Indonesian Native Research Articles

Coexistence of the ethnic Chinese and Sundanese in the city of Bandung, West Java: a case study on Kampung Toleransi

ABSTRACT There has been much discussion of Indonesia’s changing policies toward ethnic Chinese and the phenomenon of anti-Chinese sentiment. However, cases where Chinese Indonesians and native Indonesians live peacefully side by side are worth investigating. This paper explores the notable tolerance and maintenance of a relatively peaceful coexistence between the Sundanese and Chinese in areas with peaceful relations of long standing between their communities. In particular, we investigate the area called Kampung Toleransi (Kampong of Tolerance), an officially designated name of the City Government of Bandung in 2018. The results show that Kampung Toleransi is a symbol of a religious and ethnic harmony. We argue that it is self-evident that the two ethnicities are living harmoniously due to general tolerance of religious and ethnic differences. By maintaining peaceful coexistence, the two communities obtain mutual benefit.

Code-Mixing and Second Language Acquisition on Social Media by Digital Native Indonesian Children

The aims of this study are to (1) explain the forms of mixed-use of L1 to L2 codes in social media posts, (2) explain the factors that cause the use of L1 to L2 mixed codes and (3) describe language mastery. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method. Data in code-mixing was obtained from secondary data, namely written posts with COVID-19 content on social media, Facebook and Twitter. A mixture of L1 and L2 codes in postings on social media includes words and phrases manifested in congruent insertion, change, and lexicalisation forms. The influencing factors are divided into (1) speaker factors, such as showing off, prestige, and language skills, and (2) linguistic factors, such as popular terms, topics, modes, speech partners, time and place/location. With the emergence of various terms related to COVID-19, the mastery of a second language for digital natives, in this case, English, is increasing. Although the use of code-mixing, there are some errors in writing, sentence structure, and cohesion, digital natives can master L2 through code-mixing, including accuracy of word writing, word selection, syntactic structure, cohesion, and coherence in the sentence.

Uptake and impact of COVID-19 preventive measures amongst migrant populations in the Netherlands

Abstract Uptake of preventive measures to reduce transmission of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, is crucial in the control of pandemics. To ensure equitable uptake we explored contextual factors that shaped uptake of COVID-19 preventive measures amongst smaller, albeit substantial, migrant populations in the Netherlands. 39 persons of Eritrean, Ghanaian, Indonesian and Filipino origin, with diverse legal status and length of stay in the Netherlands, participated in five online focus group discussions. Thematic analysis of data was informed by concepts from the Precaution Adoption Process Model and Protection Motivation Theory. Awareness and knowledge of preventive measures was shaped by limited Dutch proficiency, access to understandable information and interference of misinformation. Engagement by preventive measures was subject to COVID-19 threat appraisal and the ease with which complex behavioural messages could be translated to individual situations. Perceived vulnerability of undocumented migrants in particular, motivated information-seeking. A strong social norm to keep with cultural and religious practices, and limited opportunity for preventive behaviour in work and home context hindered uptake of preventive behaviour. Preventive measures brought about job, food, and housing insecurity, and increased barriers in access to healthcare for undocumented migrants. Migration-related, sociocultural, and socioeconomic factors shape uptake of preventive measures. Preventive measures negatively impact work, housing and access to healthcare of undocumented migrants. Our results suggest importance of multilingual information tailored to literacy needs; education and modelling of behaviour; and, regulations to ensure continued access to financial and material resources to minimise negative spill-over effects. Results were incorporated in two policy briefs advising local and national government. Collaboration with municipal health services lead to multilingual public health information. Key messages • Migration-related, sociocultural, and socioeconomic factors shape uptake of preventive measures. • Preventive measures negatively impact work, housing and access to healthcare of undocumented migrants.

Genetic Diversity of Eight Native Indonesian Chicken Breeds on Microsatellite Markers

