding of PfLDH with a DNA aptamer, which is known to specifically bind to PfLDH, was verified. These results are expected to provide important suggestions for research on obtaining large amounts of PfLDH from bacteria, thereby facilitating the treatment and diagnosis of malaria.

Environmentally-friendly calcite scale mitigation: encapsulation of CDs@ MS composite within membranes framework for nanofiltration

Scale formation caused by the precipitation of sparingly soluble salts such as CaCO3 is a major challenge in membrane-based desalination technologies, leading to flux decline and increased energy costs. Surface modification using nanoscale coatings is a promising approach to mitigate membrane fouling. In this work, we demonstrate the antiscalant properties of a MoS2-carbon quantum dot (CDs@MS-NF) composite with a nanoflower-like structure coating for suppressing calcite scale formation. The CDs@ MS-NF coating was synthesized via a solvothermal method and applied to a polyamide reverse osmosis membrane surface using an in-situ growth technique. Characterization revealed uniform coverage of MoS2 nanosheets decorated with CDs@MS-NF on the membrane surface. Static fouling tests simulating calcium sulfate scaling conditions were conducted to evaluate the antifouling performance. The CDs@MS-NF coated membrane exhibited a flux reduction of only 11 %, compared to 34 % for the unmodified membrane after 24 hours. Further analyses showed a calcite nucleation induction time of 5.2 hours and a critical scaling threshold of 1.8 times the solubility for the CDs@ MS-NF coated membrane, indicating significant inhibition of scale formation. We hypothesize that the CDs@ MS-NF nanocomposite layer alters surface charge and wettability while also catalyzing redox reactions to hinder calcite crystal growth. This work demonstrates that multifunctional two-dimensional nanocomposite coatings can effectively mitigate membrane scaling through multiple synergistic mechanisms.

Atoh1 overexpression promotes Guinea pig bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into neural stem cell

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a prevalent condition in otolaryngology. A key obstacle is finding effective strategies for regenerating damaged cochlear hair cells in adult animals. A practical and reliable approach has been developed to create a superior cell source for stem cell transplantation in the inner ear to treat SNHL. Atoh1 is involved in the differentiation of neurons, intestinal secretory cells, and mechanoreceptors including auditory hair cells, and thus plays an important role in neurogenesis. Lentivirus-mediated transfection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was utilized to achieve stable expression of the essential transcription factor Atoh1, which is crucial for developing auditory hair cells without compromising cell survival. By manipulating the induction conditions through altering the cell growth environment using anti-adherent culture, the synergistic impact of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) was effectively applied to significantly improve the differentiation efficiency of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) into neural stem cells (NSCs) following Atoh1 transfection, thereby reducing the induction time. The study indicated that the newly proposed transdifferentiation method effectively transformed BMSCs into NSCs in a controlled environment, presenting a potential approach for stem cell transplantation to promote hair cell regeneration.

Effect of esketamine on the ED50 of propofol for successful insertion of ureteroscope in elderly male patients: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPropofol is effective and used as a kind of routine anesthetics in procedure sedative anesthesia (PSA) for ureteroscopy. However, respiratory depression and unconscious physical activity always occur during propofol-based PSA, especially in elderly patients. Esketamine has sedative and analgesic effects but without risk of cardiorespiratory depression. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether esketamine can reduce the propofol median effective dose (ED50) for successful ureteroscope insertion in elderly male patients.Materials and methods49 elderly male patients undergoing elective rigid ureteroscopy were randomly divided into two groups: SK Group (0.25 mg/kg esketamine+propofol) and SF Group (0.1 µg/kg sufentanil+propofol). Patients in both two groups received propofol with initial bolus dose of 1.5 mg/kg after sufentanil or esketamine was administered intravenously. The effective dose of propofol was assessed by a modified Dixon’s up-and-down method and then was adjusted with 0.1 mg/kg according to the previous patient response. Patients’ response to ureteroscope insertion was classified as “movement” or “no movement”. The primary outcome was the ED50 of propofol for successful ureteroscope insertion with esketamine or sufentanil. The secondary outcomes were the induction time, adverse events such as hemodynamic changes, hypoxemia and body movement were also measured.Result49 patients were enrolled and completed this study. The ED50 of propofol for successful ureteroscope insertion in SK Group was 1.356 ± 0.11 mg/kg, which was decreased compared with that in SF Group, 1.442 ± 0.08 mg/kg (P = 0.003). The induction time in SK Group was significantly shorter than in SF Group (P = 0.001). In SK Group, more stable hemodynamic variables were observed than in SF Group. The incidence of AEs between the two groups was not significantly different.ConclusionThe ED50 of propofol with esketamine administration for ureteroscope insertion in elderly male patients is 1.356 ± 0.11 mg/kg, significantly decreased in comparsion with sufentanil.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry, No: ChiCTR2300077170. Registered on 1 November 2023. Prospective registration. http://www.chictr.org.cn.

