Indonesian Samples Research Articles

Indonesian WAIS-IV Cultural Research.

This study examined regional differences between Indonesians on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Indonesia (WAIS-IV ID) and, in comparison, to the US. Three hypotheses were examined: a) Java will demonstrate stronger WAIS-IV ID performances than non-Java (NJ) samples. b) WAIS-IV ID performances will be correlated with educational attainment. c) Indonesians with higher levels of education will perform comparably to US samples. The WAIS-IV was translated into Bahasa Indonesia and administered to a convenience sample representative of the Indonesian population breakdown by island. Comparisons between Java and NJ samples were analyzed by analyses of covariance controlling for education attainment. Comparisons between the Indonesian and US samples were analyzed by one sample t-tests. The Java sample performed significantly higher than the NJ sample. Performances for the Java but not the NJ sample significantly correlated with educational attainment. Indonesians performed significantly lower than the US on 19/20 WAIS-IV ID subtests measures. However, the Java sample demonstrated comparable performances with the US with both countries scoring significantly higher than the other on select subtests and indexes. The Java sample demonstrated lower performances for older age cohorts with increasingly stronger scores across younger age cohorts. This pattern was paralleled by increases in educational attainment. All hypotheses were supported except for correlations between educational attainment and WAIS-IV ID performances which was significant for the Java sample but not the NJ sample. Findings were interpreted within the context of economics and educational attainment and quality.

Special Series on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Performances in Five Asian Countries: Summary of Findings, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions.

This special series of exploratory studies compared WAIS-IV performances in five Asian countries: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, and Indonesia with the U.S. The studies examined cognitive profiles across age groups to develop hypotheses on how culture can impact cognition. This summary article integrates the findings from each study to determine similarities and differences across Asian countries and proposes possible underlying cultural factors impacting cognition. In each study, raw scores corresponding to a subscale score of 10 were scored with U.S. norms across all age groups. Index scores were calculated with the adjusted scale scores. The impact of education on test performances was determined by correlating WAIS-IV scores with a ratio of educational attainment for each country with the U.S. for each age group. Findings from each country were then integrated to develop hypotheses on cultural factors that impacted cognitive profiles. East Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan) demonstrated weaker Verbal Comprehension Index scores and stronger Processing Speed Index scores than the U.S. sample, although the latter was moderated by age. East Asian countries demonstrated stronger performances on Perceptual Reasoning versus Verbal Comprehension tests. East Asians and the Java subset of the Indonesian sample demonstrated a pattern of stronger performances in younger versus older cohorts which was significantly correlated with educational attainment. Cultural factors impacting cognition were proposed. Clinical implications of the findings were discussed and directions for future studies to examine the relationship between culture and cognition were recommended.

MSME Lending And Bank Efficiency: Comparison Between Indonesia And Malaysia

MSMEs are one of the pillars of the country's economy; banking has a role in facilitating financing for MSMEs so that they can proliferate. On the other hand, banks must consider the cost efficiency they produce, considering that MSMEs are one of the sectors with high credit risk. This study aims to prove that financing for MSMEs can increase bank efficiency and that there are differences between banking in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study uses quantitative with an associative and comparative approach. The population of this study is banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and Bursa Malaysia in the 2020-2023 period. The Indonesian sample technique uses the purposive sampling method, and Malaysia uses the saturated sample method. The analysis technique uses stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), multiple linear regression, and difference tests with the help of statistical tools like Stata 17. The findings of the study show that financing for MSMEs affects bank efficiency. There is no difference between bank efficiency in Malaysia and Indonesia, but there is a significant difference between MSME financing in Malaysia and Indonesia. The theoretical implications of this study complement the theory regarding the relationship between MSME financing and bank efficiency. The practical implications of this research can provide recommendations to regulators in Indonesia to boost banking by increasing the financing ratio to MSMEs.

