Induction Hypothesis Research Articles

Iteration Acceleration for Nonlinear Coupled Parabolic-Hyperbolic System

A Picard-Newton iteration method is studied to accelerate the numerical solution procedure of a class of two-dimensional nonlinear coupled parabolic-hyperbolic system. The Picard-Newton iteration is designed by adding higher-order terms of small quantity to an existing Picard iteration. The discrete functional analysis and inductive hypothesis reasoning techniques are used to overcome difficulties coming from nonlinearity and coupling, and theoretical analysis is made for the convergence and approximation properties of the iteration scheme. The Picard-Newton iteration has a quadratic convergent ratio, and its solution has second order spatial approximation and first order temporal approximation to the exact solution of the original problem. Numerical tests verify the results of the theoretical analysis, and show the Picard-Newton iteration is more efficient than the Picard iteration. Keywords—nonlinearity, iterative acceleration, coupled parabolichyperbolic system, quadratic convergence, numerical analysis.

An efficient nonlinear iteration scheme for nonlinear parabolic–hyperbolic system

A nonlinear iteration method named the Picard–Newton iteration is studied for a two-dimensional nonlinear coupled parabolic–hyperbolic system. It serves as an efficient method to solve a nonlinear discrete scheme with second spatial and temporal accuracy. The nonlinear iteration scheme is constructed with a linearization–discretization approach through discretizing the linearized systems of the original nonlinear partial differential equations. It can be viewed as an improved Picard iteration, and can accelerate convergence over the standard Picard iteration. Moreover, the discretization with second-order accuracy in both spatial and temporal variants is introduced to get the Picard–Newton iteration scheme. By using the energy estimate and inductive hypothesis reasoning, the difficulties arising from the nonlinearity and the coupling of different equation types are overcome. It follows that the rigorous theoretical analysis on the approximation of the solution of the Picard–Newton iteration scheme to the solution of the original continuous problem is obtained, which is different from the traditional error estimate that usually estimates the error between the solution of the nonlinear discrete scheme and the solution of the original problem. Moreover, such approximation is independent of the iteration number. Numerical experiments verify the theoretical result, and show that the Picard–Newton iteration scheme with second-order spatial and temporal accuracy is more accurate and efficient than that of first-order temporal accuracy.

Online music tracking with global alignment

To make audio monitoring, the state of the art in this area makes use of local alignment algorithms between the objective audio and musical interpretation.The inductive hypothesis of a local alignment tool is that the alignment is correct to the current position of an error this is drag and accumulate to subsequent errors which do not recover unless elaborate heuristics are used. Our approach uses a local non-alignment scheme based on the audio search the entire purpose of short segments of audio taken from musical performance to get the k nearest audio segments (the proximity is determined using audio tracks based on entropy signs).The current audio segment of the play is paired with the nearest (in time) between the k previously selected audio segments of the target audio.To our knowledge, this is the first algorithm able to start up from an arbitrary point in the audio end, for example, if the musical performance had already begun when the monitoring system just went on.We complemented the overall strategy through a simple heuristic of ignoring the candidates when they are all too far in time with respect to the last position reported by the system.We have tested our method with 62 musical pieces, some of which are pop and classical music mostly.For every song we have two interpretations, we use one as the audio object and the other as the interpretation which will be monitored.We obtained excellent results.

Superconvergence of a combined mixed finite element and discontinuous Galerkin method for a compressible miscible displacement problem

A combined mixed finite element and discontinuous Galerkin method for a compressible miscible displacement problem which includes molecular diffusion and dispersion in porous media is investigated. That is to say, the mixed finite element method with Raviart-Thomas space is applied to the flow equation, and the transport one is solved by the symmetric interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin (SIPG) approximation. Based on projection interpolations and induction hypotheses, a superconvergence estimate is obtained. During the analysis, an extension of the Darcy velocity along the Gauss line is also used in the evaluation of the coefficients in the Galerkin procedure for the concentration.