Indonesia has diversity in native chickens based on phenotypes. This diversity is utilized for economic purposes such as meat, eggs, fancy, crowing, and fighting. This study aimed to determine the genetic structure of eight native Indonesian chicken breeds with microsatellite markers, the genetic distance, and inbreeding coefficient of each breed of chicken used for crossbreeding programs to obtain a positive heterosis effect for selection programs. The samples used were Arab, Merawang, Pelung, Sentul, Cemani, KUB, Black Kedu and White Kedu. Broiler chickens (Cobb) were used as the outgroup in this study. A total of 192 DNA samples from eight breeds were used in this study. A total of 24 microsatellite markers were used in this study to observe the genetic diversity of 8 native breeds. The POPGENE, Cervus, and FSTAT were used to generate the observed number of alleles, the effective number of alleles, observed heterozygosity value, expected heterozygosity value, the heterozygote deficit within the breed (FIS), gene flow (Nm), Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Polymorphism Information Content (PIC), and UPGMA tree. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using adegenet package of R software. Bayesian clustering assignments were analyzed using the STRUCTURE program. This study revealed a very close genetic relationship between seven native chickens and broilers. We also found Arab chickens separated from other Indonesian native chickens and no inbreeding in eight native Indonesian chicken breeds. In conclusion, we found two clusters among eight native Indonesian chicken breeds. Twenty microsatellite markers have a high PIC value in this study.

Coconut diversity based on chloroplast Single Nucleotide Amplified Polymorphism (SNAP) and Insertion-Deletion (InDel) markers

Abstract. Rahmawati A, Dinarti D, Maskromo I, Volkaert HA, Sudarsono. 2022. Coconut diversity based on chloroplast Single Nucleotide Amplified Polymorphism (SNAP) and Insertion-Deletion (InDel) markers. Biodiversitas 23: 4073-4081. Indonesia is known as a country rich in biodiversity, and a species with high diversity existing in Indonesia is coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Although the high diversity of Indonesian coconut is recognized, information about its genetics is limited. The genetic relationship between Indonesian coconut and their maternal inheritance is important and has not been widely studied. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of the Indonesian coconut using chloroplast SNAP and InDel markers, and evaluate their haplotype diversity. Sixty-four coconut accessions were evaluated using ten SNAP primers and five InDel primers based on cpDNA. All of the primers successfully amplified the cpDNA of most evaluated coconut accessions. Based on five InDel markers, six haplotypes were observed in Cocos nucifera. Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined SNAP and InDel markers divided the 64 coconut accessions into three clusters. The SNAP marker analysis results showed that they are less informative for evaluating coconut genetic diversity. On the other hand, the InDel markers are more informative and useful for coconut genetic diversity evaluation. Therefore, InDel markers based on chloroplast genomes has the potential for future coconut genetic variation analysis, evolutionary study, and DNA fingerprinting. The results should contribute to understanding the Indonesian coconut origins and evolution.

Characterization and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Causing Black Root Rot and Identification of Novel Sources of Resistance in Mulberry Collections.

Black root rot (BRR) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae is an alarming disease of mulberry that causes tremendous economic losses to sericulture farmers in India and China. Successful control of this disease can be attained by screening germplasm and identifying resistant sources. Seventy four diseased root samples were collected from farmer’s fields belonging to four major mulberry growing states of South India. Based on morpho-cultural and scanning electron microscopy studies, 57 fungal isolates were characterized and identified as L. theobromae. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated internal transcribed spacer and β-tubulin sequences revealed variation of the representative 20 isolates of L. theobromae. Following the root dip method of inoculation, pathogenicity studies on susceptible mulberry genotypes (Victory-1 and Thailand male) recognized the virulent isolate MRR-142. Accordingly, MRR-142 isolate was used to evaluate resistance on a set of 45 diverse mulberry accessions. In the repeated experiments, the mulberry accession ME-0168 which is an Indonesian origin belonging to Morus latifolia was found to be highly resistant consistently against BRR. Eight accessions (G2, ME-0006, ME-0011, ME-0093, MI-0006, MI-0291, MI-0489, and MI-0501) were found to be resistant. These promising resistant resources may be exploited in mulberry breeding for developing BRR resistant varieties and to develop mapping populations which successively helps in the identification of molecular markers associated with BRR.

Changes in Cultural Assimilation in Harmonization of Children's Social Relations

This article tried to explain that the phenomenon of Chinese Indonesians in the eyes of Native Indonesians had received such diverse perceptions, it often seemed tendentious. However, in recent years, the view was disappeared due to a change in the term of designation stipulated in state legislation by no longer using the term Chinese, but Indonesian people of Chinese descent. The main problem of this study was how the shifting of cultural assimilation patterns had an impact on the harmonization of social relations between Chinese Indonesians and Native Indonesians in Pekanbaru City, Riau Province (viewed from a social anthropological perspective). This study was conducted using a quantitative approach with field data collection instruments using a questionnaire technique for selected informants. The results of data analysis showed that there had been a shift in the assimilation pattern of Chinese Indonesians so that it had an impact on the harmonization of social relations in the community of Pekanbaru City, Riau Province.