Trend-Driven Innovation for RTE Food Market: A Comparison Study Between Consumers from Malaysia and Indonesia

The ready-to-eat (RTE) food market is growing worldwide. Nevertheless, a limited study was found where researchers compare consumer behavioral intention toward RTE foods between countries. This study compares consumers in Malaysia and Indonesia regarding their food preferences and behavioral intentions toward RTE foods. Using a quantitative cross-sectional approach, the researchers developed an online survey and distributed the survey link to consumers aged 18 years and above from both countries via social media platforms. The dataset comprised 321 responses from Malaysia and 262 from Indonesia. Based on the analyses, findings reported some similarities and differences in consumer preferences and behavior intention between both countries. The highest percentages of Malaysian respondents were recorded for plant-based, genetically modified, gluten-free, and allergen-free foods. Interestingly, the highest percentage of Indonesian respondents reported for insect-based food than the Malaysians. More Malaysian consumers preferred ethnic foods from different cultures than Indonesians. About the same highest percentages of consumers from both countries preferred cell-cultured meat, 3D printed foods, and vegan foods. For Malaysian samples, attitude and subjective norms significantly influenced their behavior intention toward RTE foods. For Indonesian samples, subjective norms and behavioral control significantly influence consumer behavior intention toward RTE foods. Findings are relevant for food producers and marketers to explore the young consumer market and to identify new products to fulfill the market demand. This study broadens and deepens the current understanding of both countries' RTE food trends and consumer behavioral patterns. Food producers should promote RTE food products by highlighting their benefits through marketing channels.

Profiling genetically driven alternative splicing across the Indonesian archipelago.

One of the regulatory mechanisms influencing the functional capacity of genes is alternative splicing (AS). Previous studies exploring the splicing landscape of human tissues have shown that AS has contributed to human biology, especially in disease progression and the immune response. Nonetheless, this phenomenon remains poorly characterized across human populations, and it is unclear how genetic and environmental variation contribute to AS. Here, we examine a set of 115 Indonesian samples from three traditional island populations spanning the genetic ancestry cline that characterizes Island Southeast Asia. We conduct a global AS analysis between islands to ascertain the degree of functionally significant AS events and their consequences. Using an event-based statistical model, we detected over 1,500 significant differential AS events across all comparisons. Additionally, we identify over 6,000 genetic variants associated with changes in splicing (splicing quantitative trait loci [sQTLs]), some of which are driven by Papuan-like genetic ancestry, and only show partial overlap with other publicly available sQTL datasets derived from other populations. Computational predictions of RNA binding activity reveal that a fraction of these sQTLs directly modulate the binding propensity of proteins involved in the splicing regulation of immune genes. Overall, these results contribute toward elucidating the role of genetic variation in shaping gene regulation in one of the most diverse regions in the world.

The Correlation Between Quality of Sleep and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients; An Indonesian Sample

Background: Sleep quality is important clinical outcomes of hemodialysis patients. Nurse has importance role to maintains the quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, quality of sleep and quality of life in hemodialysis patients in research are needed in order to improve quality of life hemodialisys patients. Aim: To determine the correlation between quality of sleep and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Method: Cross-sectional study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI) and WHOQOL–BREF questionnaires were administered in this study. The Kendall Tau test was used to determine the correlation between sleep quality and quality of life. Results: Two hundred four respondents participated in this study. A total 90.2% of hemodialysis patients experienced mild sleep disturbances and, 48.3% of patients had a good quality of life category. A significant correlation between sleep quality and quality of life in hemodialysis patients was found (p=0.002). Conclusion: Lower levels of quality of sleep in hemodialysis patients have a negative effect on quality of life. Reducing sleep disruption through nursing intervention programs for hemodialysis patients is recommended during nursing care to increase quality of sleep in this vulnerable population. Identification of factors supporting sleep quality and intervention strategies are recommended for further research.