From a distance and generalizable to up close and grounded: Reclaiming a place for qualitative methods in international business research

journal of International Business Studies (2011) 42, 573-581. doi: 10.1057/jibs.2011.19 It is exhilarating to write the introduction to this Special Issue as it presents an important opportunity for qualitative research to reclaim its position as an integral part of international business (IB) research. The field of IB was founded on a rich qualitative research legacy (e.g., Bartlett, 1979; Crozier, 1965; Fayerweather, 1969; Johanson & Vahlne, 1977; Kindleberger, 1956; Prahalad, 1975; Wilkins, 1970, 1974). Over time, however, such methods have been progressively marginalized in our field as quantitative methods have become the norm. This shift in emphasis has mirrored the broader trend toward more positivistic empirical methods in the social sciences. The field of IB is multidisciplinary in scope, and interdisciplinary in content and methodology (statement of JIBS editorial policy). However, as our respective home disciplines came under growing pressure to solidify their legitimacy as scientific endeavors that merit scholarly attention, it is not surprising that we began to take on the norms propagated within our own academic communities that typically equated quantitative data with hard science. While there are clear merits associated with quantitative methods, the multi-cultural, multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of the field of IB lends itself to a broad range of research methodologies, qualitative methods being one of them. In order to understand the complexities of emergent and evolving phenomena scattered over distance, and the differentiated contexts typical to many topics under investigation in IB, it is often inappropriate to engage in large-scale, cross-sectional studies or reductionist methods in the absence of well-developed theory. Rather, thick description, exploratory research and comparative case analysis that focus on inductive theory building and hypotheses generation may be more suitable.

Mechanisms of intake induction of a low-nutritious food in sheep (Ovis aries)

Intake induction refers to the phenomenon by which animals increase consumption of a less-valued meal when followed by a highly-preferred food relative to when followed by no food or by the same less-preferred food. In the Training phase of the present experiment, we assessed the induction effect in sheep using a within-subject design where learning could be tested while controlling for digestive state. Results showed that, once intake reached stability, subjects ate more low-nutritious food (oat hay) when followed than when preceded by a preferred food (soybean meal), supporting the learning hypothesis of induction. The objective of the second, Revaluation, phase of the experiment was to explore the associative mechanism of induction, for which we paired gastrointestinal malaise caused by lithium chloride intoxication with consumption of soybean meal or a control food (wheat bran). Despite subjects partially rejecting soybean meal relative to controls after the aversive conditioning protocol, oat hay consumption seemed unaffected by soybean meal devaluation. We conclude that intake induction in sheep may rely on changes in hedonic properties of the low-nutritious food based on its association with post-ingestive feedback from the preferred food (hedonic hypothesis), but not on an explicit anticipation of the latter (signalling hypothesis).

Nonlinear scheme with high accuracy for nonlinear coupled parabolic–hyperbolic system

A nonlinear finite difference scheme with high accuracy is studied for a class of two-dimensional nonlinear coupled parabolic–hyperbolic system. Rigorous theoretical analysis is made for the stability and convergence properties of the scheme, which shows it is unconditionally stable and convergent with second order rate for both spatial and temporal variables. In the argument of theoretical results, difficulties arising from the nonlinearity and coupling between parabolic and hyperbolic equations are overcome, by an ingenious use of the method of energy estimation and inductive hypothesis reasoning. The reasoning method here differs from those used for linear implicit schemes, and can be widely applied to the studies of stability and convergence for a variety of nonlinear schemes for nonlinear PDE problems. Numerical tests verify the results of the theoretical analysis. Particularly it is shown that the scheme is more accurate and faster than a previous two-level nonlinear scheme with first order temporal accuracy.

Large-size message construction for ETI: Inductive self-interpretation in LINCOS

Ingredients of the author's Lingua Cosmica for communication with extra-terrestrial intelligent beings are examined with self-interpretation in mind. The most important ingredients for that purpose are inductive definitions. These definitions contain ordered sequences of induction hypotheses, identified by mutually distinctive constructors. If an assertion involving an inductive definition is to be verified, all induction hypotheses must be taken into account, i.e. they must be eliminated one by one. The implementation of the elimination procedure can be expressed within LINCOS itself. Therefore the system admits self-interpretation.

A priori error analysis of a discontinuous Galerkin approximation for a kind of compressible miscible displacement problems

A kind of compressible miscible displacement problems which include molecular diffusion and dispersion in porous media are investigated. A symmetric interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin (SIPG) method is applied to the coupled system of flow and transport. Using the induction hypotheses instead of the cut-off operator and the interpolation projection properties, a priori hp error estimates are presented. The error bounds in L2(H1) norm for concentration and in L∞(L2) norm for velocity are optimal in h and suboptimal in p with a loss of power 1/2.

