Indonesian Farmers Research Articles

Perencanaan Daya Dan Perbedaan Jenis Bantalan (Bearing) Pada Mesin Pengupas Kulit Kacang Tanah Kapasitas 60 Kg/Jam

Appropriate technology is technology that is right on target to be used and developed by the community. The development of technology aims to ease human work. The Indonesian state, with the majority of its population working as farmers, really needs appropriate technological innovation to increase agricultural productivity. In this case, the author highlights the low productivity of peanut farmers in Indonesia. On the other hand, the level of peanut demand is increasing from year to year, but consumer demand cannot be met due to low domestic peanut production. Therefore, this study aims to determine the power and bearing maintenance on peanut shell peeling machines using an electric motor, which uses a Tachometer measuring instrument and is carried out at the Production Laboratory of HKBP Nommensen University Medan located at JL. Sutomo No. 4 Medan. The peanut shell peeling machine is made horizontally with 1 shaft and 40 peeling rods transmitted by a V-belt and pulley using an electric motor that functions to peel peanuts to separate the seeds from the shell. By designing and designing a peanut shell peeling machine, the bearing life used in the peanut peeler machine is 3440.78 and 909.86 hours at a rotation speed of 1382 rpm and 58623.94 and 20877.55 hours at a rotation speed of 795.7 rpm. The faster the engine speed, the enumeration load received by the bearing will be lighter, the slower the engine speed, the heavier the enumeration load received by the bearing. The production capacity that can be produced by this peanut shell peeling machine is 60 kg / hour with a peeling force of 51,012 and AC motor power of 1 Hp with a rotation of 2930 rpm.

First report of Pyricularia oryzae the cause of blast disease in upland rice, in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a maincrop cultivated by farmers in Indonesia. The demand for rice has increased, but rice production has decreased due to attacks by plant pests, including pathogen blast disease. This research aims to (i) determine the symptoms of blast disease in upland rice in Lombok, (ii) determine the incidence of blast disease in upland rice in Lombok, (iii) and identify the pathogen that causes blast disease in upland rice in Lombok. The research was conducted in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. A sampling of rice crop tissue infected by blast disease was taken from 50 dryland locations in Lombok West Nusa Tenggara. From each point, three samples of rice crops with blast symptoms were taken to obtain 150 samples. Samples are then isolated and identified at the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular levels. The study results showed that the macroscopic characteristics of rice leaves were rhombus-shaped and brown, and the pathogen produced white mycelium with a fine structure. In contrast, microscopic characteristics showed that the shape of the hyphae was septate, the structure of conidiophore with autophagic cell death, long pyriform microconidia, and long pyriform macroconidia. Based on 18S rRNA gene analysis, the Blast Lombok isolate had a DNA fragment of ±550bp. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the cause of blast disease in upland rice in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, is P. oryzae.

Modeling the Farmer Exchange Rate in Indonesia Using the Vector Error Correction Model Method

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in the Indonesian economy. However, the farm sector still has serious problems, including agricultural product prices, which often fall when the harvest supply is abundant. So often, the income obtained is not proportional to the price spent by farmers, which has an impact on decreasing the welfare of farmers. An indicator to observe changes in the interest of Indonesian farmers is the Farmer Exchange Rate Index (NTP). This study aims to form a model and project the welfare level of farmers in Indonesia, focusing on NTP indicators, which are caused by the influence of variables such as inflation, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), interest rates, and the rupiah exchange rate. The method used is the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), used when there are indications that the research variables do not show stability at the initial level and there is a cointegration relationship. The results of this study show that in the long run, significant factors affecting NTP are inflation, interest rates, and the rupiah exchange rate. Meanwhile, in the short term, the variables that have an impact are GDP and the rupiah exchange rate. The resulting VECM model shows a MAPE error rate of 1.79%, indicating excellent performance, as the MAPE error rate is below 10%. The implication of this research is provides information related to NTP projection that can be used to formulate strategies to strengthen Indonesia's agricultural sector.