The Concept of Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System: A Narrative Review of the Indonesian Context

Indigenous Indonesians have practiced restorative justice for centuries, particularly in Papua, Bali, Toraja, Minangkabau, and other traditional groups that retain their culture tenaciously. Indigenous tribes manage problems locally, without contacting state authorities. The standard of justice is not retributive justice in the form of punishment or vengeance, but conviction and forgiveness. The notion of Indonesian customary law as a venue for customary justice institutions also includes a concept that is the origin of restorative justice. The current method of resolving criminal matters outside of court is either the outcome of a lengthy voyage of study and examples or experimental programs, or it is a social tradition. The fundamental ideas of restorative justice are still present in current practices. Victim-Offender Mediation, Conferencing/Family Group Conferencing, Circele, and Reparative Board/Youth Panel are the four practices that pioneered the application of Restorative Justice.

Kekuatan Hukum Akta Keterangan Hak Waris Yang Dibuat Notaris Bagi Warga Negara Indonesia Asli

Provisions regarding inheritance certificates used to proving someone as heirs and the institutions that make them are still based on a certain ethnicity. The provisions of Article 111 paragraph (1) of the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs/Head of BPN Number 3 of 1997 on Provisions for the Implementation of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 on Land Registration states that Indonesian Citizens are Indigenous, a certificate of inheritance is sufficient to be made by the heirs and ratified by the Chief of Village and confirmed by the Chief of District. However, it was later found that the practice of a notary making a certificate of inheritance rights for native Indonesian citizens was used as evidence for managing inheritance rights. In this study, problems emerged related to the legal basis for the strength of the Deed of Inheritance Rights made by a Notary for Indigenous Indonesian Citizens and the legal force of the deed made by a Notary for Indigenous Indonesian Citizens. Based on these two problems, this research was conducted using library research and field research, so this research is an empirical juridical research. After conducting research, the results obtained are in the form of a legal basis for the strength of the Deed of Inheritance Declaration made by a Notary for Indigenous Indonesian Citizens, namely the Regulation of the State Minister for Agrarian Affairs/Head of BPN Number 3 of 1997 on Implementation of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 on Land Registration and Letters from the Department of Home Affairs. Directorate General of Agrarian Affairs Directorate of Land Registration Number Dpt/12/63/12/69 on Certificates of Inheritance and Proof of Citizenship by setting aside provisions regarding the classification of the population based on certain groups, races and ethnicities because it is against the above regulations based on the principle of lex superior derogat legi inferiori and although these regulations are still in effect today, the provisions in these regulations are not enforced in the process of inheritance in banking.

Presensi Kurikulum Takmiliyah Pesantren dalam Prespektif Pendidikan

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of the walisongo pesantren takmiliyah curriculum. This type of research was qualitative with analytical methods. As a native Indonesian Islamic educational institution, Islamic boarding schools have shown success in maintaining their existence even since the pre-independence era, especially related to the world of education. The existence of MDT is very influential among Islamic boarding schools by the way the subjects are determined and the program structure is structured, the next step is to develop a program for each subject and the development of this program is directly prepared by the madrasa or a group of madrasas. As an Islamic educational institution, pesantren has elements of kyai, santri, huts, mosques, learning methods and the yellow book.One of the most familiar curricula which is equivalent to formal education is Madrasah Diniah Takmiliah (MDT) which is the best solution in overcoming the shortage of religious learning in formal education. Its existence has also been recognized by law number 3201 of 2013 concerning the standard of services for diniah takmiliyah and the government has dominated policies towards pesantren where pesantren policies are approved and implemented by the government and madrasas. In the National education system, Madrasah Diniyah Takmiliyah Awaliyah have a clear position and even their existence has been stated in Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System.

Metonymy of Human Body Organs in Indonesian

This paper will try to describe the human body parts used to express metonymy, and associative patterns which hold between the target domains and the meanings intended by the expressions. By using data collected from Indonesian Big Dictionary added metalinguistic ones whose gramaticalilty and acceptability have been tested empirically to other Indonesian natives. The research found that thare are many human body parts which can be used metonymically, and they can perform various patterns of associative relations, such as part-whole, part-whole, container-contained, instrument-function, symbol-symbolized, and iconic association. Several body parts can be used more than one association, and metaphor and metonymy problems still can not be clearly cut.

