Indonesian Poultry Research Articles

Demand Analysis for Large Animal and Poultry Meat in Indonesia: An ARDL Perspective

This study examines the growing demand for large livestock and poultry meat in Indonesia, reflecting changing consumption patterns and economic growth. However, this phenomenon faces challenges such as price fluctuations between provinces, declining per capita income, and supply-demand gaps that affect access to and consumption of animal protein. Utilizing panel data from 34 provinces covering the period from 2015 to 2022 and employing an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, this study analyzes the short- and long-run relationships in meat demand. The results indicate that in the short run, meat prices and per capita income significantly influence demand, while tuna prices have no noticeable effect. In the long run, meat prices, per capita income, and fish prices as substitutes affect meat demand. This study contributes to the development of the livestock sector in Indonesia, provides information for farmers to plan production, and advises the government to educate the public about protein sufficiency and conduct market operations to stabilize prices and maintain meat availability. The findings are expected to help fulfill the current and future demand for meat from large livestock and poultry in Indonesia.

Needs and capabilities for improving poultry production and health management in Indonesia.

In Indonesia, the development of the poultry industry is facing numerous challenges. Major constraints include high disease burdens, large fluctuations in farm input and output prices, and inadequate biosecurity. Timely and reliable information about animal production and health can help stakeholders at all levels of the value chain make appropriate management decisions to optimize their profitability and productivity while reducing risks to public health. This study aimed to describe the challenges in the Indonesian poultry industry, assess stakeholders' needs and capabilities in terms of generating and using poultry information for making production and health management decisions, and identify levers for improvement. Interviews were conducted with a diversity of key informants and value chain actors in five Indonesian provinces. Thematic analysis was applied with an interpretivist approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of various stakeholders and their opinions as to what might constitute appropriate solutions. Our findings indicate that market and political instability, ineffective management of poultry data, and limited inter-sectoral collaboration are limiting the development of the sector. Increased intersectoral cooperation is needed to implement standards for data collection and sharing across the industry, provide education and practical training on the use of information technologies for farm management, and accelerate research and innovation. Our study can contribute to the development of data-driven tools to support evidence-based decision-making at all levels of the poultry system.

Fibroblast test cells of embryo of Super Java Chicken as an indicator to test toxicity and malignancy

Fibroblast is one component of connective tissue cells in polygonal or stellate with cytoplasmic processes or projections. In vitro, tissue culture is an excellent medium used in biomedical research. The goal of this study was to analyze Toxicity and Malignancy in Embryo of Super Java Chicken as Potential Candidates of Strong Poultry in Indonesia. This study used Preparation of fibroblast primary cell culture of Java super chicken embryos, Pathogenicity test using fibroblast cells from Super Java chicken, Toxicity test using fibroblast cells from Super Java Chicken. Primary fibroblast cell culture of Java super chicken embryos was prepared from 10-day-old brood chicken eggs free of pathogens. Cells were prepared in 96-well microplates with minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 10 % fetal calf serum (FCS) 100 IU/ug penicillin/streptomycinVirus isolates were diluted in stages from 10-2 to 10-5 and inoculated into Java Super Chicken Fibroblast cell culture. The result showed that the negative control of the samples had a faster proliferative power than the fibroblast cell culture of Java super chicken, which was treated with concentrations of 10-2; 10-3; 10-4; 10-5. Moreover, before being inoculated with the virus, the confluent fibroblast cells of Java super chicken looked oval and regular. The day after infection, syncytia (large multinucleated cells) began to form on a small scale and became more pronounced on the second and third post-infection days. CPE was found in the 10-2,10-3 and 10-4 virus dilutions, and CPE was not found in the 10-5 dilution.

A qualitative analysis of health information-sharing networks in the Indonesian poultry sector.