Comparison of Thermochemical and Physical Properties of Some Indonesian Agricultural Wastes

Indonesia is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world. Two main agricultural sub-sectors in Indonesia are food crops and estate crops. Agricultural waste is one of the biomass energy sources that has the potential to replace fossil energy sources. The weakness of energy sources from different types of agricultural waste is their heterogeneous thermochemical and physical properties. The objective of the experimental study is to compare the thermochemical and physical properties of fourteen selected agricultural wastes in Indonesia. The thermochemical properties that were compared are high heating value (HHV), percentage of lignocellulosic components, and ultimate analysis, while that of physical properties are the grindability, hydrophilicity, and proximate analysis. A material with high fixed carbon, low moisture, and low ash contents is preferred as a solid fuel source. Based on the experimental results of proximate analysis, coffee husk has the highest fixed carbon content (20.85%). Empty fruit bunch has the lowest moisture content (7.04%). Palm kernel shell has the lowest ash content (1.82%). Based on the results of the ultimate analysis, the palm kernel shell is the sample with the highest carbon content (49.42%), while the empty fruit bunch has the highest hydrogen content (6.69%). The coconut shell was identified as containing the lowest nitrogen (0.14%) and sulfur 0.052%). Peanut shell is the easiest to grind, while empty fruit bunch is the hardest to grind materials. The hydrophilicity of sugarcane trash is lower than other samples (9.34%). Coconut shell has the highest percentage of cellulose (47.21%). Several pairs of agricultural waste have similar properties that can be used as considerations for handling management and co-utilization.

The improvement of block chain technology simulation in supply chain management (case study: pesticide company)

This research was conducted on industrial agriculture in Indonesia. Risk analysis was carried out based on previous research. One source of risk was obtained, namely raw materials that did not meet specifications, which was then proposed to be mitigated by evaluating supplier performance. This activity involves a lot of data, requiring efficient and effective data storage and access. The level in the simulation layout includes analysing system needs, using problem diagrams, compiling activity diagrams, deciding subprocesses, and filtering information. The analysis is carried out by comparing the use of supply chains with Blockchain and without Blockchain, which is then obtained to determine whether there is an increase. A sequentially stored data scenario describes a situation when the transaction process is in progress and is stored sequentially according to the process that occurs. Storing data in groups explains a problem when a transaction has been completed and stored in groups with similar data, making it easier to track specific data. In this regard, a simulation will be carried out using a website, namely a blockchain demo. The design stage starts with identifying system requirements, creating use case diagrams, compiling activity diagrams, determining subprocesses, and selecting information. The simulation results obtained will be analysed to determine the feasibility of Blockchain as a means of supporting risk mitigation related to data using aspects, including security, trust, traceability, sustainability, and costs.

A Case: The Strategy of Corneal Ulcers

Introduction : Corneal ulcers are considered an ophthalmologic emergency because of their potential to permanently impair vision or perforate the eye. Accurate and quick diagnosis and prompt treatmentis a key to improve clinical and visual outcomes in cases of corneal ulceration.
 Case Illustration : In this paper, we present the case of male 40-year-old presented with complaints of pain and defective vision in the right eye. Visual examination of the right eye is 1/~. It was found, palpebral edema, hyperemic tarsal conjunctiva. The bulbar conjunctiva showed conjunctival injection, ciliary injection. The cornea looks completely cloudy, the surface is not slippery, infiltrates and edema. The patient was treated with medical and surgical therapy, and then the patient’s have a good clinical response and was able to return to work.
 Discussion : The diagnosis of corneal ulcers was established based on history, physical examination and clinical examination using a slit lamp and laboratory examinations. Patient's examination revealed the presence of Candida albicans. This examination is important to distinguish the cause of the corneal ulcer so that it can help select an adequate therapy.
 Conclusion : Indonesian farmers have highrisk of fungal corneal ulcers. Fungal corneal ulcers is important cause of corneal blindness all over the world especially in develoving countries. Fungal corneal ulcers can diagnosis by slitlamp biomicroscopic examination and culture are essential for early specific diagnosis and must be taken consideratiaon to establish the most effective treatment and avoid severe complications

A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS: RESEARCH OF URBAN FARMING IN INDONESIA PERIOD 1991-2023

This research is related to urban farming as a major variable in this publication. The aim of this research is to investigate the profile of original scientific articles along with reviews on the topic of urban farming in Indonesia in the period 1991-2023 using bibliometric analysis. Journals related to urban farming in Indonesia published between 1991-2023 are taken from Scopus. The records analyzed and taken from the research material as characteristic of the subsequent quotation containing the distribution of the author's name, year of publication, principal author institution, publisher processed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and VOSviewer v.1.61 are used to create bibliometric diagrams. A total of 81 journals published in Scopus were written by 160 identified authors. The number of published articles continued to increase from 1991 to 2023, with the majority of articles written in English. The most cited article is Aquaculture Research with a 10-year quotation. Visualization analysis based on the accuracy of connected words in titles and abstracts has revealed several groups of research. This research contributes to providing a systematic overview of the productivity and visibility of research projects focused on urban farming in Indonesia, which is expected to be used to organize and prioritize future research.

EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL CAPITAL ACCESS ON TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY: EMPIRICAL INSIGHTS FROM CARROT FARMERS IN INDONESIA

Objective: This study investigates the interplay between financial capital access and technical efficiency in small-scale carrot farming in Indonesia, focusing on the regions of Malang and Probolinggo in East Java. Methods: Employing a multistage random sampling method, data was collected from 100 farmers, and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) was employed to measure technical efficiency. Results: The results highlight the positive and significant impact of financial capital access on farmers' technical efficiency. Farmers with enhanced access to financial resources, including credit and loans, demonstrated higher levels of technical efficiency. Additionally, the study identifies the positive influence of larger cultivated land on technical efficiency, allowing farmers greater flexibility and opportunities for adopting modern agricultural technologies. Conversely, greater distances to cultivation lands were found to negatively impact technical efficiency due to increased transaction costs and difficulties in accessing information and markets. Implication: These findings underscore the critical role of financial capital in shaping the success of small-scale carrot farming, emphasizing its implications for sustainable agricultural practices. The study's insights contribute to the formulation of targeted policies and interventions aimed at improving financial inclusion and reducing geographical barriers to enhance overall agricultural productivity and sustainability in small-scale farming communities.

The simultaneous effect of credit on sustainable food crop production and agricultural economic growth in Indonesia

In general, Indonesian farmers still face limited capital in their production. Therefore, credit is needed as additional capital, which is expected to help increase their agricultural business, especially rice production. This study analyzes how credit influences rice production and agricultural economic growth simultaneously. Secondary data are a time series over 12 years (2010-2021) from BPS Statistics Indonesia and Bank Indonesia. The Statistical Analysis System/Econometric Time Series (SAS/ETS) program version 9.4 is used to estimate this study using two-stage least squares (2SLS). The results show that credit simultaneously influences rice production sustainability and economic growth in the agricultural sector through credit interest rates. A simulation model that combines an increase in agricultural credit distribution of 20% and an interest rate of 5% has a greater impact on increasing rice production and economic growth in the agricultural sector compared to a simulation model that only provides a credit interest rate of 5% or 3%.

ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF LIVELIHOOD ASSETS OWNERSHIP OF FARMERS IN CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC PADDY FARMING IN TWO ADJOINING VILLAGES

Indonesian farmers can achieve sustainable livelihoods through organic farming. However, conventional farming is still the major agricultural application in Indonesia. Currently, there is little knowledge about the level of livelihood assets ownership by farmers between organic and conventional paddy farming to achieve sustainable livelihoods. This study is an initial comparison of the level of livelihood assets owned by organic and conventional paddy farmers. 34 conventional farmers from the Mulyo 2 farmer group and 32 organic farmers from Sumber Makmur 1 farmer group in East Java province were recruited as respondents. By using Sustainability Livelihood Analysis, it was found that human capital was at the same level between both farmer groups. The level of natural capital owned by respondents in the Mulyo 2 farmer group is higher than in Sumber Makmur 1. The level of financial, physical, and social capital for respondents in the Mulyo 2 farmer group was lower than in the Sumber Makmur 1 farmer group. It concludes that natural capital is the determinant to achieve sustainable livelihood by respondents in the Sumber Makmur 1 farmer group. Meanwhile, financial, physical, and social capital are the determinants to achieve sustainable livelihoods in the Mulyo 2 farmer group.

PENINGKATAN HASIL PERTANIAN KELOMPOK WANITA TANI DI DESA LUMBAN TOBING KAB. HUMBANG HASUNDUTAN

The current conditions are that partners still use conventional methods in processing land, namely using hoes and rakes, while the land that must be cultivated is 17,800 m2 – 22,600 m2 / person. If you use manual methods, what happens is that a lot of land cannot be cultivated optimally, so that the productivity of agricultural products is not optimal. The purpose of using a cultivator in tillage is to create a physical condition of the soil that is suitable for plant growth with equipment that works mechanically and on a large scale. Modern agricultural equipment plays a very important role in supporting agricultural operations. Currently, almost all farmers in Indonesia have switched to using machines rather than livestock, such as buffalo and cows, to plow their fields. The reason is, modern rice cultivators can be operated on various agricultural land, ranging from dry (fields) or wet (rice fields). so that the results obtained are increasing partners' skills in using agricultural technology, both in the form of use and maintenance of these tools.Cultivate agricultural land more optimally so that the productivity of agricultural products is maximized. Partners' problems regarding human resources are resolved through the provision of 1 cultivator unit

Indonesian Farmers’ Subjective Well-being: Determinants and Effect on Discounting Behaviour

The challenges prevalent in agriculture substantially impact the well-being of farmers compared to that of many other occupations. The national average rating of well-being may not provide a true representation of farmers. This article empirically examines the determinants and the effect of subjective well-being (SWB) on discounting the behaviour of farmers by estimating data from the 2014/2015 Indonesian family life survey. The results show that 72% are among the poorest three on a six-step hypothetical economic ladder. Few farmers (38%) are very satisfied with life as a whole. Having a higher level of education and income increases the chance of a higher SWB. Also, SWB decreases with an increasing level of poor health, feeling unsafe, job dissatisfaction and being older. The results examining the effect of SWB on discounting behaviour suggest that unlike the affective component (positive affect) of SWB, the cognitive component (life satisfaction) does not have a statistically significant effect on discounting behaviour.