Analytical Model for Predicting Induction Times in Reverse Osmosis Systems with and without Antiscalants

Analytical Model for Predicting Induction Times in Reverse Osmosis Systems with and without Antiscalants

Timing of capillary enlargement after adenoviral VEGF gene transfer does not support post-ischemic skeletal muscle recovery in hyperlipidemic mice

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Finish Academy (Clinical Researcher 324070 and Research Project 339560). Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research Background Transient capillary enlargement has been shown to be essential for successful post-ischemic tissue recovery as it may facilitate the return of arterial driving pressure by supporting collateral maturation. It also leads to an intussusceptive increase in capillary density that supports efficient oxygen delivery and muscle regeneration. Hyperlipidemia has been shown to blunt post-ischemic capillary reactivity and hinder skeletal muscle recovery from ischemia. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that correction of capillary reactivity might improve post-ischemic muscle recovery under hyperlipidemia. Purpose The aim of this study was to test the ability of angiogenic VEGF gene therapy in improving post-ischemic muscle recovery under hyperlipidemia. Methods AdVEGF gene transfer was performed into the calf muscles of aged, hyperlipidemic LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 mice after acute ischemia induction. The effects of AdVEGF on capillary phenotype, tissue edema, restoration of blood flow parameters, microvascular hemoglobin oxygenation and tissue damage/regeneration were evaluated for up to 29 days post-procedure as compared to AdLacZ control using immuno- and histological analyses, magnetic resonance, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging, respectively. Results AdVEGF gene therapy was able to promote capillary enlargement that led to recovery of arterial driving pressure in ischemic LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 muscles. However, capillary enlargement induced by AdVEGF appeared late, lasted up to 29 days and did not promote intussusception. Consequently, the negative effect of long-lasting enlargement, i.e., massive tissue edema, delayed blood flow recovery and aggravated ischemic tissue damage. Conclusion Proper time of induction and duration of capillary enlargement are crucial to yield a functional vascular response supporting post-ischemic tissue recovery.

External validation and updating of the Rossi nomogram for predicting cesarean delivery following induction: is the Bishop score valuable?

This study sought to validate the Rossi nomogram in a Chinese population and then to include the Bishop score to see if it has an effect on the accuracy of the nomogram. The Rossi predictive model was applied and externally validated in a retrospective cohort from August 2017 and July 2023 in a Chinese tertiary-level medical center. For the revision and updating of the models, the regression coefficients of all the predictors (except race) were re-estimated and then the cervical Bishop score at the time of induction was added. Each model's performance was measured using the receiver-operating characteristic and calibration plots. Decision curve analysis determined the range of the probability threshold for each prediction model that would be of clinical value. A total of 721 women met the inclusion criteria, of whom 183 (25.4%) underwent a cesarean delivery. The calibration demonstrated the underestimation of the original model, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.789 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.753-0.825, p < 0.001). After recalibrating the original model, the discriminative performance was improved from 0.789 to 0.803. Moreover, the discriminatory power of the updated model was further improved when the Bishop score at the time of induction was added to the recalibrated multivariable model. Indeed, the updated model demonstrated good calibration and discriminatory power, with an AUC of 0.811. The decision curve analysis indicated that all the models (original, recalibrated, and updated) provided higher net benefits of between 0 and 60% of the probability threshold, which indicates the benefits of using the models to make decisions concerning patients who fall within the identified range of the probability threshold. The net benefits of the updated model were higher than those of the original model and the recalibrated model. The nomogram used to predict cesarean delivery following induction developed by Rossi et al. has been validated in a Chinese population in this study. More specifically, adaptation to a Chinese population by excluding ethnicity and including the Bishop score prior to induction gave rise to better performance. The three models (original, recalibrated, and updated) offer higher net benefits when the probability threshold is between 0 and 60%.