Animal production systems are developing into increasingly complex value chains involving a large diversity of actors with multiple and dynamic linkages, concurrently creating many opportunities for disease spread. Access to timely and good-quality animal health information is vital for designing effective disease management strategies. However, several factors may hamper information flows along those chains. Understanding the structure and dynamics of information networks is essential to develop effective and acceptable health information systems. We applied a qualitative network approach to understand how information about poultry health is generated, disseminated and used for decision-making along the poultry value chain in Indonesia. Maps of the value chain and information networks were generated based on data from key informant interviews to illustrate the linkages and information-sharing patterns between stakeholders. Four types of farm business models were identified: company-owned, contract, partnership and independent. Although companies and most independent farmers collected health and production data routinely, their systems were strongly siloed and still relied on a mix of digital and paper-based methods, which impaired their analytical capacity. Technical service providers from the upstream sector and industry associations were identified as key intermediaries in the information-sharing network with the ability to create informal bridges between separate business networks and public actors. These actors can play a strategic role in the development of integrated information systems to improve stakeholders' capacity to monitor, anticipate and manage disease threats at all levels of the value chain. This study contributes to fill an important knowledge gap regarding the layer sector and may help decision-makers to design effective policies and interventions tailored to the type of business model.

"It's a habit. They've been doing it for decades and they feel good and safe.": A qualitative study of barriers and opportunities to changing antimicrobial use in the Indonesian poultry sector.

Interventions to change antimicrobial use (AMU) practices can help mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. However, changing AMU practices can be challenging due to the complex nature of the factors influencing AMU-related behaviours. This study used a qualitative approach to explore the factors that influenced decision-making on AMU by farmers and other actors in the Indonesian poultry sector. Thirty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with farmers, technical services staff from the private sector, and representatives of associations, universities, and international organisations in Central Java, West Java, and East Java. Thematic analysis identified three patterns of influence on AMU: how farmers used information to make AMU-related decisions, the importance of farmers' social and advisory networks, and the motivations driving changes in AMU behaviours. Key barriers identified included a lack of shared understanding around when to use antibiotics, financial pressures in the poultry sector, and a lack of engagement with government veterinary services. Potential opportunities identified included high farmer awareness of AMU, identification of private sector actors and peer networks as the stakeholders with established relationships of trust with farmers, and the importance of farmers' conceptions of good farming practices, which could be engaged with to improve AMU practices.

Development of Expert System Application to Detect Chicken Disease using the Forward Chaining Method

Chicken is the most widely kept and consumed poultry in Indonesia. Due to the large population of poultry, a variety of diseases have also emerged, from minor diseases to diseases that can kill chickens and infect humans. As a result of these diseases, there are implications for the losses suffered by chicken farmers. Most farmers find it very difficult to identify chicken diseases due to their lack of knowledge. On the other hand, expecting treatment from a veterinarian or expert is very limited and expensive. Therefore, a system is needed that can easily help chicken farmers detect diseases in their pet chickens. This research aims to build an expert system to detect chicken diseases by applying the forward chaining method. The expert system is implemented as a web-based application. The research stages start with identifying problems, collecting data, creating a knowledge base and production rules, building applications, and getting results. The results showed that the forward chaining method provides convenience in detecting chicken diseases. This is proven by only selecting the symptoms of the disease that appear, and then the application will provide conclusions regarding what type of disease is being suffered by chickens. In addition, this application also provides information related to ways of handling and control that can be done to overcome the chicken disease. Hopefully, the results of this research can facilitate chicken farmers in identifying and handling diseases effectively and efficiently.

