Indonesian Farmers Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF LIVELIHOOD ASSETS OWNERSHIP OF FARMERS IN CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC PADDY FARMING IN TWO ADJOINING VILLAGES

Indonesian farmers can achieve sustainable livelihoods through organic farming. However, conventional farming is still the major agricultural application in Indonesia. Currently, there is little knowledge about the level of livelihood assets ownership by farmers between organic and conventional paddy farming to achieve sustainable livelihoods. This study is an initial comparison of the level of livelihood assets owned by organic and conventional paddy farmers. 34 conventional farmers from the Mulyo 2 farmer group and 32 organic farmers from Sumber Makmur 1 farmer group in East Java province were recruited as respondents. By using Sustainability Livelihood Analysis, it was found that human capital was at the same level between both farmer groups. The level of natural capital owned by respondents in the Mulyo 2 farmer group is higher than in Sumber Makmur 1. The level of financial, physical, and social capital for respondents in the Mulyo 2 farmer group was lower than in the Sumber Makmur 1 farmer group. It concludes that natural capital is the determinant to achieve sustainable livelihood by respondents in the Sumber Makmur 1 farmer group. Meanwhile, financial, physical, and social capital are the determinants to achieve sustainable livelihoods in the Mulyo 2 farmer group.

PENINGKATAN HASIL PERTANIAN KELOMPOK WANITA TANI DI DESA LUMBAN TOBING KAB. HUMBANG HASUNDUTAN

The current conditions are that partners still use conventional methods in processing land, namely using hoes and rakes, while the land that must be cultivated is 17,800 m2 – 22,600 m2 / person. If you use manual methods, what happens is that a lot of land cannot be cultivated optimally, so that the productivity of agricultural products is not optimal. The purpose of using a cultivator in tillage is to create a physical condition of the soil that is suitable for plant growth with equipment that works mechanically and on a large scale. Modern agricultural equipment plays a very important role in supporting agricultural operations. Currently, almost all farmers in Indonesia have switched to using machines rather than livestock, such as buffalo and cows, to plow their fields. The reason is, modern rice cultivators can be operated on various agricultural land, ranging from dry (fields) or wet (rice fields). so that the results obtained are increasing partners' skills in using agricultural technology, both in the form of use and maintenance of these tools.Cultivate agricultural land more optimally so that the productivity of agricultural products is maximized. Partners' problems regarding human resources are resolved through the provision of 1 cultivator unit

Indonesian Farmers’ Subjective Well-being: Determinants and Effect on Discounting Behaviour

The challenges prevalent in agriculture substantially impact the well-being of farmers compared to that of many other occupations. The national average rating of well-being may not provide a true representation of farmers. This article empirically examines the determinants and the effect of subjective well-being (SWB) on discounting the behaviour of farmers by estimating data from the 2014/2015 Indonesian family life survey. The results show that 72% are among the poorest three on a six-step hypothetical economic ladder. Few farmers (38%) are very satisfied with life as a whole. Having a higher level of education and income increases the chance of a higher SWB. Also, SWB decreases with an increasing level of poor health, feeling unsafe, job dissatisfaction and being older. The results examining the effect of SWB on discounting behaviour suggest that unlike the affective component (positive affect) of SWB, the cognitive component (life satisfaction) does not have a statistically significant effect on discounting behaviour.

Understanding the dynamics of hybrid seed adoption among smallholder chilli farmers in Indonesia

In the realm of agricultural research, considerable attention has been directed toward the adoption of hybrid seeds; however, the evolution of adoption behaviors over time remains an area of limited comprehension. This study contributes to the existing literature by elucidating the determinants that underlies the dynamic of hybrid seed adoption among smallholder chilli farmers in Indonesia. By categorizing adoption into four distinct phases—non-adoption, late-adoption, continual-adoption, and dis-adoption—a nuanced understanding of the phenomenon is sought. Leveraging a two-period panel dataset encompassing chilli farmers, we employ a multinomial logit model to explicate the dynamic adoption behaviors exhibited by these farmers. Our empirical findings bring to light a notable divergence in the variables associated with continual-adoption as opposed to those linked with late-adoption. This distinction underscores the heterogeneous nature of adopters and emphasizes the need for tailored strategies for each category. Specifically, we unearth a positive correlation between membership in a farmer's group and the propensity for continual-adoption, concurrently mitigating the likelihood of non-adoption. The implications drawn from our study underscore the intricate nature of adoption stages, thereby providing valuable insights to inform the design of targeted adoption policies that cater to the distinct strategies required for varying adoption categories.

