Induction Coil Research Articles

Spatially Tuned Properties in a Bulk Fe–Co Soft Magnetic Alloy via Transverse Induction Annealing and Feasibility Study for Motor Applications

Electric vehicle adoption has seen a dramatic upward trend in the last decade. Maximal efficiency of electric motor technology for maximum range, achieved by minimizing losses experienced by motor stator and rotor, is limited by a trade‐off with high strength, as necessary to withstand torque experienced during operation. Spatial tailoring of magnetic and mechanical properties for optimized magnetic performance while retaining sufficient mechanical strength is a desirable pathway toward improved performance. Here, radiofrequency transverse induction annealing is demonstrated as a novel pathway to continuous spatial variation in microstructure of bulk crystalline soft magnetic alloys, providing a novel processing route to spatially tuned properties. Via local control of grain size, magnetic and mechanical properties may be separately prioritized as functions of position, enabling optimized stator laminations with reduced losses while retaining requisite mechanical strength. Experiment and finite element modeling demonstrate that a cylindrical induction coil can impose significant microstructure and property variation in a Fe–Co bulk crystalline soft magnetic alloy. A basic feasibility study follows, examining improved performance of a motor containing a stator with radial variation in coercivity. Results indicate future potential for co‐optimization of spatial thermal processing of magnetic laminations with motor designs for unprecedented performance.

Thermal effects of metal implants embedded in different layers of human tissues exposed to electromagnetic fields

Metal implants are typically used in medicine and body modifications to repair or replace damaged tissues, bones, or organs. However, they can cause complications, such as pain, inflammation, and tissue damage, when exposed to strong electromagnetic fields. This study is performed to examine the effect of high-intensity near-field electromagnetic exposure on the thermal effects of metal implants in human tissues. Maxwell's equations and a bioheat model are employed in a numerical simulation to determine the electromagnetic field and temperature distributions in implants and surrounding tissues during exposure to high-intensity electromagnetic fields in close proximity. Various factors are examined, including the implant shape, size, material, and insertion depth. A physical model comprising layers of tissue and metal implants is employed, which is subjected to an alternating electromagnetic field generated by an induction coil. Results show that the implant shape, size, and depth affect tissue heating. Stainless steel 410 implants result in higher tissue temperature increases owing to their greater sensitivity to electromagnetic induction compared with Ti–6Al–4V implants. The findings from this study provide valuable insights into the thermal behavior and electromagnetic interactions of metal implants in human tissues, thus contributing to the advancement of implant design and human safety in electromagnetic environments.

Experimental Design of an Innovative Electromechanical System for Induction Heating-Based Air Heating: Exploring Temperature Dynamics and Energy Efficiency

The energy efficiency of supplies is crucial for the energy economy. The development of new and more efficient air heaters is a relevant topic for various industrial applications. In the formulation of air heating using a novel and flexible electromechanical system that accomplishes heating air to varying temperatures, this study examines the efficacy of using induction heating as a fundamental component of air heating systems and focuses on the effective heating of moving metal parts by electromagnetic coupling, thereafter transmitting the generated heat to the experimental facilities. The study delved into an exploration of numerous factors within a closed system, encompassing aspects such as area, temperature, and energy. Using a full-bridge ZVS circuit with an inductive coil design, fan speed variations and temperature measurements were systematically carried out to investigate the impact of induction heating on temperature changes within the given experimental setups. The results of an experiment conducted in a half-cubic-meter enclosed environment reveal significant temperature fluctuations with the varying velocities of moving metal elements, presenting a maximal rate of 17.7 degrees Celsius per hour and an efficiency factor of 64.15%. With continued refinement, this innovative technology has the potential to become an energy-efficient alternative to conventional heating techniques for a variety of applications, including industrial operations and residential heating.

Casting Machines in Dentistry - A Review Part I.