Understanding the dynamics of hybrid seed adoption among smallholder chilli farmers in Indonesia

In the realm of agricultural research, considerable attention has been directed toward the adoption of hybrid seeds; however, the evolution of adoption behaviors over time remains an area of limited comprehension. This study contributes to the existing literature by elucidating the determinants that underlies the dynamic of hybrid seed adoption among smallholder chilli farmers in Indonesia. By categorizing adoption into four distinct phases—non-adoption, late-adoption, continual-adoption, and dis-adoption—a nuanced understanding of the phenomenon is sought. Leveraging a two-period panel dataset encompassing chilli farmers, we employ a multinomial logit model to explicate the dynamic adoption behaviors exhibited by these farmers. Our empirical findings bring to light a notable divergence in the variables associated with continual-adoption as opposed to those linked with late-adoption. This distinction underscores the heterogeneous nature of adopters and emphasizes the need for tailored strategies for each category. Specifically, we unearth a positive correlation between membership in a farmer's group and the propensity for continual-adoption, concurrently mitigating the likelihood of non-adoption. The implications drawn from our study underscore the intricate nature of adoption stages, thereby providing valuable insights to inform the design of targeted adoption policies that cater to the distinct strategies required for varying adoption categories.

Unravelling the Proportion of Food Expenditure and Energy Consumption on Food Security: Evidence from Smallholders’ Clove Farmers in Indonesia

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the proportion of food consumption expenditure to clove farmer household expenditures, as well as the energy and protein consumption and food security conditions of clove farmer households in Indonesia. Theoretical Framework: Hunger eradication and food security remain critical development challenges, particularly in developing nations such as Indonesia. Poorer households spend a large proportion of their income on basic needs, including food. However, as their income increases, they divert more of their income towards buying higher quality goods and services, thereby reducing the proportion that goes into food. Method: This research was conducted on 30 clove farming communities using a purposive sampling technique. In in-depth interviews, all informants responded to the researcher's questions using precise, in-depth, and easy-to-understand phrases. Data analysis was carried out by reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions and verification. Result and Conclusion: The results showed that the average proportion of non-food expenditure to total household expenditure of clove farmers in the study locations was 54.45%, while the proportion of food consumption expenditure to total expenditure was 45.55%. This suggests that non-food consumption spending accounts for a significant portion of farmer household expenditure. Meanwhile, the average energy and protein consumption of rice farming households was 1995.81 kcal/person/day and 88.65 grams/person/day, respectively. Implication Of Research: These findings imply that clove farmers have a sufficient amount of energy and protein. It may be stated that clove farmers in the research area have very excellent food security, with no food insecure households.

Potensi Ancaman dan Upaya Mitigasi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca di Sektor Pertanian Indonesia : Tinjauan Sistematis atas Literatur

Agriculture in Indonesia is a vital sector that can fulfill food needs and provide livelihoods. However, agriculture also contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Indonesia's agricultural sector contributes around 14% of emissions globally and 7% nationally. Greenhouse gas emissions such as methane gas CH4, carbon dioxide CO2, and nitrous oxide N2O are generated from agricultural activities ranging from land preparation, fertilization, transportation of agricultural products, to processing in factories. These greenhouse gas emissions influence the climate change that occurs and affect the increase in temperature and rainfall patterns. In mitigation efforts, this study noted several steps taken. Energy conversion, such as the use of biogas from animal manure can reduce CH4 emissions and the use of pellets from palm waste processing can reduce CO2 emissions. Reforestation with special carbon-absorbing plants to reduce CO2 emissions. The use of organic fertilizers as a partial replacement for inorganic fertilizers is useful in reducing CH4 and N2O emissions. Through this systematic review, it is expected to contribute to the understanding of the role of the agricultural sector in greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia and provide insight into mitigation efforts that can be applied in achieving sustainable agriculture.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Tepung Daun Belimbing Manis (Averrhoa carambola L.) sebagai Substitansi Pakan Kelinci terhadap Berat Badan