Literary positivism? Scientific theories and methods in the work of Sainte-Beuve (1804-1869) and Wilhelm Scherer (1841-1886)

Literary positivism? Scientific theories and methods in the work of sainte-beuve (1804-1869) and wilhelm scherer (1841-1886) This paper compares the research and critical work of Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve and Wilhelm Scherer, two of the most important representatives of ‘literary positivism’ in France and the Germanophone countries in the nineteenth century. It argues that although Sainte- Beuve and Scherer shared a research interest in deterministic biography, their work is too rich and too varied to lump it together under the commonly assigned label of ‘positivism’. Sainte- Beuve’s descriptive comparative literary criticism was meant to establish a database of human character types and thereby lay the groundwork for a future science of morals. Scherer, on the other hand, was mainly interested elaborating inductive hypotheses on the causal determination of individual life and literary history by various social and physiological factors. The paper elicits the different scientific sources of knowledge that Sainte-Beuve and Scherer drew upon. While Sainte-Beuve’s classification of character types is strongly in - formed by his reception of the comparative natural sciences, especially late eighteenth/early nineteenth century botany and zoology, Scherer’s research is in many respects conceived as a humanistic equivalent to the empirical inductive research model of German physical reductionism. Finally, the paper elucidates the specific political contexts to which Sainte-Beuve and Scherer reacted in their research.

On the Local Borel Transform of Perturbation Theory

We prove existence of the local Borel transform for the perturbative series of massive $${\varphi_4^4}$$ -theory. As compared to previous proofs in the literature, the present bounds are much sharper as regards the dependence on external momenta, they are explicit in the number of external legs, and they are obtained quite simply through a judiciously chosen induction hypothesis applied to the Wegner-Wilson-Polchinski flow equations. We pay attention not to generate an astronomically large numerical constant for the inverse radius of convergence of the Borel transform.

A nonlinear iteration method for solving a two-dimensional nonlinear coupled system of parabolic and hyperbolic equations

A nonlinear iteration method for solving a class of two-dimensional nonlinear coupled systems of parabolic and hyperbolic equations is studied. A simple iterative finite difference scheme is designed; the calculation complexity is reduced by decoupling the nonlinear system, and the precision is assured by timely evaluation updating. A strict theoretical analysis is carried out as regards the convergence and approximation properties of the iterative scheme, and the related stability and approximation properties of the nonlinear fully implicit finite difference (FIFD) scheme. The iterative algorithm has a linear constringent ratio; its solution gives a second-order spatial approximation and first-order temporal approximation to the real solution. The corresponding nonlinear FIFD scheme is stable and gives the same order of approximation. Numerical tests verify the results of the theoretical analysis. The discrete functional analysis and inductive hypothesis reasoning techniques used in this paper are helpful for overcoming difficulties arising from the nonlinearity and coupling and lead to a related theoretical analysis for nonlinear FI schemes.

Survival and gene expression of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliduring long-term incubation in sea water and freshwater

In this study, the main objective was to verify the hypothesis of induction of 'viable but non-culturable' (VBNC) forms of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) during incubation in water. Six clinically isolated ETEC strains were studied. Viable counts showed culturable ETEC bacteria for up to 3 months in freshwater but only two out of six strains were culturable in seawater at this time point. Although the bacterial cells remained intact, no production or secretion of heat-labile (LT) or heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins was observed using GM1-ELISA methods. However, genes encoding ETEC toxins (STh and LT), colonization factors (CS7 and CS17), gapA and 16S RNA were expressed during 3 months in both sea water and freshwater microcosms as determined by real-time RT-PCR on cDNA derived from the bacteria. Clinically isolated ETEC strains can survive for long periods in both sea water and freshwater. The bacterial cells remain intact, and the gene expression of virulence genes and genes involved in metabolic pathways are detected after 3 months. These results indicate that ETEC bacteria can enter a VBNC state during stressful conditions and suggest that ETEC has the potential to be infectious after long-term incubation in water.