Dental casting machine is an electrical device used to extrude molten materials to fabricate dental prostheses such as crowns, bridges, intracoronal and extracoronal restorations, and removable partial dentures. The casting process basically include melting and casting. Firstly, the solid material is heated in a crucible in temperature-controlled conditions to melt the material to its smelled form. The dental casting process is a complex one with multifaceted steps and equipment. Different types of casting machines are available to produce heat using different sources and techniques. It includes Arc melting, Open flame casting, and Electrical resistance. Arc melting involves the application of an electric or gas discharge on tungsten electrodes, causing the metal base to melt utilizing the heat produced by arcing. Open flame casting or induction melting employs water-cooled alternate current induction coils to induce heat. However, resistance heating uses electric current to melt precious metals.

Kinematic Motion Modelling from Differential Inductive Oscillation Sensing for a Servomechanism and Electromechanical Devices and Applications

This paper presents mathematical modeling approach of an inductive sensor producing oscillating output of a given frequency representing displacement of a core moving in and out of a coil of known geometrical dimensions. The technique is hence used in characterizing the speed, acceleration and frequency of the proposed differential inductive transducer. This model uses a double coil arrangement with a freely movable iron core. This is made to oscillate freely thereby producing the proposed output for characterization of oscillating parameters. The application of this work finds utility in generating small amplitude signals from tiny force winds for the purpose of acquiring impulsive electrical signal from sources such as machine vibrations. Using an inductive coil sensing technique in a differential manner, physical parameters of speed, acceleration and displacement are translated into a signal with proportionate output frequency change. The results shown can be used for characterizing the materials and hence sensor with high sensitivity, linearity and responsiveness in harsh environmental condition is obtained.

PURIFICATION OF LIQUIDS IMPURITIES BY ELECTROMAGNETIC INFLUENCE

The importance of liquid purification leads to a decrease in the concentration of pollutants mainly in the stream during its use. This paper analyzes the relevance of document verification in accordance with existing legislation. An analysis of actual physical and chemical methods of liquid purification was carried out. The creation of a working chamber for the grouping of impurities for liquid purification is described. The result was achieved by electromagnetic influence on charged impurities. The scientific news of the study of the creation of a paraboloid of rotation of impurities has been created. The principle of operation of the cleaning system is shown on the example of the grouping of oil and water impurities. Research results show the possibility of liquid purification by controlling the trajectory of impurities. The work uses the Dini equation (Italian: Ulisse Dini) to describe the mathematical model of the grouping of impurities. A model of the trajectory of impurities in the LabVIEW shell was created. The possibility of further purification of the liquid by the method of electromagnetic grouping and subsequent removal of impurities from the flow was verified. The study takes place in the installation of inductance coils on the outer surface of the impurity grouping chamber. The trajectory of the movement of impurities in the magnetic field is determined. The electromagnetic influence on the charged impurities changes their trajectory and causes the impurities to move along the Larmor radius. When the magnitude of the electromagnetic field increases, the speed of movement of the impurity increases, and the radius of motion of the impurity decreases. It has been proven that impurities with a lower density are better concentrated in the center of the RKG. The parameters of the coils for creating an electromagnetic field are selected. The model of the rotation of oil impurities in the driver is reproduced on the model. The change in the specific conductivity of the water medium with increasing magnetic field induction was verified. At the first stage, we offer the construction of a stand for further purification of liquid by the method of electromagnetic grouping of impurities. Practical recommendations are given for achieving the efficiency of the electromagnetic method of liquid purification and its reuse.

Self‐Powered Smart Proximity‐Detection System Based on a Hybrid Magneto‐Mechano‐Electric Generator

A hybrid magneto‐mechano‐electric (H‐MME) generator that combines a Mn‐doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 piezoelectric single crystal and an electromagnetic induction coil is demonstrated to convert stray magnetic noise of 60 Hz into useful electrical energy. The authors optimize the design of the piezoelectric cantilever, the weight of the magnetic mass, and the distance between the magnet and coil through theoretical simulation and experiments to maximize each contribution for the H‐MME generator. The total root mean square output power of the H‐MME generator is 28.35 mW with a power density of 0.042 mW cm−3 Oe2 in a 5 Oe magnetic field of 60 Hz, which is sufficient for driving multiple functional Internet of Things sensors that detect temperature, humidity, light, UV radiation, air pressure, and sound. In addition, a self‐powered smart proximity‐detection system (including a microcontroller unit, an ultrasonic sensor module, a piezo speaker, and a Bluetooth module) is demonstrated by rectifying the output of the H‐MME generator and controlling it using a power management circuit. The superior output power of the H‐MME generator exceeds simple sensing functions and presents the possibility of achieving battery‐free self‐powered smart devices and systems.