Who I am and who I want to be: The positive effect of self-concept clarity on purpose, life satisfaction, and personal meaning among Chinese and Indonesian emerging adults

BackgroundThe importance of self-concept clarity to oneself has been shown in prior studies among Western communities. However, few studies have investigated self-concept clarity and its outcomes cross-culturally in the Asian context. Therefore, we as-sessed self-concept clarity in relation to purpose in life, life satisfaction, and personal meaning among Chinese and Indone-sian samples.Participants and procedureThe survey participants were 248 Indonesian undergraduates and 311 Chinese, aged 18-25 years, recruited through conven-ience sampling. An online survey was distributed to universities in Hong Kong and in Indonesia in which all participants gave written informed consent. Reliability and confirmatory factor analyses of each scale were performed in each sample. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the invariance of the analysis of the data.ResultsThe findings of the study demonstrate a consistent and significant positive impact of self-concept clarity on purpose in life, which subsequently predicts life satisfaction and personal meaning in both groups. Interestingly, only in the Chinese sample did self-concept clarity exhibit a direct positive correlation with personal meaning. Meanwhile, in the Indonesian sample, there was no significant effect of self-concept clarity on meaningfulness. In other words, the Indonesian sample emphasizes the need to shape goals after achieving self-concept clarity to make a meaningful life.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of fostering self-concept clarity among students in both countries to shape their goals and aims for better well-being.

Nonmetric sex estimation in a contemporary Indonesian population: a validation study using clinical pelvic MSCT scans

Klales et al. (2012) is a popular standard for the estimation of skeletal sex. Since its publication, a number of studies have demonstrated that population-specific applications of Klales improve classification accuracy. However, it has also been shown that age appears to affect the expression of dimorphism in the pelvis across the lifespan. As such, the present study examines the accuracy of Klales, and the modified global standard of Kenyhercz et al. (2017), in a contemporary Indonesian population, including quantifying the effect of age. Pelvic multi-slice CT scans of 378 individuals (213 female; 165 male) were analysed in OsiriX®. Both standards were tested and Indonesian-specific models thereafter derived.When applied to the Indonesian sample, both the Klales and Kenyhercz standards resulted in lower classification accuracy relative to the original studies. In considering the Indonesian-specific models, the ventral arc was the most accurate for the classification of sex, at 93.3% with a − 3.0% sex bias. The accuracy of the three-trait model was 94.4%, with a − 5.5% sex bias. Age was shown to significantly affect the distribution of pelvic trait scores. As such, age-dependent models were also derived, with the standard for individuals between 30 and 49 years the most accurate, at 93.1% and a sex bias of − 4.0%. Accuracy was lower in individuals aged ≥ 50 years, at 91.3% and a sex bias of 4.1%. These findings support the importance of establishing population-specific standards and to facilitate improved accuracy and capabilities for forensic practitioners in Indonesia.

Chemometric Speciation of Trace Elements in Indonesian Coal Imported by Indian Thermal Power Stations - A Comparative Study with Indian Coals using SRXRF

ABSTRACT Imported Indonesian coal samples collected from thermal power plants were analyzed using Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence (SRXRF). Sixteen inorganic elements As, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn were quantified. To ascertain the abundance in the analyzed samples compared to Clarke values for world coals, the enrichment factor for each element was measured. The analytical results were interpreted using chemometric techniques, namely Pearson’s correlation analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and principal component analysis. This study revealed three principal components contributing to 87.99% of the total variance in the data.

Psychometric properties of the Five-executive Function Tests in Indonesian samples

Difficulties in executive function (EF) may be causative factors in clinical conditions, including learning disabilities, depression, and anxiety. However, defining the structure of EF is an ongoing issue, although Miyake’s three-factor structure is widely accepted. This study aims to discover the underlying factor structure of EF domains, as measured by five tests and the scores of 840 participants, to establish the domains’ validity and reliability. Five neuropsychological tests were included in the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA): the Digit Span (DS); the Stroop Color Word Test (Stroop Test); the phonemic Verbal Fluency Test (pVFT); the Five Point Test (5PT); and the Trail Making Test (TMT). EFA could be meaningfully performed (KMO = .862, Bartlett’s test: 𝜒2 =1393.169, df 45, p .001) and yielded three factors closely mirroring the three core domains of EF. CFA of the model in which the 5PT loaded on factor 2 showed the best goodness of fit indicators, although the difference with the other three-factor models was small. Currently, these EF tests are available in Indonesia and suitable for use, although obtaining normative scores adjusted for demographic factors is necessary.