Unravelling the Proportion of Food Expenditure and Energy Consumption on Food Security: Evidence from Smallholders’ Clove Farmers in Indonesia

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the proportion of food consumption expenditure to clove farmer household expenditures, as well as the energy and protein consumption and food security conditions of clove farmer households in Indonesia. Theoretical Framework: Hunger eradication and food security remain critical development challenges, particularly in developing nations such as Indonesia. Poorer households spend a large proportion of their income on basic needs, including food. However, as their income increases, they divert more of their income towards buying higher quality goods and services, thereby reducing the proportion that goes into food. Method: This research was conducted on 30 clove farming communities using a purposive sampling technique. In in-depth interviews, all informants responded to the researcher's questions using precise, in-depth, and easy-to-understand phrases. Data analysis was carried out by reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions and verification. Result and Conclusion: The results showed that the average proportion of non-food expenditure to total household expenditure of clove farmers in the study locations was 54.45%, while the proportion of food consumption expenditure to total expenditure was 45.55%. This suggests that non-food consumption spending accounts for a significant portion of farmer household expenditure. Meanwhile, the average energy and protein consumption of rice farming households was 1995.81 kcal/person/day and 88.65 grams/person/day, respectively. Implication Of Research: These findings imply that clove farmers have a sufficient amount of energy and protein. It may be stated that clove farmers in the research area have very excellent food security, with no food insecure households.

Potensi Ancaman dan Upaya Mitigasi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca di Sektor Pertanian Indonesia : Tinjauan Sistematis atas Literatur

Agriculture in Indonesia is a vital sector that can fulfill food needs and provide livelihoods. However, agriculture also contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Indonesia's agricultural sector contributes around 14% of emissions globally and 7% nationally. Greenhouse gas emissions such as methane gas CH4, carbon dioxide CO2, and nitrous oxide N2O are generated from agricultural activities ranging from land preparation, fertilization, transportation of agricultural products, to processing in factories. These greenhouse gas emissions influence the climate change that occurs and affect the increase in temperature and rainfall patterns. In mitigation efforts, this study noted several steps taken. Energy conversion, such as the use of biogas from animal manure can reduce CH4 emissions and the use of pellets from palm waste processing can reduce CO2 emissions. Reforestation with special carbon-absorbing plants to reduce CO2 emissions. The use of organic fertilizers as a partial replacement for inorganic fertilizers is useful in reducing CH4 and N2O emissions. Through this systematic review, it is expected to contribute to the understanding of the role of the agricultural sector in greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia and provide insight into mitigation efforts that can be applied in achieving sustainable agriculture.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Tepung Daun Belimbing Manis (Averrhoa carambola L.) sebagai Substitansi Pakan Kelinci terhadap Berat Badan

Rabbit (Oryctogalus cuniculus) is a livestock that has great potential as a pet or ornamental animal, producing meat and skin/hair (Raharjo et al. 2001). The development of rabbit farming in Indonesia has been growing in the community because it is easy to maintain, relatively does not require large capital, the business cycle is relatively fast, produces a variety of products, there are not many competitors, can utilize narrow land and can use agricultural waste as feed. This study aims to analyze the impact of the feed given to rabbits, to analyze what content is in starfruit leaf flour and to facilitate the selection of alternative feeds such as leaves. The research method used was to analyze how the effect of the ratio of regular feeding and using starfruit leaves (Averrhoa carambola L.) on body weight in rabbits (Oryctogalus cuniculus).

DETERMINAN KEPUTUSAN PEKERJA USIA MUDA BEKERJA PADA SEKTOR PERTANIAN DAN NON-PERTANIAN (STUDI PADA PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR)

Structural transformation of the economy from traditional to modern systems will also be followed by massive structural migration of the workforce. The lack of innovation and added value in the agricultural sector has reduced the interest of young workers to work in the agricultural sector. The reform era caused the position of the agricultural sector as the basis sector in the Indonesian economy to be replaced by the non-agricultural sector which caused the paradigm of national economic development to change. East Java as one of the provinces with a large contribution to agriculture in Indonesia has also experienced a decline in terms of workforce in the agricultural sector. This study attempts to detect the determinants that impact on the workforce's decision to work in the agricultural or non-agricultural sectors. Using data from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) from 38 districts/cities in East Java Province and using the Logit Regression analysis method, this study found that all the variables in the model have a significant influence on the decision to work in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.