Setting the bar: an international comparison of public and private forest policy specifications and implications for explaining policy trends

To date much of the global-scale comparative research on environmental forest policy has focused on ‘macro-level’ policy goals and objectives. Although it is important for identifying broad trends, such research overlooks the specific policy settings that serve to ‘set the bar’ for on-the-ground environmental performance. This article helps to fill that gap by presenting and applying a framework for comparing specific forest practice requirements across 47 jurisdictions worldwide. We develop inductive hypotheses to explore the policy patterns that emerge. Socio-economic parameters – the level of economic development, form of land ownership, and enforcement capacity – appear to strongly influence policy divergence, whereas environmental science, by itself, appears unable to explain our findings. The development of private certification standards is consistent with public policy differences. The article discusses the implications of these findings for policy strategists interested in promoting scientifically informed, and environmentally effective forest policies.

Numerical method and analysis of computational fluid mechanics for photoelectric semiconducting detector

We propose a modified upwind finite difference fractional step scheme for the computational fluid mechanics simulations of a three-dimensional photoelectric semiconductor detector. We obtain the optimal l2-norm error estimates by using the techniques including the calculus of variations, the energy methods, the induction hypothesis, and a priori estimates. The proposed scheme is successfully applied to the simulation of the photoelectric semiconductor detectors.

Structure and Function of the ESCRT-II-III Interface in Multivesicular Body Biogenesis

The ESCRT-II-ESCRT-III interaction coordinates the sorting of ubiquitinated cargo with the budding and scission of intralumenal vesicles into multivesicular bodies. The interacting regions of these complexes were mapped to the second winged helix domain of human ESCRT-II subunit VPS25 and the first helix of ESCRT-III subunit VPS20. The crystal structure of this complex was determined at 2.0 A resolution. Residues involved in structural interactions explain the specificity of ESCRT-II for Vps20, and are critical for cargo sorting in vivo. ESCRT-II directly activates ESCRT-III-driven vesicle budding and scission in vitro via these structural interactions. VPS20 and ESCRT-II bind membranes with nanomolar affinity, explaining why binding to ESCRT-II is dispensable for the recruitment of Vps20 to membranes. Docking of the ESCRT-II-VPS20(2) supercomplex reveals a convex membrane-binding surface, suggesting a hypothesis for negative membrane curvature induction in the nascent intralumenal vesicle.

Localized cranial hyperostosis of meningiomas: a result of neoplastic enzymatic activity?

Cranial hyperostosis is a common secondary manifestation of intracranial meningiomas. This may occur with or without neoplastic invasion, apart or even remote from the growth. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is one of many enzymes produced by meningiomas and is known to possess indirect ossifying properties. Meningiomatous cranial hyperostosis could possibly be mediated by a humoral mechanism. This hypothesis was tested using chemical and histochemical determination of the occurrence of the enzyme in a series of hyperostosing and non-hyperostosing meningiomas. In the hyperostosing type the content of AP was in average more than three times as high as in the non-hyperostosing type. The results thus are in favour of the induction hypothesis.

Towards refinement of abductive or inductive hypotheses through propagation

In this paper we address the problem of distributed sources of information, or agents, that observe the environment locally and have to communicate in order to refine their hypothesis regarding the actual state of this environment. One way to address the problem would be to centralize all the collected observations and knowledge, and to centrally compute the resulting theory. In many situations however, it would not be possible to adopt this centralized approach (e.g. for practical reasons, or privacy concerns). In this paper, we assume that agents individually face abductive or inductive tasks in a globally coherent environment, and we show that general mechanisms can be designed that abstractly regard both cases as special instances of a problem of hypothesis refinement through propagation. Assuming that agents are equipped with some individual revision machinery, our concern will be to investigate how (under what conditions) convergence to a consistent state can be guaranteed at more global levels: (i) between two agents; (ii) in a clique of agents; and (iii) in general in a connected society of agents.