Chemical elements in Elaeis guineensis materials and derived oil

The production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Southeast Asia is vital to the economies of Indonesia and Malaysia. Both fertilisers and pesticides used in palm production can contain elevated concentrations of Trace Elements (TEs) which may accumulate in soils and leaf tissues of plants. We hypothesised that leaves from oil palms may be deficient in essential elements, while containing elevated concentrations of non-essential TEs commonly found in agrichemicals. Samples of plant materials (leaves and fruitlets) were collected from active and former plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia, and analysed for essential and non-essential elements. Indonesian palm oil samples were sourced in New Zealand and their elemental concentrations determined. Leaf materials from both active and abandoned production sites were deficient in N, K, S and Mo, while leaf materials from abandoned sites were deficient in P. These deficiencies may have been a contributing factor to the abandonment of production at these sites. Concentrations of non-essential elements were below or comparable to average plant concentrations and no evidence of contamination was found in plant tissues. Palm oil contained low concentrations of TEs, which did not pose any toxicity risks. However, Na and Al were present in concentrations of 1198 and 159 mg kg−1 respectively, which were higher than have been previously reported. Tropical oil palm production could benefit from the determination of bioaccumulation factors for fertiliser contaminants in E. guineensis, to limit the transfer of contaminants to plants and products if increased fertiliser applications were used to correct nutrient deficiencies.

A Preliminary Survey of Color Discrimination Among Indonesia Female Subjects Using Farnsworth-Munsell Hue Color Test

This study aimed to conduct a preliminary survey of the color discrimination test among Indonesian samples. The study involved 26 participants of university students and office workers. To test the ability of color discrimination, the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100 Hue Color Vision Test was used. Farnsworth-Munsell test scoring software was also used to obtain the total score of each participant. Using the FM 100-hue test, the participants were classified into superior, average and low color discrimination ability. The results showed that that 19.2% female participants were classified as superior for color discrimination ability. Majority of participants were classified as average. Meanwhile for low classification, only 3.9% were classified as low color discrimination ability. Currently, many companies and industries have great need for workers with good characterized and accurate color vision. However, the study of color discrimination is still limited and unknown in Indonesia. Through this study, hopefully attention for a broader study with a larger scale could be obtained.

The path to sustainability begins with going paperless: Antecedents of intention to use electronic wallet using serial mediation approach

The expansion of E-wallet service providers in Indonesia is quite encouraging. In its report, Bank of Indonesia indicated that 48 E-wallet services are lawful. This is consistent with the number of E-wallet transactions, where USD 1.5 billion were recorded in 2018 and this number is expected to increase in 2023. This statistic increases the researcher's motivation to investigate E-wallet acceptability in Indonesia. The intention to use e-wallets among Indonesian adults must be studied in order to comprehend adoption factors, identify user preferences, inform marketing strategies, promote financial inclusion, and inform policy and regulatory decisions. This cross-sectional quantitative study conducted in Indonesia aimed to examine the factors influencing the formation of an intention to use electronic wallets (E-Wallets). It focused on perceived ease of use, perceived trust, perceived risk, perceived usefulness, social influence, compatibility, facilitating conditions, and perception of new technology. While previous studies have explored factors influencing users' intention to adopt electronic wallets, few have explicitly focused on mediating factors in the Indonesian context. This study fills this gap by investigating the mediating factors that affect Indonesian users' intention to adopt electronic wallets. It enhances the understanding of the direct factors influencing users' intention and sheds light on the complex relationships of other factors (mediators) that explain the underlying dynamics of this phenomenon. The study analyzed data from 384 valid participants using partial least squares and structural equation modeling with Smart PLS 4.0. The findings revealed that e-wallet facilitating conditions, perceived usefulness, perceived trust, compatibility, perception of risk, and perception of new technology positively and significantly influenced users' intention to use e-wallets in Indonesia. However, social influence and ease of use did not have a positive impact on e-wallet adoption intention among the Indonesian sample. The implications of this study suggest that e-wallet providers should prioritize balancing ease of use and security in their systems. If an e-wallet system is perceived as too easy to use, it may raise concerns about safety and unauthorized access, negatively affecting users' intention to adopt electronic wallets. Therefore, e-wallet providers should ensure user-friendly systems that address security concerns. Future research should explore other factors related to e-wallet adoption and assess their long-term effects on users' intention to use and adopt e-wallets. Despite its limitations, this study provides valuable insights for e-wallet providers, policymakers, and researchers in understanding electronic wallet adoption in Indonesia. It offers guidance for developing effective strategies and interventions to promote widespread adoption and use of electronic wallets.

