Indonesian Military Research Articles

EMPOWERMENT OF INDONESIAN MILITARY RESERVE COMPONENT IN FACING THE PANDEMIC THREAT OF COVID-19

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Reserve Components are National Resources that have been prepared to be mobilized to enlarge and strengthen the capabilities of the Main Components and Supporting Components. The theory used in this research is the theory of national defense, threat theory, and empowerment. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis problem that not only affecting the population health sector but also security. The decline in living conditions and people's welfare then also affects the security sector where there is an increase in the number of criminal acts that can threaten public security and order in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to find out how the government will empower the reserve components to help protect the country's sovereignty, maintain state security when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs and what steps have been taken by the Indonesian government. The result shows that the Indonesian Military Reserve Component including empowering Indonesian citizens that are implemented by participating and complying with various policies made by the government to reduce the spread of the virus, by implementing health protocols, online learning, enforcing lockdowns, and conducting social distancing. Meanwhile, the government also empowers the national facilities and infrastructure in controlling the COVID-19 virus, one of which is by improving the function of hospital services, cooperate with the mass media to spread information for the people. The government also use information technology to give health service for Indonesian to provide accurate information about COVID-19.</p></div>

KORELASI TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN DENGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN TENTANG MENYIKAT GIGI PADA IBU PKK ASRAMA TNI YANG BATU DENPASAR TAHUN 2020

Oral health is closely related to behavior. A person's behavior is influenced by knowledge, including knowledge of teeth brushing. Teeth brushing is an action to clean teeth and mouth from food debris which aims to prevent disease in hard and soft tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge of brushing the teeth of the PKK Indonesian Military Dormitory in Yang Batu Denpasar in 2020. This research is a descriptive study using a survey design. The sample in this study was the mother PKK TNI Dormitory Yang Batu Denpasar, totaling 60 respondents. The research data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. Based on the results of the study, the level of knowledge of brushing teeth showed that the percentage of PKK mothers who obtained a good level of knowledge was 19 people (31.67%), 36 people (60%) sufficient criteria and less as many as 5 people (8.33%). The average level of knowledge on brushing the teeth of PKK in the Yang Batu Military Dormitory was 72.16 with sufficient criteria. The conclusion of this research is that most of the PKK women of the TNI Yang Batu Dormitory have a sufficient level of knowledge.

Ratio Legis of Giving Task of Indonesian Military in Handling Terrorism Act as a Part of Military Operation Other Than War

Ratio legis is the reason or purpose for making a law, ratio legis is a thought that becomes philosophical basis or content behind the inception of the law. Related to ratio legis, the legislation in every country has different characteristics in arranging it, specifically in the legislation related to the defense certainly has its defense strategy which is adjusted to geographical condition, threat and ideology. State defense is aimed to defend the wholeness of a state, state sovereignty and nation’s safety from threat and disturbance to the wholeness of nation and state. Then state defense of Indonesia can be understood as a total defense system that involve all citizens, regions and other national resources. System of defense is prepared early by the government and held totally, integrated, directed, and continued to enforce state sovereignty, wholeness of region and nation’s safety from the threat of system of stte defense which then it needs to be formulated into instrument of law or legislation. This study uses normative legal research, analyzing relation of article 30 UUD 1945, article 7 UU No. 34 year 2004 on Indonesian Military (TNI) and article 43 UU No. 5 Year 2018 on Eradication of Terrorism Criminal Act and other regulation related to legal issues of regulating terrorism eradication from the perspective of state defense and safety, specifically giving task of Indonesian Military in solving terrorism act as a part of Military Operation other than war. The aim that wants to be achieved is finding consistency and conformity among related laws namely giving task of Indonesian Military in handling terrorism act and its relation to Military Operation other than war. From the study, it obtains an argument to answer actual issue of terrorism eradication from the relevant and urgent defense and safety perspectives for Indonesia that becomes the focus of this study