Proteomics and metabolic burden analysis to understand the impact of recombinant protein production in E. coli

The impact of recombinant protein production (RPP) on host cells and the metabolic burden associated with it undermine the efficiency of the production system. This study utilized proteomics to investigate the dynamics of parent and recombinant cells induced at different time points for RPP. The results revealed significant changes in both transcriptional and translational machinery that may have impacted the metabolic burden, growth rate of the culture and the RPP. The timing of protein synthesis induction also played a critical role in the fate of the recombinant protein within the host cell, affecting protein and product yield. The study identified significant differences in the expression of proteins involved in fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis pathways between two E. coli host strains (M15 and DH5⍺), with the E. coli M15 strain demonstrating superior expression characteristics for the recombinant protein. Overall, these findings contribute to the knowledge base for rational strain engineering for optimized recombinant protein production.

Comparative observation of the effectiveness and safety of remimazolam besylate versus dexmedetomidine in gastrointestinal surgery in obese patients.

Surgery for obese patients carries a higher risk of anesthesia complications compared with surgery for nonobese patients. Thus, a safe and effective anesthesia strategy is necessary to improve the medical experience of such patients and ensure their safety. To compared the effectiveness and safety of remimazolam besylate versus dexmedetomidine (DEX) in gastrointestinal surgery in obese patients. The study cohort included 60 obese patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery between July 2021 and April 2023, comprising 30 patients who received DEX intervention (control group) and 30 patients who received remimazolam besylate intervention (research group). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), safety (nausea and vomiting, bradycardia, hypotension, and apnea), anesthesia and examination indices [induction time, anesthesia recovery time, and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) discharge time], sedation effect (Ramsay Sedation Scale), and postoperative pain visual analog scale were comparatively analyzed before anesthesia (T0), during anesthesia (T1), and after anesthesia (T2). At T1, the research group showed significantly smaller changes in HR, RR, MAP, and SpO2 than the control group, with a significantly lower adverse reaction rate and shorter induction, anesthesia recovery, and PACU discharge times. Additionally, the intra- and postoperative Ramsay Sedation Scale scores were statistically higher in the research group than in the control group. Remimazolam besylate was significantly more effective than DEX in gastrointestinal surgery in obese patients and had a higher safety profile and value in clinical promotion.

Composite materials based on thermoplastic elastomers modified with maleinated polypropylene

The results of modification of a composite material based on a filled styrenic thermoplastic elastomer with maleinized polypropylene are presented. The dependence of strength, technological and operational properties of mixed compositions on temperature is shown. The results on the oxidative induction time of the developed compositions were obtained, which allowed us to conclude about the compatibilizing effect of maleinized polypropylene.

#2495 Renal and peritoneal protective effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors in incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients

Abstract Background and Aims The renoprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors has been evaluated in several large studies, but renal function of the subject is defined as eGFR≥20-30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or higher in most studies. On the other hand, SGLT2 is expressed in the peritoneum, and there have been reports of decreased glucose absorption and improvement of ultrafiltration injury with SGLT2 inhibitors in animal studies. However, there are very few reports on the protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on renal and peritoneal function in PD patients. In the present study, we retrospectively evaluated the renal and peritoneal protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients undergoing PD. Method Among the patients who received PD at our hospital, 8 patients who continued SGLT2 inhibitors and underwent peritoneal equilibrium testing (PET) at the time of induction and 1 year after induction were assigned to the SG group, and 32 patients who received PD without SGLT2 inhibitors were assigned to the control group. PET data, PD drainage volume, urine output, renal • peritoneal • total Kt/V, and renal • peritoneal • total weekly CCr at the time of PD induction and 1 year after PD induction were compared retrospectively. Results Among the 40 patients, the median age was 64 years (interquartile range 52-71), with 33% males, and the median eGFR at PD induction was 5.25 ml/min/1.73 m2. The most common cause of end-stage renal failure was diabetic nephropathy (37.5%), followed by chronic glomerulonephritis (15.0%) and nephrosclerosis (12.5%). At the time of induction of peritoneal dialysis, there were no significant differences between the SG group and the control group in PET data, PD drainage volume, urine output, renal • peritoneal • total Kt/V and weekly CCr. However, at one year after PD induction, urine volume, renal • total Kt/V, and renal weekly CCr were higher in the SG group. Total weekly CCr at 1 year of PD induction was significantly higher in the SG group (p = 0.03). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that SGLT2 inhibitors were independently associated with total weekly CCr at 1 year after PD induction (p = 0.04). Conclusion Our results suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors may have renal and peritoneal protective effects in patients undergoing PD induction. For CKD stage G4 and 5 patients scheduled for PD induction in the future, proactive continuation of SGLT2 inhibitors may be effective in preserving renal and peritoneal function.

24-Hour Compared With 12-Hour Mifepristone-Misoprostol Interval for Second-Trimester Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To compare 24-hour and 12-hour mifepristone-to-misoprostol intervals for second-trimester medication abortion. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial. Participants were allocated to receive mifepristone either 24 hours or 12 hours before misoprostol administration. The primary outcome was the time from the first misoprostol administration to abortion (induction time). Secondary outcomes included the time from mifepristone to abortion (total abortion time); fetal expulsion percentages at 12, 24, and 48 hours after the first misoprostol dose; side effects proportion; and pain and satisfaction scores. A sample size of 40 per group (N=80) was planned to compare the 24- and 12-hour regimens. Eighty patients were enrolled between July 2020 and June 2023, with 40 patients per group. Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Median induction time was 9.5 hours (95% CI, 10.3-17.8 hours) and 12.5 hours (95% CI, 13.5-20.2 hours) in the 24- and 12-hour interval arms, respectively (P=.028). Median total abortion time was 33.0 hours (95% CI, 34.2-41.9 hours) and 24.5 hours (95% CI, 25.7-32.4 hours) in the 24- and 12-hour interval groups, respectively (P<.001). At 12 hours from misoprostol administration, 25 patients (62.5%) in the 24-hour arm and 18 patients (45.0%) in the 12-hour arm completed abortion (P=.178). At 24 hours from misoprostol administration, 36 patients (90.0%) in the 24-hour arm and 30 patients (75.0%) in the 12-hour arm had complete abortion (P=.139). The need for additional medication or surgical treatment for uterine evacuation, pain scores, side effects, and satisfaction levels were not different between groups. A 24-hour mifepristone-to-misoprostol regimen for medication abortion in the second trimester provides a median 3-hour shorter induction time compared with the 12-hour interval. However, the median total abortion time was 8.5-hours longer in the 24-hour interval regimen. These findings can aid in shared decision making before medication abortion in the second trimester. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04160221.

Investigation into the application of remimazolamin conjunction with low-dose propofolfor pediatricfiberoptic bronchoscopy.

This study delves into the effectiveness of combining remimazolam with low-dose propofol in pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Ninety children scheduled for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in our hospital were enrolled as research participants. Based on the intraoperative anesthetic drug regimen, the children were divided into three groups: group R (remimazolam 0.2-0.4mg/kg), group P (propofol 1-3mg/kg), and group RP (remimazolam0.2mg/kg, propofol 0.5mg/kg). Immediately post-anesthesia, group P exhibited lower blood pressure and heart rate (HR) compared to both group R and group RP (P < 0.05). As bronchoscope approached the glottis and epiglottis, group P continued to display lower blood pressure and HR compared to group R and group RP (P < 0.05). During lavage, group P maintained lower blood pressure and HR compared to both the R and RP groups (P < 0.05). Immediately post-anesthesia, group P demonstrated lower SpO2 compared to the R and RP groups (P < 0.05).During lavage, group P maintained lower SpO2 than group R and group RP (P < 0.05). In comparison with group R and group PR, group P showed shortened induction and recovery times (P < 0.05). The one-time entry success rate into the microscope was higher in group R than in group P, with the RP group showing an intermediate decreased (P < 0.05). Moreover, the cough score in R group was higher than in the P and RP groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the satisfaction rates of the RP group exceeded those of the R and P groups (P < 0.05). Remimazolam combined with low-dose propofol effectively balances the strengths and weaknesses of remimazolam and propofol, ensuring more stable hemodynamics, a lower incidence of adverse reactions, and optimal surgical conditions in pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