Morphological and molecular characteristics of Plasmodium juxtanucleare in layer chicken from three districts of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Blood parasite infections in poultry, such as Plasmodium, are a serious threat to the poultry industry due to their potential to cause economic losses. To date, there has been inadequate research on the morphological and molecular detection of the different Plasmodium species that infect poultry in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the morphological and molecular characteristics of Plasmodium spp. and the several predisposing factors for Plasmodium infection in layer chickens from three districts of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. One hundred and five blood samples from layer chickens were collected from 13 farms located in three districts of Yogyakarta (Sleman, Bantul, and Kulon Progo) between September and November 2022. Blood samples were subjected to microscopic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Sequencing was performed using basic local alignment search tools to identify the nucleotide structure of cytochrome b. Phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium was performed using the MEGA-X software. Microscopic examination revealed that 17/105 positives (16.19%) were positive for blood parasite infection. Trophozoites, erythrocytic meronts, and microgametocytes of Plasmodium were found in blood samples. Based on the morphological examination, the species found in the samples was close to Plasmodium juxtanucleare. Polymerase chain reaction examination revealed that 21/60 samples were positive for Plasmodium (35%). The Plasmodium species identified from the sequenced samples were proven to be P. juxtanucleare. The P. juxtanucleare from Thailand was closely related to samples (99.64%-100%) with a genetic distance of 0%-1%. In addition, age, population, and cage type were not significantly associated with Plasmodium infection. Based on microscopic and PCR examinations, the Plasmodium species found in the three districts of Yogyakarta was P. juxtanucleare. The genetic distance between samples from the three districts of Yogyakarta was closely related (0%-1%) to P. juxtanucleare from Thailand and Japan. There was no correlation between Plasmodium infection and age, cage type, or population.

Indonesian agroindustry business agility: Enablers and challenges in the poultry industry based on ISM model

The Indonesian agroindustry is a crucial sector for food security, comprising several platforms such as the poultry industry that play a role in providing animal protein. Despite the advantages portrayed by the poultry sector in the country, stiff competition is still encountered with business transformation situation. The rigid and static structures of the Indonesian poultry industry are also reflected in bureaucracy, fear-based cultures, the inefficiency of functional silos, and aversion to change, leading to the need for appropriate agility incorporation. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze the key challenges and enablers influencing the achievement of business agility, as well as construct a structural interpretation model for the process through ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling). The results showed that the hierarchical structure establishment of the influential factors emphasized a logical linkage through ISM implementation. This structural level also identified the major challenges to attaining business agility, indicating the difficulties encountered in work culture transformation and mindset adjustment toward an agile orientation. Meanwhile, management response and knowledge deftness are key enablers in achieving business agility. These results are expected to help business professionals in implementing sustainable organizational model, due to the existence of business agility.

Kajian Review Resistensi Escherichia coli Terhadap Antibiotik Β-Laktam dan Aminoglikosida pada Ternak Ayam Dan Produk Olahannya di Indonesia

Antibiotic resistance is a problem of animal health and public health. Antibiotics used in the livestock industry generally aim to treat livestock to reduce the risk of death and restore the health condition of the livestock. However, the use of antibiotics in animals that are not as recommended and not according to the prescribed dose can increase the emergence of resistance. The aim of this literature study is to see the level of antibiotic resistance of the β-lactam and aminoglycosides against Escherichia coli in poultry in Indonesia. This research is a type of literature research related to the resistance of Escherichia coli to β-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics in poultry and their processed products. The data used comes from articles, scientific journals and ebooks sourced from Google Scholar with the help of Mendeley application for reference arrangement. The data obtained from the literature were reviewed by looking at the year of research that came from the latest literature and reading the abstracts of each study first to assess whether the problems in the literature were in accordance with the research objectives. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the Escherichia coli isolates found in chicken farms and animal-derived food from chicken farms have experienced a fairly high resistance with the range of Escherichia coli resistance in chicken farms to B-lactam antibiotics starting from 21.7%. to 100% with an average prevalence of 60.85% and the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics ranging from 12.5% to 100% with an average prevalence of 56.25%. While the percentage of Escherichia coli resistance in animal products to B-lactam antibiotics ranges from 12% to 100% with an average prevalence of 56% and the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics ranges from 10.5% to 100% with an average prevalence of 55.25%.

Avian influenza (H5N1) virus, epidemiology and its effects on backyard poultry in Indonesia: a review.

Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic viral endemic disease that affects poultry, swine, and mammals, including humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is caused by influenza type A virus subtypes H5, and H7 which are naturally carried by a wild bird and often affect domestic poultry. Avian influenza (AI) is a major problem worldwide that causes significant economic losses in the poultry sector. Since 2003, the widespread H5N1 HPAI in poultry has led to high mortalities resulting in huge economic losses in the poultry sector in Indonesia. Domestic poultry is a key source of income that contributes to economic growth, both directly and indirectly, by reducing poverty among the people living in rural communities. Furthermore, in many developing countries, including Indonesia, rural people meet a portion of their food needs through backyard poultry. Nevertheless, this sector is strongly affected by biosecurity hazards, particularly in Indonesia by HPAI infections. Avian influenza (AI), subtype H5N1 has zoonotic significance, posing major risks to public health and poultry. Due to close interaction between wild migratory birds and ducks, the domestic poultry sector in Indonesia is directly affected by this virus. This virus continues to be ubiquitous in Indonesia as a result of the unpredictable mutations produced by antigenic drift and shift, which can persist from a few days to several years. In this review, the epidemiology and impact, of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 subtype virus infection on backyard poultry in Indonesia were discussed.

Avian influenza (H5N1) virus, epidemiology and its effects on backyard poultry in Indonesia: a review.

Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic viral endemic disease that affects poultry, swine, and mammals, including humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is caused by influenza type A virus subtypes H5, and H7 which are naturally carried by a wild bird and often affect domestic poultry. Avian influenza (AI) is a major problem worldwide that causes significant economic losses in the poultry sector. Since 2003, the widespread H5N1 HPAI in poultry has led to high mortalities resulting in huge economic losses in the poultry sector in Indonesia. Domestic poultry is a key source of income that contributes to economic growth, both directly and indirectly, by reducing poverty among the people living in rural communities. Furthermore, in many developing countries, including Indonesia, rural people meet a portion of their food needs through backyard poultry. Nevertheless, this sector is strongly affected by biosecurity hazards, particularly in Indonesia by HPAI infections. Avian influenza (AI), subtype H5N1 has zoonotic significance, posing major risks to public health and poultry. Due to close interaction between wild migratory birds and ducks, the domestic poultry sector in Indonesia is directly affected by this virus. This virus continues to be ubiquitous in Indonesia as a result of the unpredictable mutations produced by antigenic drift and shift, which can persist from a few days to several years. In this review, the epidemiology and impact, of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 subtype virus infection on backyard poultry in Indonesia were discussed.

Phylodynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Circulating in Indonesian Poultry.

After its first detection in 1996, the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) virus has spread extensively worldwide. HPAIv A(H5N1) was first detected in Indonesia in 2003 and has been endemic in poultry in this country ever since. However, Indonesia has limited information related to the phylodynamics of HPAIv A(H5N1) in poultry. The present study aimed to increase the understanding of the evolution and temporal dynamics of HPAIv H5N1 in Indonesian poultry between 2003 and 2016. To this end, HPAIv A(H5N1) hemagglutinin sequences of viruses collected from 2003 to 2016 were analyzed using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees. Results indicated that the common ancestor of Indonesian poultry HPAIv H5N1 arose approximately five years after the common ancestor worldwide of HPAI A(H5Nx). In addition, this study indicated that only two introductions of HPAIv A(H5N1) occurred, after which these viruses continued to evolve due to extensive spread among poultry. Furthermore, this study revealed the divergence of H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c from H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1b. Both clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.2.1b share a common ancestor, clade 1, suggesting that clade 2.3.2.1 originated and diverged from China and other Asian countries. Since there was limited sequence and surveillance data for the HPAIv A(H5N1) from wild birds in Indonesia, the exact role of wild birds in the spread of HPAIv in Indonesia is currently unknown. The evolutionary dynamics of the Indonesian HPAIv A(H5N1) highlight the importance of continuing and improved genomic surveillance and adequate control measures in the different regions of both the poultry and wild birds. Spatial genomic surveillance is useful to take adequate control measures. Therefore, it will help to prevent the future evolution of HPAI A(H5N1) and pandemic threats.