Military perceived overqualification in a civil organization

The Indonesian military is currently faced with a situation in the colonel's career bottleneck so that there is the potential for overqualification of military employees working in government institutions. This symptom can lead to the situation of early retirement for military employees in civilian settings. As many as 157 colonels and lieutenant colonels working at the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia were involved in a study to find out how the perceived overqualification and leader-member exchange was independently related to job satisfaction and the early retirement intention. The results show that leader-member exchange has a positive effect on job satisfaction but has positive effect on early retirement intention. Meanwhile, the perceived overqualification affects only employee job satisfaction, not on early retirement intention. Job satisfaction influences early retirement intention. Even so, leader-member exchange does have a negative effect on perceived overqualification. Policies aimed at improving the quality of subordinate superiors' relationships are needed to prevent early retirement intentions of employees who experience overqualification.

Kol (Purn). SB. Mansoersami Prajurit Gyugun Sumatera Barat

This research aims to study the history of the Indonesian military which has a long and winding journey. (Pur). SB. Mansoersami is one of those little people. Only has a few important letters and documents that prove that he had been a soldier during the Japanese government. This research uses historical research methods in the form of; heuristics, where all sources are collected, both oral and written. Then criticism is carried out to test the truth which will produce valid facts and data. Finally only interpreted as writing (historiography). The results of this study that the history of Col. (Pur). SB. Mansoersami was born from the descendants of the Sultanate of Siak Inderapura. Began to get the world of education from the People's School and at the time of the Japanese occupation took military education in Gyugun. The conclusion of this research is that the history of Captain (Ret) Mansoersami begins from the time he saw A. Talib returned home to the village dressed in military uniform complete with a samurai sword that looked dashing, so that made him enter into Gyugun
 Keywords: Gyu Gun, Military, Japan.

‘Garuda shield’ vs ‘sharp knife’: operationalising Indonesia’s defence diplomacy

In the Post New Order period, there was a significant development in Indonesia. The issuance of the Law on TNI in 2004, has since guided how the Indonesian military operates in dealing with external and internal security threats and curbed its socio-political role, which is associated with the New Order regime. However, it has not explicitly touched upon the implementation of defence diplomacy, which has significantly increased within the last decade. Hence, the article aims to analyse the development of Indonesia’s Defence Diplomacy in the Post New Order period, particularly in the context of joint exercises. This article attempts to answer two key questions: ‘How has Indonesia developed its defence diplomacy as part of its overall diplomacy?’ and ‘What factors account for different practices undertaken in Indonesia’s defence diplomacy?’ The article qualitatively scrutinises the development of Indonesia’s defence diplomacy activities of joint exercises by comparing two bilateral exercises with the major powers, the Garuda Shield and the Sharp Knife. In supporting the analysis, the article relies on the combination of interviews and observations performed during fieldwork from July 2018 to July 2019. The article is critical since it offers an alternative approach to studying Indonesia’s defence diplomacy.

Persepsi Penerapan Wajib Militer Guna Meningkatkan Pendidikan Bela Negara

In the constitution of Republic Indonesia 1945 regulate that all Indonesian citizens should participate to defend the country. It occur in subsection of 27 verse 3 said, “All Indonesian citizens have a right and should participate to defend the country.” The development of defend the country action can be do with some way such as giving a conscription education a though some country who obligate the citizens especially men to do conscription like in South Korea. The basic military training in Indonesia only given to National Indonesian Military who their essence is a thing that directly related with them occupation they do. This journal will explain how the society perception if the application of conscription applied and how the form of the basic military training that appropriate for the student, collage students also people who wants to jump in the world of work.

The dynamic of the US–Indonesia defence relations: the ‘IMET ban’ period

ABSTRACT The International Military Education and Training (IMET), has given Indonesian military personnel access to U.S. doctrine and tactics. However, due to the dynamics and changes in priorities of interest between the U.S. and Indonesia, the IMET program has experienced a critical period, when for over a decade, from 1992 to 2005, the U.S. Congress imposed a ban on the program for the Indonesian military. The country also adopted an embargo towards Indonesia in responding to the ‘Santa Cruz’ incident in East Timor in 1991. Not only had the embargo limited defence cooperation with the United States, but also with its alliance countries. During the ‘IMET Ban’ period, access to U.S. professional military education was significantly reduced. The ban fully restricted Indonesian military’s development since the country relied on the American military’s doctrines and tactics. The ban further disrupted the U.S.–Indonesia defence relations. Therefore, through desk research, this article uses process tracing approach to qualitatively examine the dynamic of the US–Indonesia defence relations during the ‘IMET Ban’ period. The lessons learned during this period in the article are important to help the current Trump and Widodo administrations navigate their bilateral defence relations.