Reinforcement of pimobendan with guideline-directed medical therapy may reduce the rehospitalization rates in patients with heart failure: retrospective cohort study

BackgroundPimobendan reportedly improves the subjective symptoms of heart failure. However, evidence of improved prognosis is lacking. This study aimed to determine whether reinforcing guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) improved rehospitalization rates for worsening heart failure in patients administered pimobendan.MethodsA total of 175 patients with heart failure who were urgently admitted to our hospital for worsening heart failure and who received pimobendan between January 2015 and February 2022 were included. Of the 175 patients, 44 were excluded because of in-hospital death at the time of pimobendan induction. The remaining 131 patients were divided into two groups, the reduced ejection fraction (rEF) (n = 93) and non-rEF (n = 38) groups, and further divided into the GDMT-reinforced and non-reinforced groups.ResultsIn patients with rEF, the rate of rehospitalization for heart failure was significantly lower in the GDMT-reinforced group than in the non-reinforced group (log-rank test, P = .04). However, the same trend was not observed in the non-rEF group.ConclusionsReinforcing GDMT may reduce the heart failure rehospitalization rate in patients with pimobendan administration and rEF. However, multicenter collaborative research is needed.Trial registrationIRB Approval by the Nippon Medical School Hospital Ethics Committee B-2021-433 (April 10, 2023).

Ultrasound and pulsed electric field treatment effect on the thermal properties, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile of oils extracted from berry seeds

AbstractThe seeds of berry fruits which are considered as a by-product may be valorized by recovering the oil they content. Nevertheless, the conventional extraction methods are time, energy and organic solvents consuming. In order to make extraction more environmental-friendly, alternative methods, like ultrasound-assisted and pulsed electric field-assisted processes, are being developed. The procedure of extraction may however influence the quality of obtained oil. The following study aims to define the effects of ultrasound and pulsed electric field application in the extraction process on the thermal properties, i.e., oxidative stability, melting and cyclic heating/cooling profiles, thermal decomposition characteristics. Additionally, fatty acid profile assessment was included in the study. Seeds of blackberries, blackcurrants, chokeberries, raspberries and redcurrants were used to extract oil. Based on the results, it can be summarized that extraction method influenced the resistance of oils to oxidation. Ultrasound-assisted process resulted in oils with the highest oxidation induction times. Melting profile was slightly influenced by extraction method, with peak temperatures indicating the presence of low-melting and middle-melting triacylglycerol fractions. Differential scanning calorimetry with heat/cool/heat procedure let determine crystallization peak temperatures around − 60 °C, which could be associated with the specific triacylglycerol profile of berry seed oils. The courses of thermogravimetric analysis curves were comparable for all the tested samples. The fatty acid profile study revealed that all the studied thermal properties were affected by the unique fatty acid percentage share, with a great predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Obtained results allowed to conclude that extraction method influenced oxidative stability, thermal properties and fatty acid profile only to some extent. The most promising extraction method among analyzed seems to be ultrasound-assisted extraction as it provided oil with high oxidative stability, typical thermal properties and unchanged fatty acid profile, without being harmful to natural environment due to possible reduction in solvent and time consumption.