Emerging threats and vaccination strategies of H9N2 viruses in poultry in Indonesia: A review.

Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 was first documented in Indonesia in 2017. It has become prevalent in chickens in many provinces of Indonesia as a result of reassortment in live bird markets. Low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H9N2 virus-infected poultry provides a new direction for the influenza virus. According to the latest research, the Indonesian H9N2 viruses may have developed through antigenic drift into a new genotype, posing a significant hazard to poultry and public health. The latest proof of interspecies transmission proposes that the next human pandemic variant will be the avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Manipulation and elimination of H9N2 viruses in Indonesia, constant surveillance of viral mutation, and vaccine updates are required to achieve effectiveness. The current review examines should be investigates/assesses/report on the development and evolution of newly identified H9N2 viruses in Indonesia and their vaccination strategy.

Emerging threat and vaccination strategies of H9N2 viruses in poultry in Indonesia: A review.

Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 was first documented in Indonesia in 2017. It has become prevalent in chickens in many provinces of Indonesia as a result of reassortment in live bird markets. Low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H9N2 virus-infected poultry provides a new direction for influenza virus. According to the latest research, the Indonesian H9N2 viruses may have developed through antigenic drift into new genotype, posing a significant hazard to poultry and public health. The latest proof of interspecies transmission proposes that, the next human pandemic variant will be avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Manipulation and elimination of H9N2 viruses in Indonesia, constant surveillance of viral mutation, and vaccines updates are required to achieve effectiveness. The current review examines should be investigates/assesses/report on the development and evolution of newly identified H9N2 viruses in Indonesia and their vaccination strategy.

Effects of production system on the gut microbiota diversity and IgA distribution of Kampong chickens, Indonesia

Abstract. Susanti R, Christijanti W. 2022. Effects of production system on the gut microbiota diversity and IgA distribution of Kampong chickens. Biodiversitas 23: 1082-1090. Native chickens (Kampong chickens) are poultry in Indonesia that is raised using a traditional production system. This study aimed to analyze the differences of the Kampong chicken production system (extensive/E and semi-intensive/SI) on the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota and the distribution of IgA. Each sample of Kampong chickens was slaughtered, then their thoracic and abdominal cavities were dissected, and their intestines were collected. Furthermore, the intestinal tissue was processed to make histological preparations for immunohistochemical analysis of IgA. Gut contents of 25 g were taken aseptically and used for next-generation sequencing (NGS) and GC-MS analysis. The results showed 12 bacterial phyla in the intestines of SI and E chicken. E chickens had a higher abundance and diversity of microbiota than the SI chickens. The phylum Firmicutes dominated the E and SI chickens' gut microbiota (>50%). SI chickens have a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio than the E chickens. The SIgA distribution showed an IRS score of 4 (moderate), both in E and SI chickens. It was concluded that the production system affects the intestinal microbiota's abundance and diversity but not on the intestine IgA of Kampong Chickens. This study highlights that based on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, the semi-intensive system is more suitable for Kampong chicken meat and eggs than the extensive system.

Improving Halal Traceability Process in the Poultry Industry Utilizing Blockchain Technology: Use Case in Indonesia

Demand for Halal food has significantly increased with the growing Muslim population and society’s interest in sustainable food production. However, there has been an increase in concerns regarding the Halal food labeling transparency process, with misleading labels found across the world. Blockchain-based traceability systems are a potential solution for current limitations in monitoring the production process of food due to its inherent decentralization and immutable nature. The technology allows stakeholders, including consumers, to promote farm-to-fork transparency, where traceability is a core component. This paper will explore the blockchain-based traceability system use case implemented by the Indonesian poultry player PT Sreeya Sewu Indonesia Tbk. Utilizing a blockchain-based system as a foundation for traceability shows promising results: data throughout the process is recorded permanently and difficult to tamper. Although the system does not eliminate the possibility of incorrect information being recorded, the same immutability characteristics will keep the new knowledge of fraud permanent if found during the audit. This layer of accountability contributes to the transparency that benefits both the consumers and stakeholders of the value chain.