Servant Leadership to Manage Conflict: Case Study of the Indonesian Military Ordinariate

Servant Leadership to Manage Conflict: Case Study of the Indonesian Military Ordinariate

Modernization of the Defense System and the Potential for Technological Disruption in Indonesian Military Organizations

Modernization of the Defense System and the Potential for Technological Disruption in Indonesian Military Organizations

DEFINING THE IDEAL COMPETENCY MODEL FOR THE UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVERS (STUDY ON THE INDONESIAN MILITARY OBSERVERS)

<p>A military observer is a military officer from a certain country who is deployed as part of a United Nations Peacekeeping Mission. The purpose of this study is to define an ideal competency model for the UN military observers of the Indonesian military by considering certain characteristics embedded in superior military observers that distinguish them from the non-superior ones. This study applied several data collecting techniques such as behavioral event interviews, observation, and library study. Two types of analysis, namely: content analysis and discriminant analysis are utilized to create data weighting and to discover the differentiating characteristics. From this study, it can be concluded that there is a very close and significant relationship between the competency and performance of the UN military observers from Indonesia. Those in the superior category do have three strong differentiating competencies, namely: initiative, relationship building, and impacts and influence production. And then this study also found an ideal competency model for a UN military observer, where the model consists of the three competencies plus eight other competencies, namely: team working, self-controlling, local language skill, local culture knowledge, vehicle driving skill, military knowledge and skills, diplomacy and negotiation skills, and administrative skills.</p><p>Keywords: Competency, Competency model, Military observer, Recruitment, UN Peacekeeping</p>

The Effect of Leadership and Ethics on Motivation in the Military

This research aims to explore and find out the effect of leadership and ethics on the motivation of the soldiers of the Indonesian military. The research is conducted on the soldiers in the rank of non-commissioned and enlisted (Sergeant, Corporal and Private) at one of the Indonesian military units in Jakarta. The data is obtained with the survey method on the sample that comprises of 83 respondents. A simple random sampling technique is used to take the sample among the soldiers in the unit. The data is analyzed with the Path Analysis technique utilizing SPSS 22 software. The questionnaires as the instrument of research are validated with Product Moment correlation while the reliability of instruments is measured with Alpha Cronbach. The test of validity and reliability is applied to 30 respondents. The findings of the research are (1) leadership has a positively direct effect on motivation; (2) military ethics has a positively direct effect on motivation; (3) leadership and military ethics have a simultaneously positive effect on motivation. Based on the findings, the motivation of soldiers can be enhanced by strengthening leadership and military ethics. The motivation is more enhanced by ethics than leadership. The enhancement of motivation is prioritized on the weakest aspect of motivation namely the desire to affiliate. Accordingly, strengthening ethics is prioritized on the consistency of applying the code of ethics as the weakest aspect of ethics and strengthening leadership is prioritized on influencing ability which are the weakest aspects of leadership

PENEGAKAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA INSUBORDINASI DALAM MILITER (STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN PM NOMOR: 94-K/PM.III-12/AD/VI/2015)

Insubordination is a criminal act against a superior committed by a TNI soldier, during office hours or outside office hours on condition that the superiors get an official order to carry out their duties or represent the company unit. Insubordination crimes is an act that is not justified among the military, because it is considered to have violated the Sapta Marga and oath of warriors which are the basis of personality patterns as TNI soldiers. In this research, there are a several of issues, first about what is an insubordination crime, and the second is how law enforcement and judges considerations in deciding an insubordination case. The research method used by the author is normative legal research. The results of the study found that law enforcement of TNI soldiers committing an insubordination criminal act is the same as law enforcement of other criminal acts carried out by military members, what distinguishes it is the court's power in the matter of prosecuting at the first level, if the defendant is a Captain down to be tried through a Military Court. Meanwhile, the defendants with the rank of Major and above were tried through the High Military Court. Judges' considerations in deciding on this insubordination case are guided by Articles 103 to 109 of the Indonesian Military Penal Code, as well as the evidence gathered in the trial, in addition, thoroughness, carefulness, and wisdom of the judge is also highly prioritized, to avoid making mistakes in decision.