Human Enslavement: Indonesians' Encounter During Dutch Colonization

This qualitative paper aims to explore slavery and genocide in Indonesia during the Netherlands colonial times from the standpoints of life and human dignity. The slave labour scheme (Rodi) was a violent slave labour system established by the Dutch against local indigenous Indonesians, leading to the deaths of vast numbers of the indigenous population (Pribumi) because of slavery and the Forced Cultivation strategy, all for the benefit of the Dutch economy. A further tactic would be to forcefully transport indigenous Indonesians from one area to another and then from Indonesia to overseas countries, including Suriname, as enslaved people for the Dutch. Many Indonesians died needlessly during such a period. Second, they forced Indonesian natives to work for the Dutch economy, inspired by Meillassoux's concept of slavery as a trading relationship. Third, they forcibly removed Indonesians from the community where they had grown up. As per this article, practiced slavery during the Dutch colonial era resulted in the loss of identity for many Indonesians and the perpetuation of rampant corruption. More research into Dutch slavery, the slave trade, and broader coercive labour and colonial regimes in Indonesia is required to elucidate the interplay and links of domestic and international structures.

Indigenous Indonesian Dayak Traditional Wisdom in Reducing Deforestation

The function of forests for Dayak people is not only to fulfill the needs of life but also related to the ancient belief to preserve natural resources. The study aims to analyze the traditional model of protecting the conservation area by applying surveys and in-depth interviews. In this particular case study, a set of values – batang garing (tree of life), belom bahadat (living compliant with customary law), pali (taboo) ,manyanggar (asking the consent of the ancestor),memapas lewu (brushing the village) – central to the Dayak Ngaju people, the indigenous population in Central Kalimantan, become contested in the course of the economic and development project. Adherence to these central values creates movement to prevent damage to indigenous people's natural resources under the tag “Manyalamat Petak Danum” (Saving our homeland).

The Implications of Economic Change in Indonesia for Social Class Formation

Abstract This article investigates the relationship between economic growth and changing class structures in Indonesia over the last century, with particular emphasis on the post-independence decades. Investigations carried out in the colonial era found that access to land and to government employment were crucial determinants of both income and social status. After 1950, these factors continued to be important, but in addition some studies also examined the growth of the private sector outside agriculture and its implications for changing social stratification among indigenous Indonesians. In recent times, contributions to the literature on the middle class have been made by international agencies (such as the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank). These studies have defined the middle class in terms of household income or expenditures and have argued that the middle class in Indonesia is growing and is now larger than the number of people living in poverty. The implications of this for future government policies are discussed.

Comparing Drivers Cultural Sensitivity Value between Gojek and Goviet from Digital Ads

Gojek is one of the multi-service technology platforms co-founded by native Indonesian. In their eight-year, Gojek expands its service to other markets in Vietnam. Although Indonesia and Vietnam are both located in the Southeast Asian region and have the same climate with the majority of the citizens who work as farmers and fishers, Indonesia and Vietnam certainly have a series of differences such as language, culture, and religion. This study explores the intercultural sensitivity of Gojek drivers who went to Vietnam to meet fellow Goviet drivers. Together, they enjoy the beauty of the country and experience Vietnamese culture, which is shown in the GO-INTERNATIONAL YouTube video. This study used Bannett’s theory of the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) by the content analysis method to analyze the intercultural sensibility value on the Gojek “GO-INTERNATIONAL” video. The results indicate four stages such as minimization, acceptance, adaptation, and integration. This ad shows the bonds found in different cultural backgrounds and the ethnorelativism of Gojek drivers towards Goviet drivers.

The persistence of Chinese monopoly in Indonesia's salt business and marginalisation of local salt farmers

This paper reviews reasons for the domination of the Indonesian salt business, from the colonial to the New Order era, by the Chinese who are ethnic Indonesian citizens. The authors argue that this domination and subordination by middlemen induces a negative impact on market segmentation. Consequently, local farmers have limited market access and it appears that these salt farmers are pressurised by middlemen and the Chinese. This study used a historical method with an economic-political approach. Due to the New Order’s policy that placed the economy as a ‘commander’, business opportunities were widely open to the Chinese and even to foreign investment. During this era, there were middle-scale and large-scale salt companies, all of which belonged to the Chinese. Meanwhile, small-scale companies were non-Chinese or native Indonesian. The Chinese dominance in the salt business was not something new, and ironically, it has left almost no place for locals.