Private participation in establishing a product certification body of seed and breeding stock poultry in Indonesia

The era of global trade is a political system based on international rules and agreements that encourage and stabilize economic exchanges between countries. One of the impacts is the demand for a shift in government role to the private sector. The poultry sector plays an important role in providing 65% of the need for animal protein consumption in Indonesia. A product certification body of seed and breeding stock poultry is a tool used in global trade to increase product competitiveness in the global market. By applying standards in trade, it is expected to improve the performance of producers so that they can produce quality products, fair competition in trade, and provide protection to the public and consumers. Unfortunately, the existing seed and livestock certification institutions are still fully initiated by the government. Meanwhile, private participation in establishing a seed and poultry seed product certification body through public-private partnerships (PPPs) is still far from expectations.

Design Optimization on Cost Efficiency and Benefit Increase of Project Construction Unit Production PT.X

The increased consumption of poultry in Indonesia, opening up greater business opportunities in the industry. The rapid project construction in the livestock business should be questioned whether the implementation of project has been carried out properly? The evaluation of production requirements, project design scenarios, the cost of project, and the value of every component that have been carried out should be identified by evaluating the requirements, specifications, standard quality, the machines and equipment. In the last 4 years, PT.X has built 4 new breeding farm units, in far different locations, typical layouts, land areas, varied building and installation designs. This resulted in the creation of master plan that was not standardized. By conducting an evaluation related to design optimization on the construction of the 4 PT X breeding farm unit, the better standard design is obtained in terms of cost and value. The research of the method done by analyzing the production needs as a scenario design that produce the parameter design as the reference in making the new standard design. The result of the optimization is an efficient cost with suitable function for the production and also giving some extra benefit by providing more facilities and utilities.

POLA RESISTANSI ANTIBIOTIK DAN IDENTIFIKASI GEN RESISTANSI PADA STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS DARI PETERNAKAN AYAM DI BOGOR

Chicken is one of the important protein source in Indonesia. Moreover, the largest population of chicken layer and poultry in Indonesia is known situated at West Java province with Bogor manicipality as the main producer. The aims of this study were to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry and layer farm in Bogor. The study also identified gene encoded the resistance. Cloacal swab samples were collected from chicken broiler and layer farm in Bogor manicipality. The samples were then cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) medium to obtain S. aureus. Suspected colony was then confirmed by biochemical test. Positive strains were tested against several antibiotics and the diameter of clear zone arround of colony was interpreted based on Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Furthermore, the DNA from resistant strains were then extracted, followed by detection of the resistance gene by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A total of 14 isolates of S. aureus were positive from poultry farm, and 15 isolates from layer farm. Most of all were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin and nalidixic acid. On the other hands, several strains were sensitive to gentamycin and chloramphenicol. The study showed 28 isolates out of them were multi-drug resistant. Resistant gene such as blaTEM, gyrA and tetA were also identified in some isolates except for ErmB gene which was found in isolates originated from poultry farm. In conclussion, S. aureus in both farm showed mostly multi-drug resistant to several antibiotics which were supported by identification of resistant gene among isolates.

Peran Inovasi Teknologi dalam Mendukung Akselerasi Pengembangan Unggas Lokal di Indonesia

Currently, local poultry, especially native chickens, have good prospects, along with various diversifications in poultry products. The management of local poultry which is cultivated intensively and commercially, requires the support of effective and efficient technological innovation so that it will be able to increase the production and productivity of local poultry. One of the local poultry innovations that has been launched based on the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, namely Chicken KUB. The development of superior KUB chickens from research results with high production capabilities needs to be supported by economic feasibility in order to be sustainable. The massive KUB chicken innovation dissemination to various regions in the long term will be able to contribute to the acceleration of the development of local poultry in Indonesia. Policy support through the implementation of a strategy to regulate the continuity of seed sources, institutions, application of good management practices, and improvement of performance and market structure needs to be supported by all parties to improve the bargaining position of competitive local poultry in Indonesia.