Conflict Resolution Towards a Sustainable Peace: A Lesson from The Indonesian Military Ordinariate

The diversity of tribes, religions, races, groups, and cultural expressions in various dimensions make Indonesia one of the most vibrant cultures in the world. However, it cannot be denied, that diversity has the potential to trigger social conflicts that can threaten the unity and unity of the nation and state and disrupt a safe and peaceful shared life. The long history of the Indonesian journey proves that social conflicts often occur due to the differences in ethnic groups, religious, racial background, and inter-group (SARA). Therefore, conflict resolution efforts are a necessity for Indonesia to realize a safe and peaceful shared life. This study was aimed to study the conflict resolution based on the history of the Indonesian Military Ordinariate in mitigating and resolving conflict. In general, there are two approaches to conflict resolution, namely intervention in security or stability and humanitarian intervention. Security interventions (stability) usually use military power to resolve conflicts, whereas humanitarian intervention integrates the strength of culture and local wisdom as a basis for resolving conflicts. Humanitarian intervention in resolving conflicts usually results in sustainable, peaceful reconciliation. A peace that occurs between the parties to the conflict is not due to compulsion under military pressure or State power but is born from the awareness of the parties to create mutually reconciling society.

OPTIMIZATION OF TOURISTANT ASV WITH JACOBIAN APPROACH

An Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) is an unmanned ship that can automatically navigate itself in watery area. ASV can be utilized as tourism modes, transportation modes, Indonesian military (TNI) fleets or warships. In this paper, the study used a Touristant ASV prototype with a length of 3 meters, a diameter of 1.5 meters, and a height of 1.3 meters. The ASV motion system is a linear model with 3-DOF (surge, sway and yaw), resulted from the linearization of the ASV nonlinear model into a linear model which, then, was optimized as the basis of the navigation and guidance control system. The objective of this paper is to check the controllability and observability of the ASV Touristant linear model. The contribution of this paper is to provide numeric study on the controllability and observability of the model.
 Keyword: ASV, 3-DOF, linear model, Optimization, Controlable, Observable

The Effect of Military Ethics and Motivation on The National Commitment of The Indonesian Military

This research is aimed to explore and find out the effect of military ethics and motivation on the national commitment of the soldiers of the Indonesian Army. The research is conducted on the soldiers in the rank of non-commissioned and enlisted soldiers at one of the Indonesian Army units in Jakarta. The data is collected with the survey method on the sample that comprises of 83 respondents which are taken with a simple random sampling technique. The data is analyzed quantitatively from an organizational behavior perspective with the Path Analysis technique utilizing SPSS 22 software. The test of normality and linearity of each regression between variables results in a normal distribution of residual and linearly related. The results of this research show that (1) military ethics has a positively direct effect on national commitment; (2) military ethics has a positively direct effect on motivation; (3) motivation has a positively direct effect on national commitment; (4) military ethics has an indirect effect on national commitment through motivation.

Past Communal Conflict and Contemporary Security Debates in Indonesia

ABSTRACTThis article explores the links between communal violence in Poso, Central Sulawesi, at the onset of democratisation in Indonesia and contemporary politico-security dynamics. Poso regained national attention in recent years when East Indonesia Mujahidin jihadis set up a base in the region and declared allegiance to ISIS and joint police-military operations ensued. The article argues that scale and “performance” of the security operations – to weed out a small group of poorly resourced armed men – connects local-national-global dynamics and keeps the threat of terrorism and insecurity at the forefront of public discussion in Indonesia. This has served the interests of those advocating for a greater role for the Indonesian military in domestic affairs through revisions to the Anti-Terrorism Law and for better resourcing for the military. Yet, the evidence suggests there has been little local support for the ideology of the East Indonesia Mujahidin and the risk of widespread engagement or violence is low, especially given that the local discontent which initially drove the conflict has dissipated. Such developments raise questions as to whether Indonesia risks a return to the illiberal past when the military dominated many aspects of civic and political life and in some cases acted with impunity.