Perancangan Sistem Deteksi Dan Pengenalan Perintah Suara Menggunakan Modul Esp 32 Dengan Metode Convolutional Neural Network (Cnn)

ABSTRACT
 The capabilities of microcontrollers are currently developing rapidly. Thanks to Moore's Law, the number of embedded transistors is growing exponentially. This has led to increasingly sophisticated microcontroller capabilities that are inversely proportional to price, so that we can now embed artificial intelligence on microcontrollers with the help of one of Google's APIs, TensorFlow Lite. In this final project research, a voice command detection and recognition system will be designed using a 32-bit microcontroller in the form of an ESP32 module with WiFi connectivity as the main processor to perform data processing and recognition in the form of voice commands. Voice input is taken using a MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) microphone using the I2C interface. The data sent has a width of 8 bits with a sampling frequency of 44 kHz. The sampling data results will be used in the artificial intelligence training and testing process, together with a voice command library collection with a data size of 4 GB consisting of 20 word files in English, Indonesian, and noise or environmental background samples. Training and testing are carried out by converting the results of the voice signal sampling data into voice spectrum images for input to the CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) algorithm. The results of the experiment show that the voice command recognition process has an accuracy of 90% with a recognition time of less than 1 second.
 Keyword : esp32,Voice, CNN, MEMS, tensorflow Lite

Validation of the General Evaluation Scale for Measuring Ethnic and Religious Prejudice in an Indonesian Sample

The General Evaluation Scale (GES) has been widely employed to assess attitudes toward outgroups, including ethnic and religious prejudice. However, validation within the Indonesian context has not been conducted. Using two studies (Study 1, religious prejudice; Study 2, ethnic prejudice), we provide evidence of psychometric properties of a six-item GES for measuring ethnic and religious prejudice based on factor structure, composite reliability, and convergent validity in Indonesia. The results demonstrate an acceptable model fit for a single-factor structure characterized by high internal consistency (McDonald’s Omega/ω = 0.93 in Study 1, ω = 0.94 in Study 2). Furthermore, the scale exhibits solid convergent validity, as evidenced by its correlations with the blatant and subtle prejudice scale (r = −0.44 in Study 1, r = −0.74 in Study 2) and the feeling thermometer scale (r = 0.60 in Study 1, r = 0.78 in Study 2). In summary, this research unequivocally establishes the GES as a valuable instrument for measuring religious and ethnic prejudice in the Indonesian context, underpinned by its robust psychometric properties. Nevertheless, it underscores the need for further investigations with diverse samples and varying social contexts to bolster the scale’s reliability and applicability.

Your pet and god: A religious case on the antecedents of pet food buying behavior

Religion is one of the most important aspects for Indonesians. The relationship between religion and pet food buying behavior may seem absurd at first, but this research has shown that religion indeed plays a definitive role in the outcome of Indonesian’s pet food buying habits. The paper researched the relationships between how close one is with their pets, the presence of religious cues in pet food packaging, on the propensity to purchase pet food, all the while keeping religion in mind using the theory of planned behavior. This study uses the services of an online survey from Google Forms and extracted Indonesian samples of 111 respondents living or working in Jakarta and its vicinity. It was found that there is an insignificant direct relationship between pet attachment and propensity to purchase pet food, but there are significant relationships between the mediating relation of using religious cues in pet food packaging with pet attachment and pet owner’s religion. This paper lays a foundation of explaining the context of religion and pet food buying for future researchers to refer to.