Formulating a Strategy for Development of Smallholder Beef Cattle Farming in Indonesia with the Force Field Analysis (FFA) Method

Beef cattle farming in Indonesia is dominated by smallholder farms with a micro scale, which is less than 5 (five) heads, traditionally raised with limited resources, but is sustainable. This study aims to formulate a strategy for the development of smallholder beef cattle farms. Research data was obtained by means of Focus Group Discussion (FGD), filling out questionnaires, and in-depth interviews with key speakers. Data analysis using Force Field Analysis (FFA) method which is based on driving factors (D) and inhibiting factors (H). The results of the study found that the driving factors for the development of smallholder beef cattle farming in Indonesia are consumption needs and market availability, government policies and institutional, social and cultural support of the community, availability of animal feed sources, availability of upstream and downstream industries, as well as regional carrying capacity and the use of appropriate technology, while the inhibiting factors for the development of smallholder beef cattle in Indonesia are unowned livestock Fully business-oriented, livestock cultivation is family savings, market access and long marketing chains, limited resource accessibility, poor reproductive management and low feeder availability, as well as weak protection of live cattle selling prices and tends to fluctuate. The conclusion of the study shows that the driving factor (D) has a smaller value when compared to the inhibiting factor (H), so the proposed policy recommendation is to revitalize government policies that support the development of the agribusiness sector (upstream, onfarm, and downstream) and agro-industry of smallholder beef cattle initiated by farmer institutions.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Development Strategies on Broiler Farming in Indonesia: A Review

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Development Strategies on Broiler Farming in Indonesia: A Review

Use of Rice Bran as Ruminant Feed in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of rice bran and rice husks as feed and their impact on ruminants, as well as how to detect rice husk contamination in rice bran. Rice bran has great potential as a feed ingredient. In addition to containing nutrients that are quite high (crude protein 8–12%), it is also easily accessible to farmers because almost every region of Indonesia produces rice bran in fairly abundant quantities. The use of rice bran as animal feed has long been widely used by some farmers in Indonesia. The need for rice bran as animal feed is not in accordance with its availability, which causes these feed ingredients to have high prices, especially in the dry season. Even today, the price of rice bran is close to the price of corn. The high cost and scarcity of rice bran cause massive counterfeiting, especially with the addition of rice husks. Even though rice husks have 25–30% lignin and 15-20% silica, which, if used in the long term, will cause livestock productivity to decrease, cause reproductive failure, decrease health quality, and cause death. Rice bran is a very potential feed ingredient for ruminants because it contains nutrients that are in accordance with their needs. The high need for rice bran is not in line with its productivity, so it is mixed with many other materials, especially rice husks. Mixing with other materials can be determined by their physical and chemical properties. Rice husks are an alternative energy source for ruminants. To improve the digestibility of rice husks through physical, chemical, and biological treatment. Recommendations for using rice husks as a feed ingredient have not been widely reported, so future research is needed.

Effect of fertiliser subsidy on fertiliser usage in rice farming in Indonesia

Effect of fertiliser subsidy on fertiliser usage in rice farming in Indonesia

The Effects of Government Policies on Agriculture in Indonesia

The content of this research compares the effect of two types of agricultural sector low-interest loans from the government in combination with human development index variables on Indonesia's gross regional domestic product. The government seeks to develop the agricultural sector through various strategies, one of which is the existence of fiscal policies in the form of subsidies. One policy that has been implemented is the interest subsidy for Food and Energy Security Credit (KKPE) and Soft Loans Credit for Agriculture (KUR). KKPE ran from 2008 to 2015. Since 2016, the KKPE policy has been terminated, and all credit is directed through the Soft Loans Credit. This study aims to analyze the effect of these two types of subsidized credit, namely KKPE and KUR, on each province's Gross Regional Domestic Product in Indonesia. The analysis was conducted on data from the top 20 provinces with Indonesia's highest KKPE and KUR realization. The analysis concluded that KKPE partially had a positive effect on GRDP at all quantile levels, and HDI had a positive effect on GRDP only at quantiles 0.15 to 0.35 and 0.80 to 0.95. Another case is with KUR, which does not have a significant effect partially, but with HDI, it has a significant effect on GRDP. Furthermore, KUR and HDI are superior in explaining GRDP compared to KKPE and HDI.