Research on the coupling relationship between metal particles in lubricating oil and inductive coils based on self-excitation single coil

Characterizing the operational wear status of mechanical equipment based on online monitoring of metal particles in lubricating oil plays a significant role in the effect of equipment fault diagnosis technology. According to the theoretical analysis of the electromagnetic induction principle and Biot–Savart’s law, combined with the finite element simulation analysis, systematic study and analysis were conducted on the distribution of magnetic field inside a single inductance coil, the coupling relationship between metal particles in lubricating oil, and the inductance coil. This paper analyzed the effects of four important design parameters that were the excitation frequency, the inside diameter of the coil, the turns number of the coil, and the length of the coil. On magnetic field uniformity and monitoring sensitivity, experiments demonstrated that: the correlation between the uniformity of the magnetic field on the testing surface of the sensor inductance coil and the coil radius and length is the highest, followed by the correlation with the number of coil turns. The correlation with the excitation frequency can be ignored in a negligible manner. In addition, experimental results indicated that if the ratio between the inside diameter of the inductance coil and the length of the coil (R/L) was less than 0.41, the magnetic field uniformity would reach over 91%. Meanwhile, results showed that the sensitivity of the sensor to ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic particles increased with the decrease in the coil inner diameter and inductance and increased with the increase in the excitation frequency. There is a specific length that can make the sensor coil monitoring, which is the most sensitive.

Active correction of window Faraday effects for ITER laser diagnostics

Measurement of the change in polarization of a laser beam traversing a magnetized plasma is a standard diagnostic technique for extracting key plasma parameters, including density and current profile. Depending on the polarization orientation of the incident laser beam relative to theplasma magnetic field, the polarization change is denoted as either Faraday rotation or Cotton-Mouton effect. On ITER three laser diagnostics will make use of this effect to make their measurements. Unfortunately, this effect is also evident when the laser beam passes through the vacuum window. The large magnetic field and finite verdet constant of the window material mean that on ITER this effect — in particular faraday rotation — is non-negligible, and needs to be disentangled from the desired measurement parameter. The Toroidal Interferometer-Polarimeter (TIP) and Density Interferometer-Polarimeter (DIP), in particular, are affected. Both diagnostics use lasers in the 5–10 μm range, and will use zinc-selenide (ZnSe) as the vacuum window material. In order to compensate for the unwanted window distortion a sensor is being developed to monitor the magnetic field perpendicular to the window and activelycorrectfor the faraday rotation in real time. The sensor consists of an inductive coil closely fitted just in front of the window disc. It comprises several turns of fine wire in center-tap configuration. Both the raw voltage signal, as well as the integrated signal, will be monitored to estimate the magnetic field through the window disk. The system is designed to measure fields up to B <1 T with an accuracy of 0.01 T, at frequencies of D.C. to 1 kHz. The backend electronics will leverage off similar technology developed for other ITER magnetics systems. Using the real-time magnetic field information, in conjunction with published and/or measured data on the verdet constant of the ZnSe window material, in-house developed software will estimate the faraday rotation induced by passing through the window.An initial prototype of the sensor has been fabricated and results from preliminary characterization trials of the system are presented. Detailed testing is planned for the future using the DIP system prototype currently under development.

Numerical simulation of magnetization induction coupled discharge plasma discharge process

Abstract First, this paper analyzes the plasma discharge and fluid model, and constructs the plasma discharge model by drift-diffusion approximation control equation, heavy particle component control equation, electric field distribution and volume force calculation, and plasma chemical kinetic model. Next, the coupling mechanism of inductively coupled RF plasma and its discharge characteristics are analyzed. Finally, the magnetized inductively coupled plasma discharge is simulated numerically. The results demonstrate that the current flowing on an inductor coil develops quicker at 0.045T and then calms down with an increase in the supplied constant dynamic magnetic field power, but the coil voltage exhibits the reverse effect.