Rabbit (Oryctogalus cuniculus) is a livestock that has great potential as a pet or ornamental animal, producing meat and skin/hair (Raharjo et al. 2001). The development of rabbit farming in Indonesia has been growing in the community because it is easy to maintain, relatively does not require large capital, the business cycle is relatively fast, produces a variety of products, there are not many competitors, can utilize narrow land and can use agricultural waste as feed. This study aims to analyze the impact of the feed given to rabbits, to analyze what content is in starfruit leaf flour and to facilitate the selection of alternative feeds such as leaves. The research method used was to analyze how the effect of the ratio of regular feeding and using starfruit leaves (Averrhoa carambola L.) on body weight in rabbits (Oryctogalus cuniculus).

DETERMINAN KEPUTUSAN PEKERJA USIA MUDA BEKERJA PADA SEKTOR PERTANIAN DAN NON-PERTANIAN (STUDI PADA PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR)

Structural transformation of the economy from traditional to modern systems will also be followed by massive structural migration of the workforce. The lack of innovation and added value in the agricultural sector has reduced the interest of young workers to work in the agricultural sector. The reform era caused the position of the agricultural sector as the basis sector in the Indonesian economy to be replaced by the non-agricultural sector which caused the paradigm of national economic development to change. East Java as one of the provinces with a large contribution to agriculture in Indonesia has also experienced a decline in terms of workforce in the agricultural sector. This study attempts to detect the determinants that impact on the workforce's decision to work in the agricultural or non-agricultural sectors. Using data from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) from 38 districts/cities in East Java Province and using the Logit Regression analysis method, this study found that all the variables in the model have a significant influence on the decision to work in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.

Formulating a Strategy for Development of Smallholder Beef Cattle Farming in Indonesia with the Force Field Analysis (FFA) Method

Beef cattle farming in Indonesia is dominated by smallholder farms with a micro scale, which is less than 5 (five) heads, traditionally raised with limited resources, but is sustainable. This study aims to formulate a strategy for the development of smallholder beef cattle farms. Research data was obtained by means of Focus Group Discussion (FGD), filling out questionnaires, and in-depth interviews with key speakers. Data analysis using Force Field Analysis (FFA) method which is based on driving factors (D) and inhibiting factors (H). The results of the study found that the driving factors for the development of smallholder beef cattle farming in Indonesia are consumption needs and market availability, government policies and institutional, social and cultural support of the community, availability of animal feed sources, availability of upstream and downstream industries, as well as regional carrying capacity and the use of appropriate technology, while the inhibiting factors for the development of smallholder beef cattle in Indonesia are unowned livestock Fully business-oriented, livestock cultivation is family savings, market access and long marketing chains, limited resource accessibility, poor reproductive management and low feeder availability, as well as weak protection of live cattle selling prices and tends to fluctuate. The conclusion of the study shows that the driving factor (D) has a smaller value when compared to the inhibiting factor (H), so the proposed policy recommendation is to revitalize government policies that support the development of the agribusiness sector (upstream, onfarm, and downstream) and agro-industry of smallholder beef cattle initiated by farmer institutions.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Development Strategies on Broiler Farming in Indonesia: A Review

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Development Strategies on Broiler Farming in Indonesia: A Review

Use of Rice Bran as Ruminant Feed in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of rice bran and rice husks as feed and their impact on ruminants, as well as how to detect rice husk contamination in rice bran. Rice bran has great potential as a feed ingredient. In addition to containing nutrients that are quite high (crude protein 8–12%), it is also easily accessible to farmers because almost every region of Indonesia produces rice bran in fairly abundant quantities. The use of rice bran as animal feed has long been widely used by some farmers in Indonesia. The need for rice bran as animal feed is not in accordance with its availability, which causes these feed ingredients to have high prices, especially in the dry season. Even today, the price of rice bran is close to the price of corn. The high cost and scarcity of rice bran cause massive counterfeiting, especially with the addition of rice husks. Even though rice husks have 25–30% lignin and 15-20% silica, which, if used in the long term, will cause livestock productivity to decrease, cause reproductive failure, decrease health quality, and cause death. Rice bran is a very potential feed ingredient for ruminants because it contains nutrients that are in accordance with their needs. The high need for rice bran is not in line with its productivity, so it is mixed with many other materials, especially rice husks. Mixing with other materials can be determined by their physical and chemical properties. Rice husks are an alternative energy source for ruminants. To improve the digestibility of rice husks through physical, chemical, and biological treatment. Recommendations for using rice husks as a feed ingredient have not been widely reported, so future research is needed.