Utilization of Rice Field Conch Shells as a partial substitution of Cement and Fine Aggregate for Split Tensile Strength of Concrete

Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has a very large area of rice field production. However, there are many pests that hinder agriculture in Indonesia. One of them is the rice field conch shells which has the potential to cause very high losses to the rice crop harvest. The aim of this research was to determine the ratio of the split tensile strength of concrete using rice field conch shells as a partial replacement for cement and fine sand against normal concrete by 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. In addition, it was also seen the effect of immersing concrete specimens using rice field conch shells substitution in tap water and water collected from paddy's farm. This study used the ACI (American Concrete Institute) 211.1-91 and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) methods. The specimens consisted of cylinders with dimensions of 15 cm x 30 cm, totaling 40 specimens with a design concrete compressive strength of 17.00 MPa. The curing of the specimens was carried out using tap water and water collected from paddy's farm for 28 days in the soaking tub. The results showed that 5% substitution of rice field conch shells in cement and fine sand using the tap water immersion method showed a 3% increase in the tensile strength of concrete in comparison with normal concrete. Meanwhile, immersion using the water collected from paddy’s farm method showed a decrease in the value of the split tensile strength of the concrete.

Climate Change Driving Salinity: An Overview of Vulnerabilities, Adaptations, and Challenges for Indonesian Agriculture

Abstract Climate change has negatively affected agricultural productivity in Indonesia. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of the literature on soil salinity caused by climate change, discussed the impact of soil salinity on Indonesian agriculture, examined various strategies for adaptation to salinity, and delivered some ideas for future research. An analysis of 39 identified Scopus articles related to farmers’ vulnerability, adaptation, and practices was carried out. This study was performed in November 2022 and employed Bibliometrix R package and VOSviewer software. Findings show that salinity has left Indonesia’s agriculture vulnerable to reduced food production, especially for small-scale farmers losing crop yields and land. Various adaptation measures have been initiated, such as restoring soil fertility and using saline-resistant varieties. Irrigation facilities improvements have also been carried out to reduce the risks of soil salinity expansion. Farmers also try social action measures, such as selling assets, borrowing money for daily needs, and even changing jobs. However, for farmers to survive and sustain their businesses, any such measures need to produce satisfactory results. A review of the existing literature reveals a lack of soil salinity studies in Indonesia, which simultaneously points to research gaps not only on the issue of the impact of salinity on income and the vulnerability of small farmers but also on the development of adaptation strategies to address salinity due to climate change. Significance Statement Soil salinization caused by climate change is a disastrous problem in Indonesia’s coastal areas that presents a major challenge to the productivity of rice agriculture and difficulties in addressing sustainable food security. To provide researchers with a clear understanding of the current emphasis and future trends in climate change–induced salinity research, systematically analyzing the relevant literature in the existing research area is necessary. The bibliometric analysis in this study shows that research on salinity due to climate change in Indonesia still needs to be completed. Further comprehensive studies to find a focus for managing coastal soil salinity are urgently required to reduce vulnerability and increase adaptation to salinity due to climate change.

Peripheral Blood Smear Analysis for Cattle with Foot and Mouth Diseases in Lembang, West Bandung

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is an infectious disease that is endemic and has a significant impact on dairy farming in Indonesia. In reducing the impact caused by FMD, proper handling by veterinarians is necessary. The peripheral blood smear can be used as a data reference to give priority to the right treatment for cattle with FMD. This study aimed to describe the appearance of peripheral blood smears in cattle with FMD. The study data were obtained from 15 cattle with FMD at KPSBU Lembang, West Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The morphological profile of the blood was examined using the peripheral blood smear method. Morphological abnormalities found in the peripheral blood smear of red blood cells were anisocytosis (microcytosis and macrocytosis), poikilocytosis (achanthocytosis and echinocytosis), and hypochromasia. Different morphological abnormalities of leukocytes can be caused by anorexia due to FMD secondary to lack of nutritional intake. To determine an effective and efficient treatment, it is recommended that veterinarians refer to the results of this study.

Performance Analysis of Distributed Database Management System for IoT in the Context of Smart Agriculture in Indonesia

The integration of Distributed Database Management Systems (DDBMS) for Internet of Things (IoT) applications in smart agriculture presents a transformative paradigm in the dynamic landscape of Indonesian agriculture. This qualitative research investigates the challenges and opportunities associated with this integration, drawing insights from interviews with diverse stakeholders, including farmers, technology developers, and policymakers. The technical challenges encompass data synchronization, network latency, and security considerations, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols and robust security measures. Infrastructure challenges, such as connectivity issues and power supply dependency, underscore the importance of rural infrastructure development. User acceptance challenges highlight resistance to change and the perceived complexity of DDBMS, emphasizing the significance of targeted awareness and training programs. Despite these challenges, stakeholders recognize the advantages of scalability, enhanced data availability, and improved decision-making capabilities offered by DDBMS. The study proposes recommendations, including technological solutions, policy interventions, and capacity-building initiatives, to address identified challenges and promote the effective utilization of DDBMS in Indonesian smart agriculture. This research contributes context-specific insights to the global discourse on IoT and DDBMS in agriculture.