Tracing Current Wildlife Trade: An Initial Investigation in Makassar City, Indonesia

Wildlife trade has become one of the main causes of species loss and extinction. Increasing anthropogenic pressure posits crucial challenges to wildlife, and several species are threatened or at the edge of extinction. In this study, we aimed to examine the current wildlife trade in Makassar City of South Sulawesi, especially focusing on traded species, their area of origin, price, conservation status and traders’ distribution across the city. We conducted a market survey and direct observations of animals and wildlife traders in several locations, using a questionnaire targeting both wildlife/pet sellers and buyers. We also interviewed government bodies related with wildlife trade. Our results showed that there were 13 distribution spots of wildlife trading in the city of Makassar, and 27 different wildlife suppliers. During the seven months of observation (March-September 2018), the trade involved 62 species of birds, mammals and reptiles. More than 50% of these species had Indonesian origins, and 18% were endemic species of Sulawesi Island. The highest number of animals traded in the market were birds. Out of the 2,642 individuals being traded, 32 were considered as protected species under the IUCN regulation, 24 were species whose trade is regulated by CITES, and 10 were nationally protected according to the Indonesian Government’s Laws. The traded animals were obtained from different sources, including direct hunters, middlemen, opportunists, and breeders, mostly from Sulawesi (44.19%) and western parts of Indonesia (37.21%).

Relationship Between Environmental Management Policy and the Local Wisdom of Indigenous Peoples in the Handling of Covid-19 in Indonesia

The purpose of this article is to understand the concept of local wisdom from the perspective of local wisdom of Indonesian indigenous peoples in handling Covid-19 and environmental management and Indonesian environmental policy. In this article, we use normative legal research methods, literature research, and are supported by empirical data based on policy developments and information media in Indonesia. Data analysis uses qualitative links in developing policy reviews and literature. The findings of this study first, are the local wisdom of indigenous Indonesians in environmental management and handling of Covid-19 by using traditional rituals according to the teachings of their ancestors, second, building partnership relationships related to an environmental policy with indigenous peoples with divinity, humanity, and principles/values of unity. The research results of this paper will provide practical guidelines for the government to make regulations and policies related to environmental management and handling of Covid-19

A single nucleotide polymorphism of CAPN1 gene region 3’UTR in Bali cattle

Bali cattle (Bos javanicus), as Indonesian origin genetic resources, is domesticated from banteng (Bibos banteng). Bali cattle have the potential to be developed as producer of premium beef. Genes that have important role in meat quality are calcium-activated neutral protease genes, as known as calpains (CAPN). Calpains are classified as Ca2+ dependent intracellular cysteine proteases, including the ubiquitously expressed μ-calpain (CAPN1) and m-calpain (CAPN2). The purpose of this study was to analyze single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) region 3’UTR CAPN1 gene in beef cattle. Polymorphism of CAPN1 gene was analyzed by direct DNA sequencing method in 42 Bali cattle that compared with 11 Belgian Blue, 7 Limousine, 12 Pasundan, and 12 Katingan. The result showed that CAPN1 gene has 7 polymorphic SNPs (g.15284 C>T, g.15347 T>G, g.15525 G>A, g.15674 C>T, g. 15853 G>A, g.15905 G>A and g.15915 G>A) in Bali cattle. These SNPs that polymorphic in Bali cattle were monomorphics in Belgian Blue, Limousine, Pasundan and Katingan cattle. Only one SNP g.15853 G>A in Bali cattle was polymophics in Belgian Blue. Deletion was detected that 8 nucleotides deletion (CTCCCTCC) occurred in Bali, Pasundan, and Katingan cattle at position g.15795 – g.15802, while Belgian Blue and Limousine cattle the deletion was not found.

Researching on the fine structure and admixture of the worldwide chicken population reveal connections between populations and important events in breeding history.

Here, we have evaluated the general genomic structure and diversity and studied the divergence resulting from selection and historical admixture events for a collection of worldwide chicken breeds. In total, 636 genomes (43 populations) were sequenced from chickens of American, Chinese, Indonesian, and European origin. Evaluated populations included wild junglefowl, rural indigenous chickens, breeds that have been widely used to improve modern western poultry populations and current commercial stocks bred for efficient meat and egg production. In‐depth characterizations of the genome structure and genomic relationships among these populations were performed, and population admixture events were investigated. In addition, the genomic architectures of several domestication traits and central documented events in the recent breeding history were explored. Our results provide detailed insights into the contributions from population admixture events described in the historical literature to the genomic variation in the domestic chicken. In particular, we find that the genomes of modern chicken stocks used for meat production both in eastern (Asia) and western (Europe/US) agriculture are dominated by contributions from heavy Asian breeds. Further, by exploring the link between genomic selective divergence and pigmentation, connections to functional genes feather coloring were confirmed.