Reshuffling the Deck? Military Corporatism, Promotional Logjams and Post-Authoritarian Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to explain the increasingly regressive (or illiberal) behaviour on the part of the Indonesian military. It focuses on the expansion of the Army’s Territorial Command structure, the growing military intrusion into civilian polity and the stunted progress of military professionalism. It provides an organisational, rather than political, perspective. Conceptually, the article synthesises various approaches to comparative politics to explain why and how military personnel policies affect political behaviour. Empirically, using a series of original datasets of hundreds of officers, the article demonstrates how promotional logjams – too many officers but too few positions available – over the past decade help explain the regressive behaviours we recently witnessed. It is further argued that the lack of institutionalisation in personnel policies gave rise to and prolonged these logjams. This article draws attention to the importance of intra-organisational dynamics in understanding the state of civil–military relations in post-authoritarian Indonesia.

COUNTER TERRORISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION IN THE AFTERMATH OF TERRORISM IN INDONESIA

In the aftermath of Bali Bombing 12 October 2002, which is considered as the biggest terrorism attack ever in Indonesia, the Indonesian government launched so called ‘war against terrorism’. Laws on terrorism were soon enacted and applied retroactively. Special Police to Combat Terrorism, namely Detachment of 88 was formed. Special Agency to coordinate counterterrorism measures was soon established, namely Badan Nasional PenanggulanganTerorisme or National Agency for Terrorism Countermeasures. Since early 2010’s it has conducted special program to combat terrorism namely deradicalization program while the Detachment of 88 has launched more massive manhunt for suspected terrorism all over Indonesia, supported by Indonesian military. Deradicalization program targets former terrorism suspects and former inmates. Also, it targets schools, universities, and other academic institutions suspected as being an agent for radical ideology dissemination in Indonesia. Both deradicalization program and massive manhunt have created problems. At one side the Agency claimed that they have prevented terrorism, but on the other hand, they have victimized innocent people such as family of terrorist suspects and violated civil rights of former inmates. In addition, by targeting specific academic institutions, the agency has been accused as arbitrarily labeling people as terrorist or future terrorist, which is a clear violation of human rights. This research, therefore, is a study of counter-terrorism, including deradicalization program in Indonesia. It tries to describe the dynamic of the program between the need of law enforcement in the name of law enforcement and its impact to human rights and civil liberty. Keywords: Deradicalization, Terrorism, Victimization, Indonesia, Human Rights

PENANGANGAN KONFLIK KOMUNAL MELALUI METODE KOMUNIKASI SOSIAL

<p><em>Communal conflicts often occur in many areas in Indonesia. It disturbs and harms social security and harmony. In bigger escalation, it is a threat for national stability and coherence, as it may cause communal disintegration. Therefore, an active role of Indonesian Military Army (TNI) is needed to resolve conflict. The army’s role is in relation with its territorial command function, implemented in the method of Social Communication Territorial Command. This writing uses the Theory of Social Communication and The Lederach Theory of Conflict Transformation which divide conflict resolution in three levels of method and actor. By referring to Lederach, this writing proposes that the Social Communication Territorial Command will be effective in resolving conflict if it is focused in the optimalisation of the third level role as it is directly affecting wider society. To optimalizing their role, Babinsa, under the Command of Military should have knowledge of conflict resolution, and should possess good interpersonal and communication skills. In addition, there should be an adequate funding support to create social activities to enggange parties involved in conflict. Most importantly, the effort to resolve communal conflict should be done comprehensively by involving relevant parties and institution. </em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Communal Conflict, Social Communication, Territorial Command</em>