Bio‐based and effective: Cardanol‐piperidine derivatives for enhanced polypropylene resistance against thermo‐ and photo‐oxidative aging

AbstractBio‐based antioxidants have garnered attention for their sustainability and environmental benefits. In this study, we designed and synthesized three cardanol‐piperidine derivatives (HSs) by utilizing hydrogenated cardanol (HC) and piperidine derivatives to improve the aging inhibition of polypropylene (PP). These bio‐based antioxidants were intended as eco‐friendly alternatives to conventional synthetic antioxidants. The impact of these HSs on the thermal stability, thermo‐oxidative stability, and light stability of PP was thoroughly evaluated. The results unveiled that after 5 h of interaction with 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical, HSs exhibited a remarkable over 5‐fold increase in free radical scavenging efficiency as compared to HC. Moreover, the addition of HSs significantly increased the oxidation induction time and the initial oxidation temperature compared to pristine PP. After photo‐oxidative aging and thermo‐oxidative aging, the HS‐dosed PP demonstrated remarkable retention of elongation at break, reaching more than 72% and 69%. From the comparison with physical mixtures and the density functional theory calculations, an intramolecular synergism mechanism is proposed. The intramolecular synergism between hydrogenated cardanol and piperidine derivatives may be the main reason for the inhibition of PP aging.Highlights A method for constructing simultaneous efficient light, thermal, and oxygen stable polypropylene. The mechanism for achieving simultaneous stabilization of light, heat, and oxygen is the intramolecular synergy of phenol piperidine. The essence of intramolecular synergy of cardanol and piperidine derivatives is its' reduced hydrogen bond dissociation energy and energy gap.

Projected changes in ultraviolet index and UV doses over the twenty-first century: impacts of ozone and aerosols from CMIP6.

This study evaluated the health-related weighted ultraviolet radiation (UVR) due to the total ozone content (TOC) and the aerosol optical depth (AOD) changes. Clear-sky Ultraviolet Index (UVI), daily doses, and exposure times for erythema induction (Dery and Tery) and vitamin D synthesis (DvitD and TvitD) were computed by a radiative transfer estimator. TOC and AOD data were provided by six Earth System Models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). For projections, we consider four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios-SSPs (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5)-and two time-slices (near: 2041-2060 and far future: 2081-2100). UVR projections showed pronounced changes for the summer hemispheres in the far future. TOC increases in mid- and high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere caused decreases in UVR at the summer solstice. However, projections did not indicate sun-safe exposure conditions in South America, Australia, and Southern Africa. On the contrary, exposure around solar noon from 10 to 20min will still be sufficient to induce erythema in skin type III individuals throughout this century. In southern Argentina and Chile, the UVR insufficiency for vitamin D synthesis at solar noon in skin type III remains the same during this century at the winter solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, UVI and Dery at the summer solstice should remain high (UVI ≥ 8; Dery ~ 7.0kJm-2) in highly populated locations. Above 45 °N, UVR levels cannot be enough to synthesize vitamin D in skin type III during the boreal winter. Our results show that climate change will affect human health through excess or lack of solar UVR availability.

Study of CO2 hydrate formation on the surface of residue shell from dissociated CH4 hydrate

The use of hydrates to store CO2 is considered an effective method that can be implemented. However, the problems of interfacial hydrate film formation and low mass transfer efficiency when forming CO2 hydrate under static conditions still need to be solved. This study compared the growth modes of CH4 hydrate and CO2 hydrate under static conditions and believed that the wall-climbing growth mode of CH4 hydrate can be used to generate CO2 hydrate. It is proposed to use the residual shell of CH4 hydrate as a water-absorbing medium to change the mode in which CO2 hydrate is preferentially generated in the main body of the liquid phase. In this method, CO2 hydrate shows a faster formation rate and almost no induction time, which is attributed to the larger gas-liquid contact area provided by the shell, the residual ring in decomposed water on the surface, and the crystal structure inside the shell. When sodium dodecanoate (SD) is used as a promotor for CH4 hydrate to regenerate CO2 hydrate, the observation of the hydrate growth morphology shows that CO2 hydrate can grow on the CH4 hydrate shell. It does not have the wall climbing height of CH4 hydrate but grows toward the center of the reactor. When SDS is combined with SD to regenerate CO2 hydrate as an accelerator in the CH4 hydrate generation process, filamentous growth of CO2 hydrate can be observed.

Characterization of gas hydrate generation in SDS-R141b compounding static system

Characterization of gas hydrate generation in SDS-R141b compounding static system