Electric vehicle wireless charging system for the foreign object detection with the inducted coil with magnetic field variation

Abstract Foreign object detection is one of the most critical issues in electric vehicle wireless charging systems. This article proposes a foreign object detection scheme with an induced coil in the charging system. The proposed method uses a multifunctional tunneling resistance sensor matrix to detect the presence of a foreign metal object between the coils. An asymmetrical induction coil design scheme is proposed to eliminate the blind area. The suggested method utilizes size-modulated c-shaped coil units to remove invisible zones that result from the magnetic field’s axial uniformity. The induced voltage in the transmission coil is measured using ANSYS/MAXWELL software. The experimental results show that the suggested method has a number of benefits over regular even-sensing coils, including higher uniformity in the induced current, position-dependent detection sensitivity, and detection accuracy. It provides a feasible and affordable way to get around the drawbacks of the traditional detecting coil.

Phase synchronization under mixed synapse between two heterogeneous functional neurons

Nervous system contacts and regulates the various systems and organs of the body by encoding and transmitting information, so it becomes important to explore the synaptic connections between neurons. In this study, two functional neurons are obtained by embedding Josephson junction and memristor in the FHN neuron circuit, and then based on Helmholtz’s theorem their Hamilton energies are calculated and investigated when coupled channel is awakened. There are weak but stable and orderly electromagnetic fields around human tissues and organs due to the transmembrane flow of ions, and their equilibrium state is easily disturbed and destroyed by the external electromagnetic fields, which should be considered when neuron model are investigated. Thus, an induction coil and a charge-controlled memristor (CCM) are used to perceive magnetic and electric fields respectively to couple the two function neurons, then mixed synapse is activated and synaptic plasticity is detect by parameter modulation and energy exchange. It is found that energy is continuously pumped along the coupling channel even if the synaptic connection is increased further, and two different functional neurons can only achieve quasi-phase synchronization or phase lock. However, the coupling strength threshold for achieving quasi-phase synchronization is lowered under hybrid synapses, and the possible mechanism may be that the addition of induction coil and CCM can induce time-varying electric and magnetic fields, which in turn facilitate the energy exchange in the coupled system. This study not only helps us to reveal the synchronization phenomenon of certain neurons observed in experiments, but also to explain the occurrence of pathological synchronization in the nervous system.

Low latitude Pi2 pulsations at Desalpar, Gujarat, India: A statistical analysis of the influences of magnetic storms/substorms, seasons, and solar cycles

In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of geomagnetic pulsations (Pi2) using ground magnetometer data from the Induction Coil Magnetometer of Desalpar, Kachchh, Gujarat, India. We report here the morphology of Pi2 bursts (6–25 mHz) and their local temporal variations over the period of 2013–2017. The investigation is being conducted to study the effects of Sun-Earth interaction on the occurrences of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations. Local trend analysis was performed by classifying the data into 3 h local time slots (LT = UT+5.5). The Pi2 periods and the frequency of occurrence in local time in 2013 show that the maximum number of events occurs in the early morning and at midnight, and a very small number of events in the middle of the day. This could be due to tail currents at magnetic reconnection during the night-time. We have observed more events in the Y component compared to the X component. On the other hand, the observed periods of the X component are longer compared to the Y component. Enhanced periodicity of Pi2 observed during 18.0–19.0 LT. The periodicity of the H component is increased from 6.0 LT and reaches a maximum during 18.0–19.0 LT and then decreases. The maximum amplitude is noted at 6.0 LT. The amplitude of the Y component noticed is the largest than the X component during the study period. Number of Pi2s are found different in different ranges of Kp, Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and Solar wind speed (SWS), Proton density (PD) with maximum number in lower Kp values, IMF B∼5 nT, SWS∼400 Km/s, PD∼5–10N/cc. The identified peak-to-peak amplitudes of Pi2s are in relation with the generated plasma dynamics of magnetosphere by the solar parameters as various global parameters such as the IMF, interplanetary electric field (IEy), sunspots numbers (SSN), planetary index (Kp), SWS, PD, and Bursty Bulk Flows (BBFs) generated Pi2s have been noted during midnight (18.0–21.0 UT and 3.0–9.0 UT) during the 2013–2015 compared to the 2016–2017. This is evident with the longer period of Pi2s greater than 120 Sec. These longer period Pi2s have been accompanied with the field aligned currents produced by braking BBFs. The winter and fall seasons showed a good substantial generated Pi2s in our study compared to other seasons. We found an inverse relationship of occurrence of Pi2 is with global parameters such as SSN, Kp and IEy on our site. 74–78% of Pi2s generated is during the substorm period. The non-substorm Pi2s seems to be more in 2013–2015 (Solar maximum) than in 2016–2017 (Solar minimum).