Scales in K(ℝ) at the end of a weak gap

In this note we shall proveTheorem 0.1. Letbe a countably ω-iterable-mouse which satisfies AD, and [α, β] a weak gap of. Supposeis captured by mice with iteration strategies in ∣α. Let n be least such that ; then we have that believes that has the Scale Property.This complements the work of [5] on the construction of scales of minimal complexity on sets of reals in K(ℝ). Theorem 0.1 was proved there under the stronger hypothesis that all sets definable over are determined, although without the capturing hypothesis. (See [5, Theorem 4.14].) Unfortunately, this is more determinacy than would be available as an induction hypothesis in a core model induction. The capturing hypothesis, on the other hand, is available in such a situation. Since core model inductions are one of the principal applications of the construction of optimal scales, it is important to prove 0.1 as stated.Our proof will incorporate a number of ideas due to Woodin which figure prominently in the weak gap case of the core model induction. It relies also on the connection between scales and iteration strategies with the Dodd-Jensen property first discovered in [3]. Let be the pointclass at the beginning of the weak gap referred to in 0.1. In section 1, we use Woodin's ideas to construct a Γ-full a mouse having ω Woodin cardinals cofinal in its ordinals, together with an iteration strategy Σ which condenses well in the sense of [4, Def. 1.13]. In section 2, we construct the desired scale from and Σ.

Marvell’s Formal Fallacy

Marvell’s Formal Fallacy Barry Targan (bio) Many decades ago, when I first taught in college, I was assigned a course in logic. Not the strictest kind of logic—the abstract and theoretical concepts of the logical positivists, the logic of such philosophers as Bertrand Russell and A. N. Whitehead and A. J. Ayer—but rather the logic we actually use in daily life. Or do not use. The aim of the course was to prepare students to be able to think more clearly, to organize their thoughts and statements effectively, and to test the validity and strength of their arguments. In preparing the course I had to learn what I had myself never been formally taught: deductive and inductive systems. I found that I quite enjoyed learning about the mechanisms of deductive syllogisms and inductive generalizations and hypotheses. And it chastened me to realize that I had always taken for granted the rightness of my propositions and positions, my too easily assumed common sense. Now I had specific tools for examination and analysis. Now I had, for instance, the fallacy of the undistributed middle term or the false disjunctive. Now I had Ockham’s razor. At about this same time in a literature course I taught I assigned Marvell’s “To His Coy Mistress.” I summoned up all that I had been taught about this famous poem—the carpe-diem theme and its tradition, the metrical scheme, the rich allusions, and, perhaps above all, the hypothetical syllogism that [End Page 464] shaped the poem. I was well prepared for my class. But then I realized that Marvell had made a logical error, a formal error! In the hypothetical syllogism you can either affirm the antecedent proposition or deny the consequent: If it rains, then the corn will rot. It is raining. The corn will rot. Or If it rains, then the corn will rot. The corn did not rot. It did not rain. Marvell says “Had we but world enough, and time, / This coyness, Lady, were no crime.” But then he denies the antecedent: “But at my back I always hear / Time’s wingèd chariot hurrying near.” That is, there is not enough time. From this his conclusion (“Now therefore . . .”) cannot logically follow. Marvell makes what is called a formal fallacy (as distinct from a material fallacy). In deductive logic (Aristotelian logic) your conclusion must be either absolutely correct or absolutely incorrect. In this great poem Marvell’s conclusion is absolutely incorrect. At my discovery I was elated. I would write this up and present it to the world, and my young scholarly reputation would be, if not made, then at least established. A revelation of this magnitude could not be ignored, especially when the idea that the hypothetical syllogism containing Marvell’s argument in this poem was firmly established. Was firmly established then, and remains so to the present day. But before I wrote my little paper I did scholarly due diligence. I checked wherever I could, particularly the bibliography of the mla. And there, alas, I found it in North Dakota Quarterly—Bruce E. Miller’s article “Logic in Marvell’s ‘To His Coy Mistress.’” Even before I read it, I knew instinctively what Miller had found, and I was right. In a succinct note Miller describes the fallacy and makes the additional important point: Marvell, educated at seventeenth-century Cambridge, would have studied Aristotelian logic “as a major part of the course of study.” His making a mistake of this kind would have been highly unlikely. Marvell must have done it on purpose. Miller concludes: “I doubt if Marvell intended the reader to be misled by the fine rhetoric and the specious logic. He intended rather to defend chastity by attacking it—in a way at once ingenious and false.” Given Marvell’s Puritan allegiances I think Miller could be right; but I don’t feel that Miller accounts for the pervasive richness of the poem. [End Page 465] I believe the poem is best read as a witty gambit, a flattering compliment. The speaker knows the woman he addresses, knows her to be quick enough to catch the fallacy of the argument, knows her...