Detection of enteroviruses related to hand foot and mouth disease in wastewater of Asian communities

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is contagious and predominantly affects children below the age of five. HFMD-associated serotypes of Enterovirus A (EVA) family include EVA71, Coxsackievirus A type 6 (CVA6), 10 (CVA10), and 16 (CVA16). Although prevalent in numerous Asian countries, studies on HFMD-causing agents in wastewater are scarce. This study aimed to conduct wastewater surveillance in various Asian communities to detect and quantify serotypes of EVA associated with HFMD. In total, 77 wastewater samples were collected from Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam from March 2022 to February 2023. The detection ratio for CVA6 RNA in samples from Vietnam was 40 % (8/20). The detection ratio for CVA6 and EVA71 RNA each was 25 % (5/20) for the Indonesian samples, indicating the need for clinical surveillance of CVA6, as clinical reports have been limited. For the Philippines, 12 % (2/17) of the samples were positive for CVA6 and EVA71 RNA each, with only one quantifiable sample each. Samples from Thailand had a lower detection ratio (1/20) for CVA6 RNA, and the concentration was unquantifiable. Conversely, CVA10 and CVA16 RNAs were not detected in any of the samples. The minimum and maximum concentrations of CVA6 RNA were 2.7 and 3.9 log10 copies/L and those for EVA71 RNA were 2.5 and 4.9 log10 copies/L, respectively. This study underscores the importance of wastewater surveillance in understanding the epidemiology of HFMD-associated EVA serotypes in Asian communities. Long-term wastewater surveillance is recommended to monitor changes in dominant serotypes, understand seasonality, and develop effective prevention and control strategies for HFMD.

Adaptation of the Climate Anxiety Scale in Indonesian version: The sample of young adults

The negative emotional impact of climate change has been reported in numerous studies. However, the research on the topic in Indonesia is limited, partly due to the absence of a valid scale relating to the Indonesian context. This study aims to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Climate Anxiety Scale. The adaptation of the scale into Indonesian was made concerning the International Translating Commission. The study involved 306 young people aged 18 to 35 (M= 21.01, 80.4% female) from February to June 2023. Psychometric property analysis consisted of internal consistency, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results indicate satisfactory reliability (Cronbach’s α = .91; McDonald’s ω = .91). Although most items (apart from FI5) behaved similarly to the original 2-factor structure based on EFA, they did not achieve a reasonable fit based on CFA. Therefore, the authors carefully made modifications based on modified indices of the 2-factor structure to achieve reasonable local fit measurements. The authors recommend examining the original structure using different sample categories and approaches (e.g., criterion validity) in the Indonesian sample.

Evaluating Psychometric Properties of Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices Test in Indonesian Sample using the Rasch Model

Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) is a psychological test well known among Indonesian psychologists to measure intelligence. Some researchers who use CPM in their research reveal that CPM has weaknesses in the principle of measurement equivalence. Therefore, the focus of this research is to evaluate the details of the psychometric properties of CPM by using the Rasch model. This research used a secondary data analysis approach, where the primary data sets from a psychological service were collected into a single file for further analysis. Data of 371 boys and 377 girls with an age range of five to seven years old who took an intelligence test to assess their school readiness were collected. The Rasch model analysis showed that CPM showed unidimensionality and local independence, had a fairly good reliability value, and eight items were unsuitable for testing intelligence. Only twenty-eight items of CPM were suitable for measuring children’s intelligence in Indonesia

Indonesian Version of WHO-5 Well-being Index Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic Settings: Scale Validation and Standardisation

The 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is a frequently used brief standard measure in large-scale clinical studies. However, no research specifically on the validity test of WHO-5 was found in Indonesia before the pandemic. This study aims to test the validity of the Indonesian version of the 5-item WHO-5 in the COVID-19 pandemic setting. The online survey was used to collect data from February-2021 to September 2021. 1,084 Indonesians who were directly or indirectly affected by COVID-19 completed the survey. The scale was validated with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Item Response Theory (IRT). The CFA and IRT analysis showed that the WHO-5 is valid. Thus, the WHO-5 is a short questionnaire that consists of five non-invasive questions adequate to measure the psychological well-being of the Indonesian sample, especially during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and could be used in other pandemics or crises.