Impedance Variation in a Coaxial Coil Encircling a Metal Tube Adapter.

The impedance change in an induction coil surrounding a metal tube adapter is investigated using the truncated region eigenfunction expansion (TREE) method. The conventional TREE method is inapplicable to this problem as a consequence of the numerical overflow of the eigenfunctions of the air-metal multi-subdomain regions. The difficulty is surmounted by a normalization procedure for the numerical eigenfunctions obtained from the 1D finite element method (FEM). An efficient algorithm is devised by the Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature rule for integrals involving the numerical eigenfunctions. The numerical results of the TREE and FEM simulation coincide very well in all cases, and the efficiency of the proposed method is also confirmed.

Inductive sensor for measuring linear displacement and velocity – Version with stationary magnetic core

The article describes a displacement sensor designed and manufactured in the Rock Deformation Laboratory of the Strata Mechanics Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences for cooperation with the GTA-10 triaxial cell. This sensor measures the displacement and velocity of the strength machine's piston.The sensor has the form of a single-layer induction coil made of spring steel with a fixed magnetic core cooperating with the LC oscillator. The coil elongates during measurement without friction, causing oscillation frequency changes, unlike the LVDT sensor, where core movements produce a voltage signal. In this way, a displacement-frequency transducer is realised.The presence of the core linearizes the transducer's displacement-frequency characteristic and increases its sensitivity in this case. Moreover, the core increases the inductance of the sensor, which allows the increase in the capacitance of the resonant circuit and thus, the stability of the oscillations, which are influenced by the parasitic capacitances of the connections. In this way, a resolution of the transducer of less than 500 nm was achieved, with a measuring range of 70 mm (relative resolution 105). The new inductive sensor replaced the resistance displacement sensor, which had been used previously.The article shows the mathematical background of the sensor functioning as a displacement-frequency transducer, its structure and examples of its application.

Experimental and numerical investigations of induction heating for Ti-6Al-4V sheets and epoxy/carbon fiber composite laminates

The objective of this study is to present the electromagnetic and the thermal multi-field coupling model of the induction heating process for numerical simulation based on the finite element method. One of the most important difficulties encountered in the induction heating processes is to ensure homogeneous temperature distribution throughout the part. To improve the uniform temperature distribution in the sheet, the induction heating system is modelled with the ANSYS software taking into account some operational and geometrical parameters including current density and coupling distance between induction coil and sheet. Induction heating simulations were performed for all simulations at 20 kHz frequency ANSYS Maxwell. The numerical model has been verified by the conducted experiments for Ti6Al4V at the current of 50 A, 125 A, and 200 A, and the 1 mm and 3 mm gap distances. The relative error of the maximum temperature between the experiment and simulation was found around 14 % recorded at 25 s measurements. In addition, the effects of the current and the frequencies on the induction heating were evaluated by the verified numerical model for epoxy/carbon fiber (UD prepreg) and epoxy/carbon fiber (Woven prepreg) plates. The results show that the induction heating model is suitable and efficient to determine the temperature distribution within the thin plates by the finite element method.