FEASIBILITY OF SOYBEAN FARMING IN INDONESIA: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Soybeans are an essential commodity in the Indonesian economy; therefore, the government encourages soybean cultivation at the farmer level. This article aims to analyze variations in the feasibility level of soybean farming in Indonesia, the distribution of R/C values, and its forming parameters based on the results of a research literature review. This paper also attempts to look at the factors that influence R/C achievement and provide input for similar studies in the future. Literature was taken from the Google Scholar database, which published research on the feasibility of soybean farming in Indonesia, published in journals or proceedings, both in Indonesian and English, and published in 2013-2023. A total of 122 articles were screened, around 51 (113 case studies) for further explanation, consisting of 39 journal articles and 12 proceedings articles. The analysis technique uses CV (coefficient of variation) and simple tabulation. All articles concluded that soybean farming was worth cultivating (R/C > 1), but three articles received an R/C value < 1, or soybean farming was not worth cultivating. The highest R/C value is 3.96, and the lowest is 0.50. In contrast, the CV value of R/C shows the lowest value (of 0.33) compared to the CV values of TR, TC, productivity, and selling price of harvest, meaning the distribution The R/C value of soybean farming over the last ten years tends to be homogeneous (does not vary). High productivity does not indicate high R/C achievement, nor do certain superior varieties always show high R/C. Farming feasibility research needs to explain more fully the parameters that form R/C values, use standard writing standards in writing the units for each parameter, and explain varieties, cultivation techniques, and the conditions of farmers in soybean farming.

Performance Evaluation of a Rice Drying System Utilizing Wick Heat Pipe as a Heat Exchanger

Indonesia predominantly consists of a population engaged in rice farming as their primary source of livelihood. The rice farmers in Indonesia continue to employ traditional methods in the rice drying process, which poses a significant challenge as it substantially impacts the efficiency of rice processing. Consequently, to address this issue, a rice drying apparatus employing wick heat pipes as heat transfer devices has been developed. In the course of this research, the drying apparatus underwent testing at multiple points, with variations in voltage and airspeed. This was undertaken to ascertain the optimal voltage level at which the wick heat pipes, and the drying chamber would operate effectively. Voltage settings of 180V, 200V, and 220V were used, coupled with airspeeds of 1.5 m/s and 2 m/s. For the 180V setting and an airspeed of 2 m/s, a heat transfer rate (Q) of 1.0552 J/s was achieved, with an efficiency of 0.18%. Conversely, at an airspeed of 1.5 m/s, the heat transfer rate amounted to 1.1306 J/s, and the efficiency reached 0.19%. At 200V and an airspeed of 2 m/s, the heat transfer rate was 1.5075 J/s, and the efficiency was 0.21%, while at an airspeed of 1.5 m/s, the heat transfer rate was 1.1306 J/s, with an efficiency of 0.16%. At 220V and an airspeed of 2 m/s, the heat transfer rate was 1.8009 J/s, and the efficiency was 0.21%, while at an airspeed of 1.5 m/s, the heat transfer rate remained at 1.8009 J/s, and the efficiency also stood at 0.21%. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the wick heat pipes, and the drying chamber demonstrated optimal performance at the 220V voltage setting.

Organizational Strengthening Through HR Management Assistance & Financial Reporting in Chicken Farming SMEs

Abstract. The development of chicken farming in Indonesia over several decades has increased and created many business opportunities. In breeding and getting the appropriate results, good business management needs to be considered. One of the laying hen breeders in Yapah hamlet is Ayam Barokah. Based on the phenomenon in the field, the implementation of financial records has difficulties due to limited knowledge of accounting science, the complexity of the financial recording process, and the assumption that financial reports are not important for laying hen breeders. Thus, there is often a shift in the recording between the number of eggs produced, weighing eggs, and financial records that are not the same. The objectives of the service are 1) to improve HR competencies through training and competency development, especially organizational governance; 2) to improve the governance of Ayam Barokah through the preparation of SOP and SOM so that they can be a reference in carrying out operational activities; 3) to increase understanding of standardized financial records. The results and implications of this service increase HR competence in the field of cage arrangement and better financial records so it can increase the amount of chicken coop income.