A Simplified Design Method for Quasi-Resonant Inverter Used in Induction Hob

Induction heating (IH) technology is widely recognized and utilized in residential applications due to its high efficiency and safe operating characteristics. Resonant inverter circuits are widely used in IH systems because of their high efficiency and ability to perform soft switching. Among the various resonant inverters used in IH systems, the single-switch quasi-resonant (SSQR) inverter topology is typically preferred for low-cost and low-output-power applications. Despite its cost advantage, the SSQR topology has a relatively narrow soft-switching range, which can be unstable depending on the electrical parameters of the load and the resonant converter circuit. Accurately determining the capacitance value of the resonant capacitor and the inductance value of the induction coil, which are the key circuit elements of the SSQR induction cooker, is crucial for designing a reliable, efficient, and durable cooking system. In other words, there exists a critical relationship between the resonant converter circuit parameters, load characteristics, and safe operating conditions. Additionally, when considering closed-loop control methods used for power control and safety, selecting appropriate resonant circuit elements becomes vital in ensuring both reliable and efficient operation. This paper focuses on a novel and simplified design method for the SSQR inverter utilized in household appliances. The proposed method and its advantages in terms of the safe operating area of the switch are theoretically investigated and verified through simulations and prototype circuits.

Design and Implementation of a Low Losses Current-Fed Portable Induction Furnace

This research is concentrated on the practical design of a portable Induction Heating Furnace (IHF) composed of a Current-Fed Parallel Resonance Inverter (CFPRI) as a power supply of an Induction Coil (IC) and its specimen. The design is intended to reduce the losses in both the switches of the inverter and those due to non-sinusoidal currents in the conductors connecting the power supply components. The IC was connected in parallel to a suitable capacitor to form a tank load in this furnace. Detailed design steps for each implemented part are represented in this research. The implemented power supply tested practically on certain load. The practical results were compared with that obtained from the simulation for this system using the (Plecs) computer package. The practical results agreed with the simulation.

Highly Inductive Coil Spring Strain/Compress Sensors Integrated with Shape Memory Alloy and Shape Memory Polymers-CNTs.

Future wearable electronic gadgets offer greatpotential for using stretchable, strain-sensitive materials to instantly detect human motion and record physiological information. This paper presens a strain/compress sensor made from a Shape memory alloy (SMA) coil spring covered with silver pastes and the composite of carbon nanotubes and Shape memory polymer (SMP). The combination of the shape memory materials that expand or contract automatically by temperature improved the mechanics of the sensor. First, the proposed sensors showed an excellent ability to broad-range strain of 250% and compress of 50% with a relative inductance (∆L/L0 ) range from -35% to 50%, respectively. Durability during 1000 loading and unloading cycles at 200% strain is included. Secondly, by monitoring changes in resistance, inductance, and time, it is determined how many silver layers appropriate for transformation should be in order to improve the recovery time of the SMA coil spring. Moreover, the presence of CNTs in the composite-covered outer of sensors helps to reduce the influence of the relation between resistance and temperature in the range from 30 °C to 110 °C. Finally, a device is suggested for monitoring arm and triceps brachii muscle movements based on the stretchable area as a key parameter.

Wirelessly Powered Drug-Free and Anti-Infective Smart Bandage for Chronic Wound Care.

We present a wirelessly powered ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation-based disinfecting bandage for sterilization and treatment in chronic wound care and management. The bandage contains embedded low-power UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the 265 to 285 nm range with the light emission controlled via a microcontroller. An inductive coil is seamlessly concealed in the fabric bandage and coupled with a rectifier circuit to enable 6.78 MHz wireless power transfer (WPT). The maximum WPT efficiency of the coils is 83% in free space and 75% on the body at a coupling distance of 4.5 cm. Measurements show that the UVC LEDs are emitting radiant power of about 0.6 mW and 6.8 mW with and without fabric bandage, respectively, when wirelessly powered. The ability of the bandage to inactivate microorganisms was examined in a laboratory which shows that the system can effectively eradicate Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 strain, on surfaces in six hours. The proposed smart bandage system is low-cost, battery-free, flexible and can be easily mounted on the human body and, therefore, shows great promise for the treatment of persistent infections in chronic wound care.